PAGE 2, SUGAR HISTORY, SHORT QUOTATIONS FROM BOOKS, ARTICLES PAGE 1, http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/research/sugar.txt HOME PAGE, HeartSpace Inner Healing: http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com SITE MAP, HeartSpace Inner Healing: http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/sitemap.shtml Contents INTERLIBRARY LOAN (ILL), if your local town or university library do not have a specific book, you can obtain any book through the Reference or Circulation Desk, by filling out an Interlibrary Loan (ILL) request form. This service is usually free or has a nominal charge, maybe about $1.50. For the Interlibrary Loan (ILL) form, obtain bibliographic citation, including author, title, publisher, date of publication from Books in Print, which is available usually in library Reference, or www.worldcat.org or also, you can purchase books on the Internet through www.amazon.com or other websites. - Holmes, George. 1966. The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485. New York, New York, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. ISBN 9780393003635. PUBLIC LIBRARY 942.035, HOLMES. Page 5, The first book was printed in England in 1477. Page 11, In the thirteenth century most Englishmen lived in villages...In some parts of the country it was usual to build cottages with walls of a mixture of mud and clay, hardened in the sun, and a thatched roof. Page 30, patronage (system)...felons and transgressors escape due punishment because they are maintained by magnates and others who retain them in their households and in their pay and livery. Page 32, The merchants of the Hanseatic towns, particularly Cologne and Hamburg (Germany), had long been active in (England, and the merchants)...exported wool, cloth, and tin, and brought cloth from Flanders and timber and furs from the Baltic. Some of them did a large trade (Tidman of Limburg was one of the chief lenders of money to Edward III) and they remained an important element in English life throughout the Middle Ages and after. Page 34, A staple was a place designated by (English) royal ordinance as a special centre of commerce with privileges or monopolies. Pages 34, 35, 149, 150, In 1363 a group of twenty-six English merchants was established as the Company of the Staple at Calais, (France)...(also London monopolies). Page 37, seaports in England. Pages 77, 255, It was the particular good fortune of the kings of England that their kingdom was an island with a foreign trade, which could be easily controlled and taxed at the ports. From Edward I's (who ruled England from 1272 to 1307) time they made full use of this asset, and for the rest of the Middle Ages duties on imports and exports were easily their largest single source of income. Page 105, (In) 1293, Gascon pirates (France). Pages 116, 255, Edward III (who ruled England from 1327 to 1377), was a minor and had therefore to be represented by a regency council. Page 119, Meanwhile arrangements were made with English merchants for them to use the (English) king's powers of preemption and prohibition of export to create a huge corner in wool, which would be profitable both to them and to him. By the spring of 1338 this Dordrecht Scheme, as it has generally been called, because the wool was to be collected and sold at Dordrecht in Holland. Pages 120, 75, By the summer of 1338...(Edward III of England had) allies in Brabant and western Germany, where, as a French chronicler said, it rained money...But these (wool) monopolies did not work out as was hoped and meanwhile the (English) king's debts (estimated in 1339 at 300,000 British pounds sterling, several times his annual income) grew worse and worse. In 1340 several earls had to be left behind as hostages for debts contracted in the Low Countries. Pages 122, 123, (c.1360), King John (of France, who was captured by the English in 1356) was to be ransomed for the enormous sum of 3,000,000 crowns (about 500,000 British pounds sterling, or the equivalent of the English king's income for over five years). In return Edward undertook to renounce his claim to the throne of France. The French fulfilled their promises. Page 133, c.1330s, there had always been wealthy traders, and William de la Pole (of England)...was perhaps outstanding in the whole Middle Ages. Page 134, The introduction of printing at the end of the fifteenth century satisfied an increasing demand for books. Pages 136, 137, black death of 1349, and great plague of London in 1665, and pestilence in 1361, 1368, and 1375. Pages 152, 153, Baltic trade, Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, pirates, (English) Merchant Adventurers. Pages 153, 154, (English) Merchant Adventurers were also generally members of the Mercers Company of London, that is to say dealers in cloth and mercery, miscellaneous luxury imports. They became increasingly the wealthiest groups of English traders overseas, as the artery connecting Rhine and Thames grew still more important. Page 159, (In London, England) along the Thames (River) were the wharves frequented by shipping from Italy, the Baltic, the Netherlands, and France...Richard Whittington (was)...lender of money to King Henry IV. Page 182, Soon (Edward III of England) was not only too old to fight or lead but also dominated by Alice Perrers, the most ambitious and unscrupulous of royal mistresses. Page 229, (T)he great borrowing schemes (in England), based on the wool trade, which had been essential to the finances of Edward I and Edward III came to an end...Borrowing from merchants still went on. The scandal which broke in the Good Parliament of 1376 was partly about the loans arranged by Richard Lyons, for which it was said that 50 percent interest had been charged. London and the merchants lent money to the king in the naval crisis of 1377, when the coasts were threatened. Richard Whittington and other merchants lent money to Henry IV when the French were attacking again. But there was nothing like the borrowing of the 1290s and 1330s. The scale of royal finance had contracted with the wool trade. Page 233, a great spoils system. Pages 255-260, Chronologies. - HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000236137 Hulbert, Archer Butler. 1906. The Ohio River, A Course of Empire, with Maps and Illustrations. New York, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, Knickerbocker Press. OCLC 247594932. PUBLIC LIBRARY 976.9, HULBERT. Page 6, (T)he keelboats and flatboats and brigs (in)...the Flatboat Age. Page 8, In the Canoe Age and Flatboat Age the (Ohio) river was practically useless half the year, in the winter it was ice bound, in summer it ran dry...(U)ntil the Steamboat Age the majority of the population in what may be called the Ohio Valley was not along the Ohio River. Page 9, (T)he smaller tributaries of the Ohio River were the favorite locations of those earliest tribes...The chief seats of the Delaware, Shawanese, and Miami nations were not on the Ohio River, but rather on the Miami, Scioto, and upper Muskingum rivers...habitations were at the heads of the principal streams. Page 10, The few important towns that sprang up on the banks of the Ohio (River) in the Canoe and Flatboat Ages were the ports of embarkation and debarkation, of the former class Brownsville and Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania and Wheeling in western Virginia were the most prominent, while of the latter class Cincinnati in Ohio, Maysville and Louisville in Kentucky, Madison and Evansville in Indiana, and Shawneetown in Illinois were the most important. Page 11, (T)he flatboat had reigned through the forty years preceding 1820. Page 13, (In the Ohio River Valley were) Dutch, Irish, Scotch, and Quaker...(T)he varying types of rivermen, masters, sailors, oarsmen, packers, roustabouts, polers, flatboatmen, keelboatmen, rafters, and beachcombers. Page 18, The Falls (of the Ohio River), as the rapids of Louisville. Page 29, (T)he main towns of all these tribes (of the Ohio River Valley) were on the lesser inland tributaries...in the sunny upland meadows of the interior. Page 80, (T)he junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers (is)...the commanding nature of The Point between the rivers...The Point of Pittsburgh presents often an inspiring picture from the surrounding heights...(T)he great city lies...like a mighty battleship at anchor...two tides rush silently together at the tip of the dark, sharp prow. Page 81, (Pittsburgh is) at the technical and legal head of the Ohio River...(I)t is a strategic military centre, and it is a strategic commercial centre. Page 82, The mountains and rivers made The Point the site for a great city...Pittsburgh's equal inheritance from Pennsylvania and New York on the north, and Virginia and Maryland on the south, her close commercial connection with New York and Philadelphia on the east and Kentucky on the west, her close connection by the Ohio River with the South and its markets and all the commercial impetus that this once implied, her inheritance of...the Scotch-Irish...and her equal strain of German...from the Pennsylvania Dutch frontier. Page 84, The small population of Pittsburgh, which, in 1763, perhaps numbered three hundred. Page 89, The Ohio River...runs almost straight north from Pittsburgh for some twenty-five miles, turning into its general southwesterly direction near the mouth of Beaver River, this fact explains the early importance of what we call the Panhandle of West Virginia, as well as the early rise and importance of Wheeling and Grave Creek. Page 98, (T)he first clearing at the mouth of Wheeling Creek and...the beginnings of the important city of Wheeling in 1769...An important settlement was also made at the mouth of Grave Creek on the present site of Moundsville, West Virginia. Pages 98, 99, (T)he beautiful Blue Grass country of Ken-ta-kee (or) the meadow land...To this splendid country there were two doors, the Ohio River was the front door and Cumberland Gap in the Cumberland Mountain range was the back door. Page 99, Pittsburgh was at the threshold of this front door to the Ohio Valley, though this was true more in a military sense than a civil one...it was some years before Pittsburgh became the leading port of embarkation. Page 105, Early newspapers, 1700s. Page 107, In 1786 the population of Pittsburgh was about 500, in 1796 it was 1,395, in 1810, 4,768, in 1820, 7,248, in 1830, 12,542, in 1840, 21,115. Page 139, What the packhorse had brought over the Alleghenies the canoe could transport to any point on the Ohio or its tributaries...(c.1783), Thus the day of the keelboat and flatboat dawned...The average keelboat was some fifty feet in length by ten or twelve feet in width, the body of the boat was boarded over and would hold several wagon loads of freight. Along the sides of the boat were running boards along which the crew walked while propelling it, placing their setting poles at the bottom of the stream or on a projecting log or rock, the men walked down the running boards, the poles braced against their shoulders. Thus the keelboat was the first craft after the canoe which was made to ascend rapid streams...The setting pole method of propelling a boat was of course useless in deep water. Pages 139, 140, (T)he flatboat or barge, the broadhorn...if called a Kentucky broadhorn, its destination was along the Ohio River, if called a New Orleans broadhorn, the destination was known to be on the Mississippi River. Page 157, The trip (on the Ohio River) from Pittsburgh to Louisville took a week or ten days. Page 160, (T)he interior, averaging from twenty to an hundred miles back from the (Ohio) river, was settled earlier and was more thickly populated than (along)...the river itself. Of the settlements on the Ohio (River) in Kentucky that have become thriving towns few date back prior to 1800 except Louisville, Maysville, and Covington...Henderson was laid out in 1810, Owensboro in 1817, Greenup in 1818, and Paducah in 1827. Smithland, Vanceburg, and Catlettsburg were of the next generation...In 1800...Metropolis, Illinois, was...between the mouth of the Wabash and the Mississippi. Page 188, The Cincinnati historian, Daniel Drake, affirmed Cincinnati was laid out on the model of Philadelphia. Page 190, By the close of the eighteenth century the commerce of the young city (Cincinnati, Ohio) had assumed considerable magnitude. Page 191, The early commerce of Cincinnati depended mainly upon water transportation...In due time, navigation extended not only along the main water courses, the Ohio, the Mississippi, the Missouri (Rivers), but also up the larger tributaries of these streams. The exporting association of Cincinnati established commercial relations with Europe, by way of New Orleans, a city which long held preeminence over all other cities in the Mississippi Valley, in population and trade. Many ships were built and rigged in yards along the Ohio, and the marine commerce came to be closely associated with the river business. Page 194, The population (of Cincinnati) in 1810 was 750, in 1820, 9,602, in 1830, 24,831, in 1840, 46,338, in 1850, 115,438, in 1860, 161,044, in 1870, 216,239, in 1880, 255,139, in 1890, 296,308...(I)ts population (in)...1905, was over four hundred thousand...The total foreign born population is 57,961, of this 38,219 are German born. Pages 195, 196, (P)ilfering along the rivers, the outlaws of the Ohio country gained a national reputation. Page 196, (T)his portion of the (lower Ohio) river was for a time a noted resort for bands of pirates from whose hands the descending flatboatman did well to steer clear. Cave-in-Rock, on the Illinois shore...was a notorious rendezvous for a number of years. This is a cavern measuring about two hundred feet long and eighty feet wide, at its mouth it is eighty feet wide and twenty-five feet high. Page 197, (From Cave-in-Rock) gathered a plotting band of guerillas headed by none other than Wilson, the proprietor, which began a...confidence game that takes rank in the West with the worst of outrages. The gang made its headquarters on nearby Hurricane Island and the plan of operations was...simple, flatboats en route, for instance, to New Orleans, and richly laden, were inveigled to the cave, where in short order the commander and crew were made way with, and a crew from the island took charge of the boat and floated it to New Orleans, here the cargo and boat were sold and upon returning to Cave-in-Rock the proceeds were divided. Page 198, (James) Wilson's (Cave-in-Rock) band numbered nearly fifty...one of his own...gang killed him. Pages 198, 199, (T)he worn trail northward from New Orleans through Mississippi and Tennessee to Kentucky over which came the returning boatmen or shipper's agents bringing northward the money paid for their goods in southern markets...(U)nless the merchant or merchant's agent returned by the roundabout sea route the short road home was this Tennessee Path. Page 200, Micajah Harpe was the outlaw...of the Ohio Valley, as Mike Fink was the rowdy. Page 201, (Micajah Harpe and his) younger brother, Wiley Harpe (using)...the guise of methodist preachers. Page 212, (Mike Fink's) livelihood was made mostly by plundering the river farms of crop and stock. Page 228, The canoe plied up and down all streams and was immediately succeeded by the long, narrow keelboat, which also plied up and down the rivers carrying loads as great or greater than any canoe. This craft was made of strong planks and boards and therefore did not appear on the Ohio (River) in great numbers until sawmills on the Allegheny and Monongahela (Rivers) were built. Page 230, The first line of packet boats in the ordinary sense were galley keelboats that plied between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh from November, 1793, onward. Page 231, The Falls of the Ohio (River, at) Louisville. Page 233, Usually the flatboat, built in one of the busy boat yards on the Monongahela such as those at Brownsville, Elizabeth, or Morganstown, became worth its weight in salt in the low country. Thousands of pioneer cabins in the Ohio Valley were made from the timbers of the flatboats of their owners. The best of these made fine cabins with little change. Pages 240, 241, 242, (Before steamboats) in Ohio River navigation...(T)he decade of brig and schooner building, when Ohio Valley promoters sought to establish a trade with Europe and the Indies...When, then, the Monongahela country began to export produce and manufactures, enterprising men were soon at work planning to build up a trade with the South and with Europe. There were many times each year when the Ohio (River) would float sea going vessels...(T)wo armed galleys...were built in Pittsburgh for service on the Mississippi...It was in the year of 1800, probably, that the first ocean rigged vessel weighed anchor on the Ohio (River) for the sea. The first of such craft seems to have been...a brig of 110 tons (which was) built at Marietta on the Muskingum River...by Stephen Devol, for Charles Greene and Co., of Marietta, (and the brig)...cleared Marietta in May, 1800, with a cargo of flour and pork for Havana (and this brig was)...the first sea going vessel that ever descended the Ohio (River)...to New Orleans...(Then) the Cuban capital was reached and (later)...cleared with a cargo of sugar for Philadelphia...(S)everal boat yards now began building ships for sea, two were built in 1801, four in 1803, two in 1804, and eleven in the next four years. Pages 243, 244, In 1800 there was formed at Elizabeth, Pennsylvania, what was known as the Monongahela Company, and a schooner of 250 tons was built...(T)his ship departed for southern ports (and was an)...early sea going vessel...Company (representatives)...Jacob Ferree, John Robison, and David Pollock. Page 246, Louis Anastius Tarascon emigrated from France in 1794 and became a merchant at Philadelphia. In 1799...he sent two of his clerks, Charles Brugiere and James Berthoud, to examine the course of the Ohio and Mississippi from Pittsburgh to New Orleans and ascertain the practicability of sending ships, and clearing them ready rigged, from Pittsburgh to Europe and the West Indies. The two gentlemen reported favorably, and Mr. Tarascon associated them, and his brother, John A. Anthony, with himself, under the firm of John A. Tarascon Brothers, James Berthoud and Co., and immediately established at Pittsburgh a wholesale and retail store and warehouse, a ship yard, a sail and rigging loft, an anchor smithshop, a block manufactory and all other things necessary to complete sea going vessels. Page 247, Ships built at Wheeling and Marietta. Page 251, (The Ohio River) is never so low but that it may be navigated by canoes and other light craft, not drawing more than twelve inches of water...Many of the impediments however which are to be met with when the water is low, might in a dry time be got rid of, and at no very considerable expense...Rocks, that now during the dry season, obstruct or render dangerous the large flat bottomed, or what are called Kentucky boats, might be blasted, channels might be made through the ripples...(For) travellers wishing to descend the river...(they may) procure a boat (and)...be ready so as to take advantage of the times of flood. Pages 251, 252, Flat bottomed boats may be procured almost everywhere along the Monongahela River, and in some places on the Youghiogheny, very few are as yet built on the Allegheny (River), as the chief places of embarkation are confined to the Monongahela and Ohio (Rivers). Keel boats and vessels of burden are also built at Brownsville, Elizabeth's-town, and many other places on the two last mentioned rivers. The best seasons for navigating the Ohio (River) are spring and autumn. Page 253, Boats have frequently passed from Pittsburgh to the mouth of the Ohio in fifteen days. Pages 254, 255, (T)he stress...on the necessity of a fastening on shore, and a good landing place, that flat boats never carry an anchor. The method to run the boat ashore is, jump hastily out, and fasten a line or cable round a stump, tree, etc., or hold on till a stake be cut and driven in the ground for the same purpose. Page 263, Ohio Company, Scioto Company. Page 264, A financial panic swept New York and ruined those most closely identified with the Scioto Company. Page 271, (Louisville, c.1819), The most fatal complaint...among adults, (exclusive of small pox,) is...yellow fever...During the months of July, August, and September so strongly are the inhabitants of this and the adjacent towns, predisposed to this disease, by the joint influence of climate, and the miasm of marshes. Page 272, In 1780 the population (of Louisville) was probably upwards of one hundred. Page 274, Early newspapers, c.1801, 1808. Page 274, The Falls of the Ohio, which had been the making of Louisville, contributed very largely to its growth of population and commercial advance. Page 275, Louisville, in 1814, sugar deliveries to the city by boat. Page 276, The population of Louisville in 1800 was 600, in 1810, 1,300, in 1820, 4,000, in 1830, 10,000, in 1840, 21,000, in 1850, 43,000. Page 278, A boat...owned at Cincinnati has been in the habit of making her trips from the city (Cincinnati) to Saint Louis and back in two weeks. Page 332, Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha. Page 334, (note), Henry M. Shreve was born in New Jersey in 1785 and died in 1851, and was one of the most noted steamboatmen of the early days...Shreveport, Louisiana, was named for him. Pages 334, 335, (The) Washington (a steamboat), built at Wheeling and Brownsville...was built under the...supervision of...Captain Henry M. Shreve...On September 24, 1816, the new boat passed over the falls at Louisville on her first trip to New Orleans...The Washington returned to Louisville and on March 12, 1817, began her second trip to New Orleans, returning to Louisville in forty-one days, round trip time. Page 358, With the closing of the nineteenth century the Ohio River has passed from the Steamboat Age to the Age of the Steel Barge...the old days of the flatboat and barge are fast returning (along the Ohio River)...millions have been spent for slackwater navigation on the principal tributaries of the Ohio (River). Page 359, Ohio Valley Improvement Association at Evansville, Indiana. Page 360, Today, our centre of population, passing near Pittsburgh nearly fifty years, stands two hundred miles west of it. The commercial centre of the United States has more recently come over the Alleghenies from the seaboard and lies now at the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny (Rivers), if, indeed, it has not moved farther west. Page 363, By the slackwater plan the lock and dam system was to be established. Page 365, (c.1905), The desire of the (United States) cities and industrial interests most dependent on the (Ohio) river is to secure a nine-foot stage of water by means of locks and dams erected throughout the (Ohio River) valley from Cairo to Pittsburgh. Page 366, Great cities dot this (Ohio River Valley) region...beginning with Pittsburgh on the north, with a tonnage of 86,636,680 greater than that of London, New York, Antwerp, and Hamburg combined. Page 367, When the United States completes the improvement of the navigation of the Ohio River by erecting the dams and locks which will afford nine feet of water the year round. - Jones, Llewellyn, and Frederic Isenbart Scard. 1921. The Manufacture of Cane Sugar. London, U.K., Duckworth and Co., published under auspices of the West India Committee. OCLC 752881577. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.122, JONES. Page vii, Brussels Sugar Convention of 1902. Appendix with List of Advertisers, Page xi, The West India Committee, incorporated by royal charter President, The Earl of Harewood Chairman, Robert Rutherford Deputy chairman, Cyril Gurney Treasurers, William Gillespie, E.A. de Pass, Thomas Greenwood, and H.F. Previte Secretary, Algernon Aspinall, barrister Assistant Secretary, Gilfred N. Knight, barrister Bankers, The Colonial Bank West India Committee rooms, 15 Seething Lane, London, U.K., next to Mark Lane Station (Underground Railway), with Library, of West Indian newspapers and books for the use of members. - JOURNALS - SUGAR PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL, TRADE, MANUFACTURING American Sugar Cane League. 1925- . The Sugar Bulletin (JOURNAL). Washington, D.C., American Sugar League of the U.S.A. OCLC 776160990. American Sugar Industry (JOURNAL). 1899- . New York, New York, R. Palmer. OCLC 832432924. American Sugar Refining Company, and Franklin Sugar Refining Co. 1900s- . The American Sugar Bulletin (JOURNAL). New York, New York, American Sugar Refining Company and Franklin Refining Co. OCLC 33105832. American Sugar Refining Company, Franklin Sugar Refining Company, and Brooklyn Cooperage Company. 1920- . The American Sugar Family (JOURNAL). New York, New York. OCLC 33918990. Annual of the Netherlands' Industry and Trade (JOURNAL). 1952- . Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, Eurimpex. OCLC 221758466. Annual Sugar Review (JOURNAL). 1900s- . New York, New York, B.W. Dyer and Co. OCLC 320542608. Audubon Sugar Institute. 1900s- . Annual Report (JOURNAL). Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Audubon Sugar Institute, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. OCLC 51507612. PUBLIC LIBRARY GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS. Comite Europeen des Fabricants de Sucre (CEFS). 1900s- . CEFS Sugar Statistics (JOURNAL). Brussels, Belgium. OCLC 724936247. -- (European Association of Sugar Producers). Daily Sugar Trade Journal (JOURNAL). 1900s- . New York, New York, Willett and Gray. OCLC 47096237. Facts About Sugar, Devoted to American Sugar Production (JOURNAL). 1916-1940. New York, New York, Domestic Sugar Producers, Inc. OCLC 648258741. Farr and Company. 1900s- . Manual of Sugar Companies (JOURNAL). New York, New York, Farr and Co. OCLC 1303922. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 338.1, FARR. International Sugar Journal (JOURNAL). 1899- . High Wycombe, Bucks, England, International Sugar Journal. ISSN 0020-8841. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, INTERNATIONAL. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (United States). 1915- . Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (JOURNAL). Baltimore, Maryland, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. ISSN 0095-9111. PUBLIC LIBRARY 630.24, JOURNAL. Reference Book of the Sugar Industry of the World (JOURNAL). 1932- . New Orleans, Louisiana, Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer Co. OCLC 9647668. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, REFERENCE. Reuters Limited. 1900s- . Sugar Report (JOURNAL). Singapore, Reuters Limited. OCLC 910531101. Sugar, An ENGLISH-SPANISH Technical Journal Devoted to Sugar Production (JOURNAL). 1899-1929. New York, New York, Sugar Pub. Corp. OCLC 29938389. Sugar Association (U.S.). 1900s- . Annual Report (JOURNAL). Washington, D.C., Sugar Association. OCLC 36824121. Sugar Club. 1960s- . The Sugar Club Annual (JOURNAL). New York, New York, Sugar Club. ISSN 0585-881X. PUBLIC LIBRARY 338.1736, SUGAR. Sugar Industry Buyers Guide (JOURNAL). 1983- . High Wycombe, Bucks, England. OCLC 877293420. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, INTERNATIONAL. Sugar Industry Technicians, Inc. 1900s- . Publication of Technical Papers and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Sugar Industry Technicians, Inc. (JOURNAL). New York, New York, Sugar Industry Technicians. OCLC 27690835. Sugar Industry Technicians, Inc. 1960. Abstracts of Papers Presented 1941-1960, Roster of Members. New York, New York, Sugar Industry Technicians, Inc., Volume 19, Number 2. OCLC 67277282. Sugar Industry Technologists, Inc. 1965- . Publication of Technical Papers and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Sugar Industry Technologists, Inc. (JOURNAL). Malvern, Pennsylvania, Sugar Industry Technologists. ISSN 0099-9032. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.12, SUGAR. Sugar Institute, Inc., New York. No date. Statistical Report (JOURNAL). New York, New York. OCLC 48764028. Sugar Institute, Inc., New York. No date. Total Melt and Total Deliveries of the Thirteen United States Refiners (JOURNAL). OCLC 47111537. Sugar Journal (JOURNAL). 1938- . New Orleans, Louisiana, Sugar Journal. ISSN 0039-4734. Sugar Reference Book (JOURNAL). 1949-1957. New York, New York, M. Palmer. OCLC 10709724. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, SUGAR. Sugar Reference Book and Directory (JOURNAL). 1931- . New York, New York, Palmer Pub. Corp. ISSN 0081-9212. PUBLIC LIBRARY 338.1, SUGAR. Sugar Statistics (JOURNAL). 1900s- . New York, New York, W.R. Craig and Co. OCLC 29828246. Tate and Lyle (Firm). 1990- . Sugar Industry Abstracts (JOURNAL). Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., C.A.B. International Information Services. ISSN 0957-5022. PUBLIC LIBRARY 016.66412, SUGAR. The American Sugar Industry and Beet Sugar Gazette (JOURNAL). 1904-1911. Chicago, Illinois, Beet Sugar Gazette Co. OCLC 9834572. The Year Book of the Louisiana Sugar Cane Industry (JOURNAL). 1940- . New Orleans, Louisiana, The Sugar Journal. OCLC 7888933. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1900s- . Wages and Hours of Labor in Cane-Sugar Refining Industry (JOURNAL). Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 46638976. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Fruit and Vegetable Division. 1900s- . Sugar Market News (JOURNAL). Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 44147618. United States Department of Agriculture, Production and Marketing Administration. 1900s- . Sugar Reports (JOURNAL). Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 35711827. United States Department of Agriculture, Sugar Division. 1900s- . Report of the Chief of the Sugar Division (JOURNAL). Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 30588316. Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal (JOURNAL). 1842- . New York, New York, Willett and Gray. ISSN 0043-1923. West India Committee, and John Foster Fraser. 1924- . The West India Committee Circular (JOURNAL). London, U.K., West India Committee. OCLC 17457006. World Sugar Journal (JOURNAL). 1978. High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, U.K., World Sugar Publications. ISSN 0142-5757. - DIGITAL SUGAR COLLECTIONS, ONLINE http://cdm16313.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16313coll31 Louisiana State University (LSU) AgCenter Sugar Research Station Louisiana Sugar Resources Digital Collection, Louisiana Digital Library . American Sugar Cane League of the U.S.A., Inc. 1922- . Sugar Bulletin (JOURNAL). click on LITTLE ARROW to SELECT YEAR, then click on GRAY ICON GO then click on THUMBNAIL PHOTO ROLLOVER LINK ICON or BLUE TEXT LINK, to view issue. . Historical, American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (JOURNAL). click on BLACK TEXT LINK View all JASSCT publications . http://www.assct.org/ http://www.assct.org/jourmain.htm Journal of the American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists - Kagan, Neil, editor. 2006. National Geographic Concise History of the World, An Illustrated Timeline. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-8364-3. PUBLIC LIBRARY 902.02, NATIONAL. Page 227, A sugar refinery opens in Augsburg, Germany, 1573. Page 245, Peter the Great travels through Prussia, the Netherlands, England, and Austria, 1697-1698. - Kleber, John E., and Thomas D. Clark, editors. 1992. The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lexington, Kentucky, University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 976.9003, KENTUCKY. Pages 266, 267, Distilling, illegal distillers (moonshiners). Page 324, Flatboats, The (Kentucky) settlers sent to New Orleans...hemp....By 1802 river shipments from Kentucky to New Orleans amounted to $1.2 million annually. Page 422, Hemp Industry, article by James O. Luken. Page 510, Kentucky River, flatboats, keelboats, showboats, article by William E. Ellis. Page 534, Land Between the Lakes, (1920-33), the town of Golden Pond, Kentucky, became nationally known for producing high quality moonshine whiskey. Much of this moonshine was sold in the speakeasies of midwestern cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and Saint Louis. Page 588, Lyon County, Kentucky, Matthew Lyon...brought his family from Vermont in 1801 and established a shipyard...on the Cumberland River...Illegal whiskey distilling was a large scale industry in the Golden Pond section for many years...Golden Pond, separated from the remainder of the county by the Cumberland River and accessible only by a ferry, was ideally isolated from the distillers point of view. Pages 646, 647, Moonshine. In 1881 revenue agents seized 102 illegal stills in Kentucky and made 153 arrests...In 1914 seizures of illegal stills totaled 214...Al Capone bought whiskey from eastern Kentucky as well as Golden Pond whiskey from western Kentucky...In 1957 the federal government designed law enforcement procedures targeted at the illegal distiller and courts began to hand down harsher sentences...(1990s), the moonshiner is active in another line of work...according to law enforcement officials who charge (moonshiners)...with growing marijuana...In 1989 an Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force found the largest domestic marijuana production in Marion County, calling the operators the Cornbread Mafia. Article by Betty B. Ellison. Pages 690, 691, 692, Ohio River, article by Charles E. Parrish. - Kleber, John E., editor. 2001. The Encyclopedia of Louisville. Lexington, Kentucky, The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2100-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 976.944, KLEBER. Pages 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Banking, Louisville's population in 1800 was only 359. By 1810 it had increased to 1,357 and by 1820 to 4,012. This growth warranted the development of local banking. The first chartered bank in Kentucky was the Kentucky Insurance Co., chartered by the Kentucky legislature in 1802. In 1806 the state chartered the Bank of Kentucky. Pages 77, 78, Beargrass Creek, (c.1766, Beargrass Creek) entered the Ohio (River) just above the Falls...Beginning in 1948 a floodwall was constructed to protect downtown Louisville. Since Beargrass Creek flows through the city, a solid wall would have prevented it from flowing into the Ohio River, and a gap in the floodwall at the creek would have permitted flood waters of the Ohio River to flow into Louisville. Pages 101, 102, Boat Building, history 1780s to present. Page 160, Caritas Health Services, history 1812 to 1990s. Pages 168, 169, Cement Industry. Pages 174, 175, Chemicals. Page 204, Clark Maritime Centre, Located on the bank of the Ohio River in Jeffersonville, Indiana, the center is a river port/industrial complex that provides twelve-month ocean access to shippers via the Gulf of Mexico...The public port...was established in 1985 and is administered by the Indiana Port Commission. Page 234, Cubans, In the 1830s, one could buy a steamship ticket from Louisville to Havana because Kentucky's tobacco and hemp economy linked it with New Orleans, which was second only to New York City in trade with Cuba...(D)irectly from Havana (came)...much of the sugar consumed in the city (of Louisville). Pages 247, 248, 249, Distilling, (c.1800s), (R)ectify the whiskey by blending or adding other substances to it...Less reputable rectifiers would add anything from caramelized sugar to sulfuric acid. Pages 252, 253, Downtown Development, Louisville history. Pages 254, 255, 256, Drug Abuse, c.1828, Coffee houses were all over the city (Louisville, Kentucky)...(M)any residents went from legal work to an illegal occupation...During June 1923 the federal agents went after a hundred alleged bootleggers in Louisville and its vicinity...For over two hundred years the marijuana plant has been a part of Louisville. Its first lawful use was for making rope. The city had a number of ropewalks in which marijuana was manufactured into hemp rope...muggles...hemp-based drugs...medical opium...opium dens...Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 provided for control of narcotic drug traffic within the United States...(c.1960s), Crime Prevention Bureau...(T)he Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 provided for increased federal financing for law enforcement...stiffer penalties in federal drug cases, and life prison terms for principals in drug enterprises. (Article by Morton O. Childress). Pages 262, 263, 264, 265, The flatboats of the eighteenth century favored the export of simple Kentucky agricultural products downriver to New Orleans and the import of settlers and basic household provisions from the Pittsburgh area...Manufacturing operations, in shipbuilding, cotton, paper, wagons, cooperage, soap, lumber, glass, cement, steam engines, beef, pork, leather, flour, tobacco, and liquor, took root around this important shipping point...Louisville's central location and strong transportation linkages ensure a prosperous distribution industry...Louisville's most prominent service sector success stories have been in insurance and health care...(A) large...financial services company headquartered in downtown Louisville was acquired by Aegon, Inc., a Dutch insurance giant (of)...Baltimore, home of Aegon's U.S. company...Metropolitan Louisville's population has hovered just below the one-million mark since 1975. (Article by Paul A. Coomes). Pages 271, 272, 273, 274, Epidemics, River and port towns have been known throughout history for having high illness and death rates, and nineteenth century Louisville was no exception. Pages 279, 280, Falls of the Ohio, It is this rapids in the (Ohio) river that brought about the establishment of Louisville and the communities of New Albany, Clarksville, and Jeffersonville. This happened because most boats stopped here so that pilots could come aboard to steer them safely through, and cargo and passengers could portage around the Falls (of the Ohio River). The names of the early towns of Portland and Shippingport located west of Louisville reflect this activity...A canal around the Falls (of the Ohio River) was proposed in the early 1800s...The only canal completed was the Louisville and Portland Canal on the Kentucky side in 1830. River-related commerce and business sprouted, including ship building, iron foundries, mills, fishing, and quarrying of building stone. Page 290, Fink, Mike (born Fort Pitt, now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, c.1770, died Montana area, 1823), Keelboatman and frontiersman. Fink's parents were...Scots-Irish...His education was...along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. (Article by Thomas D. Clark). Page 297, Floods and Flood Control. Pages 334, 335, 336, Geography, of Louisville, Kentucky, (T)he most important physical element of Louisville's geography is the Falls of the Ohio, the only natural barrier to water transportation on the river. One of the earliest accounts of travel on the Ohio River is contained in the journal of John Howard and John Peter Salley, who negotiated the Falls of the Ohio in May of 1742...Louisville's geographic location as a transfer point led to an increasingly important role as an entrepot between the settled East and the growing western frontier. Goods shipped on downstream via the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans could be sold or traded there for imported goods that could then be shipped back upstream. The volume of commerce on this route was of sufficient concern to Congress to make Louisville an official Port of Entry in 1799, complete with a collector to impose tariffs and prevent the smuggling of goods into the country...(Louisville), along with New Albany and Jeffersonville, Indiana, served as a shipbuilding, outfitting, and repair center. (Article by Dennis L. Spetz). Pages 338, 339, German, Many German immigrants traveled to river cities such as Louisville, Saint Louis, and Cincinnati via steamboat from New Orleans...In the early 1850s the German population of Louisville had grown to eighteen thousand, about 35 percent of the total population...In all, there were approximately thirty German language newspapers in Louisville...Today, almost one in three persons in Jefferson County claims Germanic heritage. Page 355, Greater Louisville Economic Development Partnership. Pages 355, 356, Greater Louisville Inc., known as the Louisville Area Chamber of Commerce prior to 1998. Page 361, Groceries. Pages 362, 363, Guthrie, James (1792-1869), His early education...was followed by several trips in the flatboat trade to New Orleans, carrying local agricultural produce...(H)e took up the study of law (and)...was admitted to the bar in 1817...(Later), Guthrie served as president of the (University of Louisville) from 1846 until his death in 1869. (Article by George H. Yater). Pages 391, 392, Histories of Louisville. (Article by George H. Yater, Clyde F. Crews). Page 394, Holdovers for Prisoners. Pages 401, 402, 403, 404, Hospitals. Pages 406, 407, Howard Shipyard and Dock Co., The Louisville vicinity has long been a center for boat building...elaborate steamboats (or)...floating palaces...The last packet boat...was built in 1923, after which the yard built barges, towboats, and other workboats, such as dredges. Pages 415, 416, Insurance Industry, The end of the eighteenth century was marked by increasing activities on the Louisville riverfront. More valuable goods were being transported, stored, and sold there. These activities created a need for marine insurance to protect cargo against loss or damage. Pages 420, 421, 422, Irish. Pages 422, 423, 424, 425, Iron Foundries. Page 433, Jeffboat, Inc., America's largest inland shipyard was founded in 1938 as Jeffersonville Boat and Machine Co., a wholly-owned subsidiary of American Barge Line Co. The firm was located on the former Sweeney Shipyard property adjacent to the Howard Shipyard in Indiana. Page 474, Kentucky Historical Society. Pages 483, 484, Kindergarten Movement, Louisville played an important role in the kindergarten movement in the United States, based on the teachings of German educator Fredrick Froebel (1782-1852). The earliest kindergartens in this country were founded in German communities. Louisville had one of the first ten, established by William Hailman in 1865. Page 531, Louisville and Portland Canal, (T)he Louisville and Portland Canal Co. was chartered in 1825. The private investment came almost exclusively from Philadelphia, which had close commercial ties with the Ohio Valley. Page 538, Louisville Cement Company. Pages 587, 588, Maps and Prints, Early. (Article by Martin F. Schmidt). Pages 596, 597, McAlpine Locks and Dam. Pages 654, 655, 656, 657, Newspapers. Pages 667, 668, Ohio River. (Article by Charles E. Parrish). Pages 699, 700, 701, Pharmacy, In Louisville's early days, medicines were dispensed by physicians as part of their practices...As the (Louisville) settlement at the Falls of the Ohio began to grow into a city, however, the purveying of medicines became a distinct business. Louisville became the headquarters for the supply of drugs and medicines to the surrounding settlements in Kentucky and Indiana in the early nineteenth century...By the 1830s physicians had left the business, and pharmacists had emerged to compound and dispense prescriptions. Many then used the titles of chemist and apothecary. Training was received through apprenticeship...By the 1860s Louisville...was the regional center for pharmacy in the West. The city's pharmaceutical ranks were influenced by an influx of educated German pharmacists, who emigrated (from)...Europe in the late 1840s...By 1950 there were more than two hundred retail drugstores in Louisville. Pages 714, 715, Population (Louisville). Population of the City of Louisville (table) 1790, population 200 1800, population 359 1810, population 1,357 1820, population 4,012 1830, population 10,341 1840, population 21,210 1850, population 43,194 1860, population 68,033 1870, population 100,753 1880, population 123,758 1890, population 161,129 1900, population 204,731 1998, population 255,045 (end of table) Page 729, Printing and Publishing. Pages 814, 815, Shippingport. Pages 819, 820, Shreve, Henry M. (born New Jersey, 1785, died Missouri, 1851). Pages 833, 834, Soft Drinks and Mineral Water. Pages 849, 850, 851, Steamboats, Its strategic location on the Ohio River meant that Louisville has always been interested in riverboats. The earliest riverboats at Louisville were canoes and dugouts...They were soon augmented by flatboats, crude scows built by settlers to transport their families and belongings to the new lands in the West, at that time the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Flatboats were built along every creek and riverbank in western Pennsylvania and Virginia. They ranged from insignificant barges barely more than a foot deep, twenty or so feet long and about ten feet wide, to heavily built hulls three or four feet deep, a hundred feet long, and fifteen to twenty feet wide, with boxy wooden cabins to shelter settlers and their animals. They were frequently dismantled and used for building materials at their destinations. As the settlers began to produce cash crops, they built flatboats to carry their products to inland markets and to New Orleans for overseas shipment...The produce was loaded while the creeks were more or less dry, then when a freshet occurred they were floated to the nearest river. The Beargrass and Harrods Creeks of Jefferson County were used in this way in the very early days. Flatboats were often called broadhorn boats because those long oars resembled the horns of cattle...The next development was the keelboat, a finely modeled hull with a keel, substantially built and capable of being pushed or pulled upstream against the current...Cordelling was the process of towing a boat by means of a heavy rope called a cordelle...Steam navigation arrived on the western rivers in 1811...By 1820 steam packets were making regular trips upstream, but the lowly flatboats continued to compete for downstream movements until the late 1890s...By 1840, steamboats assumed their final form and became the floating palaces...One could take packet trips from Louisville to such far-flung places as Terre Haute, Indiana, Pittsburgh, Saint Paul, New Orleans, and Fort Benton, Montana...It was said that a good steamboat cook needed only a can of lard and five pounds of sugar to create any dish...Some deck passengers paid part of their fare by working as roustabouts...Boatyards were established here long before the first steamboat arrived, and one continues in business today. The biggest, in steamboat days, was the Howard Shipyard and Dock Co., which had yards in Shippingport, on The Point in Louisville, and in Jeffersonville, Indiana. Its successor, Jeffboat, continues to build and repair boats and barges. Boat building was the base of Louisville's first heavy industries, for machinery, boilers, and lumber were all manufactured here. (Article by Alan L. Bates). Page 853, Stoll Kidnapping Case, On October 10, 1934, Thomas Henry Robinson Jr. entered the Lime Kiln Lane home of Berry V. and Alice (Speed) Stoll and kidnapped Mrs. Stoll, the daughter of William S. Speed, president of the Louisville Cement Co. and founder of Louisville Collegiate School, and daughter-in-law of Charles C. Stoll, president of Stoll Oil Refining Co...In the wake of the Charles and Anne Lindbergh baby kidnapping, the case aroused national interest. (Robinson, his wife, Frances Robinson, and his father were arrested)...(P)olice charged Robinson with the kidnapping and released his two accomplices...(Robinson) was sentenced to life in prison...was (later) released...in 1970 and died in...1994 in Nashville. Pages 866, 867, 868, Tarascon, Louis and John, Brothers Louis Anastase Tarascon and Jean Antoine Tarascon, founders of the once-thriving community of Shippingport at the lower end of the Falls of the Ohio (River)...were born in the Tarascon district near Marseilles (France)...The rapidly developing Ohio Valley attracted the Tarascons' attention, and in 1799 (Jacques) Berthoud and a companion were sent on a scouting expedition down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans to report on the possibility of seagoing sailing vessels descending those streams. Their interest had probably been aroused by the construction as early as 1792 of such vessels in the Pittsburgh area. One was sailing the sea from Philadelphia...Based on (Jacques) Berthoud's favorable report, the two (Tarascon) brothers and Berthoud bought land at Pittsburgh and planned to carry farm produce of the Ohio Valley directly to Europe...The Tarascon (ship)yard was apparently the largest in Pittsburgh at the time...(T)he Falls of the Ohio (River were) impassable except at times of high water. It was often necessary to unload the cargo and wagon it to Shippingport so that the ship would ride higher in the water to pass the Falls...(The Tarascons) sought Philadelphia capital to carry out their plan to establish a town, a shipyard, a ropewalk, wharves, and warehouses, (c.1806)...Shippingport began to take shape under John Tarascon's direction, and by 1807 a small mill was in operation to produce the wheat he hoped to ship directly to Europe...(T)he Panic of 1819 brought trade almost to a halt. Philadelphia creditors, mostly French emigres who had lent some seventy thousand dollars for the development of Shippingport...were clamoring for repayment. (Article by George H. Yater). Pages 870, 871, Telegraph. Page 881, middle column, a Louisville hemp plantation. Page 889, Tornadoes, Kentucky's Ohio River Valley region, nestled between the hills to the east and the Mississippi River, lies along an air corridor, where cold air from the North frequently collides with the warm, moist air blowing up from the Gulf of Mexico. Generally in early spring, this dangerous combination can result in high winds, hail, severe thunderstorms, and possibly tornadoes. Notable Louisville, Kentucky, Area Tornadoes, August 27, 1854, May 21, 1860, November 28, 1879, March 27, 1890, March 18, 1925, May 10, 1969, April 3, 1974, May 28, 1996. Pages 890, 891, Tourism, is the third-largest service industry in Jefferson County, which generates the highest economic impact from tourism of any county in the state...Farmington, an early nineteenth century hemp plantation...Continuing development of the interstate system put Louisville within a day's drive of more than 60 percent of the nation's population by putting it at the heart of three major interstates, Interstate-64, Interstate-65, and Interstate-71. Pages 904, 905, 906, Urban Renewal, (1959 to 1980), This era was characterized by large-scale projects, blanket demolition and clearance of the redevelopment areas, and extended periods in which parcels sat vacant. Pages 913, 914, Visitors (to Louisville). Pages 923, 924, Water Resources, The smaller streams (in the Louisville, Kentucky, area), which flow directly or indirectly into the Ohio River, are relatively unimportant as sources of water because their flows in dry years become very low or cease entirely...(A)rea streams...contribute flow to the Ohio and Salt Rivers....but their flows are typically not adequate for dependable supplies. Flows during the summer months often drop very low, even going dry for a few days to several weeks during extended periods of drought. - http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/1/when-the-circus-was-big-time Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20100530142458/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/1/when-the-circus-was-big-time https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_yacht_Standart Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170816135955/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_yacht_Standart Leavitt, Penelope M., and James S. Moy. 1984. Spalding and Rogers Floating Palace, 1852-1859. Theatre Survey, May, Volume 25, Number 1, Pages 15-27. Hall, Coryne. 2011. The Tsar's Floating Palace, The Standart. European Royal History Journal, August, Number 82, Page 23-30. -- The Standart, built in Denmark, c.1895, private yacht. Special to the Tribune-Star, Terre Haute, Indiana, August 14, 2010, Dr. Gilbert R. Spalding and Charles J. Rogers Floating Palace Circus, in Terre Haute, Indiana, April of 1853. http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/main/inlandrivers.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170815212331/http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/main/inlandrivers.html http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/press/2003/pr20030815c.pdf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170815212428/http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/press/2003/pr20030815c.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_and_Daughters_of_Pioneer_Rivermen Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170815205012/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_and_Daughters_of_Pioneer_Rivermen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Way,_Jr. Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170815205053/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Way,_Jr. https://web.archive.org/web/*/riverhistory.org ------Sons and Daughters of Pioneer Rivermen, website, Archives, and Inland Rivers Library, Cincinnati, Ohio HathiTrust (1950), https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006793275 HathiTrust (1954), https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001349851 Klein, Benjamin Franklin, editor. 1969. The Ohio River Handbook and Picture Album. Cincinnati, Ohio, Young and Klein, Inc. OCLC 852730853. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 917.7178, KLEIN. Page 7, Bibliography. Page 13, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati Packet Line. Page 14, The navigation problem of the Ohio, however, was more than simply snags. Almost annually, the river would run so low that a man could wade across at several places. When this happened, river traffic sat on its hulls in the mud and waited for high water. Page 29, Wellsville, Ohio...flatboater Henry Aten...1811. Page 42, Clarington, Ohio, was a prosperous boatbuilding community in the latter part of the Nineteenth century. A population of 915 in 1890 dropped to less than half after the boatbuilders ceased operations. Page 46, (O)cean going barque built in Marietta in 1847. Page 47, The Ohio Company of Associates formed in Boston, established Marietta at the mouth of the Muskingum, 1786...Home of the famed River Museum. War time shipbuilding center for deep sea vessels. Page 54, Parkersburg, West Virginia, founded in 1820. Page 59, (Navy ship) built by Marietta Manufacturing Company of Point Pleasant, West Virginia. Page 66, Huntington, West Virginia, at the mouth of the Guyandot...is today one of the (Ohio) River's biggest, busiest, and most progressive cities. Page 67, The Big Sandy divides West Virginia from Kentucky. Page 76, Manchester, Ohio...has a population today of some 2,200. Page 79, A...town of 2,500, New Richmond, unlike Manchester and Higginsport above it, has made recovery from floodtimes, and thrives today. Page 130, Water is stored in the tremendous upstream reservoirs during the rainy season and during the dry summer months when the unregulated stream would have been at an exceedingly low stage, a substantial regulated flow is assured for adequate water supply, for pollution abatement and for fish preservation. Page 136, Paducah, Kentucky, the county seat of McCracken County, located at the confluence of the Tennessee and Ohio Rivers. Page 140, (D)ams have created a series of slack water lakes with a nine-foot navigable depth for 630 miles from Paducah, Kentucky, to Knoxville, Tennessee. Pages 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, Tributaries...The Ohio has its beginning in 10,000 thin trickles which grow to creeks, and streams, and sizeable rivers which in some cases even threaten to dwarf the master (Ohio) River itself. On the following several pages are listed the major tributaries of the Ohio (River). (chart - description of location with towns located at confluence of a tributary and Ohio River, enters Ohio River at mile, length of tributary, average slope per mile). Pages 161, 162, Captain Henry M. Shreve built his first boat, a keelboat...at Brownsville on the Monongahela (River) in 1807...He built and piloted (a steamboat)...from Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1816...He settled Shreveport, Louisiana...in 1835. Page 163, What adds to the commerce of Cincinnati is the line of barges running regularly from that place to New Orleans descending loaded with the produce of the country, and returning with cargoes of sugar, coffee, rice, hides, wines, rums, etc., and dry goods of various kinds, and cotton from Natchez. Page 171, A (steamboat) trip to New Orleans and back (to Cincinnati) is made in about 20 days. Page 172, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati packet. Page 175, (Boat building) at the Cincinnati Marine Railway Co. (in)...Cincinnati. Page 180, (Boat building at) Cincinnati (and)...at New Albany, Indiana. Page 197, (Boat building) at Harmar, Ohio. Page 206, (Boat building) in Pittsburgh. Page 208, The Ohio River Company operates the arterial barge lines that connect mid-eastern coal and steel centers with the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi, Lower Mississippi, Gulf ports, and the southwestern oil country. Page 209, Sons and Daughters of Pioneer Rivermen. Page 210, Ohio Valley Improvement Association was organized in 1895. Page 211, Sons and Daughters of Pioneer Rivermen was organized in 1939. Its purpose - to perpetuate the memory of pioneer rivermen, to preserve and publish river history, and to establish a permanent River Museum. The group has expanded from some twenty original members to about five hundred...Every fall there is an annual meeting somewhere in the Ohio Valley. Frederick Way, Jr. has been president of the association since 1941. Capt. Mrs. Mary B. Greene was the honorary president from the inception until her death. Page 211, Organized in 1927, The Propeller Club of the United States has as its two cardinal objectives...To promote, further and support an American Merchant Marine and...To aid worthy and justifiable river, inland waterway and harbor improvement. The organization is composed of Ports which have been chartered in almost every city of consequence in the U.S. located on salt or fresh water, in cities overseas, and in American colleges and universities offering courses in transportation, naval architecture, foreign trade...Propeller Club Ports located on the Inland Waterways are active in Pittsburgh, Huntington, West Virginia, Cincinnati, Louisville, Paducah, Chattanooga, Nashville, Joliet, the Twin Cities (Minneapolis-Saint Paul), Saint Louis and Memphis. Page 217, (T)he famed Howard Shipyard, Jeffersonville, Indiana. Page 218, Pirogues, hollowed out logs, were the Mississippi version of the Ohio River's dugout canoe...The canoe age lasted until 1765. Page 219, The Flat Boat Age...the flat boat appeared from new boat yards at Fort Pitt. It was the boat that never came back. Upon reaching its destination downstream, it was usually dismantled, its owner building his home with the lumber. It could, however, be propelled upstream by pole, oar, and sail or rope attached to the shore, and cordelled. The flat boat varied in size, a typical boat was fifty-five feet long with a draft of three feet...About 1765 the keelboat, built about a long heavy piece of timber, the keel, came into use. Page 220, Howard Shipyards, Jefferson, Indiana. Pages 223-234, Captain Frederick Way, Jr., Captain Way's Steamboat Dictionary. Page 226, DIKE, On the Ohio River before the days of locks and dams, channel improvement consisted largely of ridding the snags away and constructing long wing dams to funnel the water during drought times into a navigable channel. These wing dams still clutter up the river in many places, although they have been useless for years, and they are called dikes. Page 231, RIVERMAN'S BIBLE, The weekly trade paper published since 1887 and devoted to steamboat affairs called The Waterways Journal, published in Saint Louis. Page 234, WESTERN RIVERS, Applies to rivers whose waters flow into the Gulf of Mexico, hence taking in the Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Alabama, and all tributaries...The Allegheny River...reaching into New York State, is a western stream. Pages 236-239, (chart), from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, List of Bridges, miles below Pittsburgh, year of completion. Page 240, (chart), from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, Water distance (in miles) between principal points on Ohio River and tributaries. Pages 241, 231, 232, In 1931 Who's Who On The Ohio River listed eighteen show boats as being still actively engaged in business. Today the only remaining show boat on the Ohio River is Captain Thomas J. Reynolds Majestic pictured below. It is presently moored at Henderson, Kentucky, winter quarters for many years for such craft...The past few seasons it has been operated with great success, first by Kent State University under Professor G. Harry Wright, and by the students of Hiram College...(photograph, same page), Show Boat Majestic, Kent State University. Page 245, (Boat building) at Parkersburg, West Virginia. Page 246, (Boat building) by the Parkersburg Dock Company at Parkersburg, West Virginia...(also) Saint Louis Shipbuilding Company. Page 247, Handbill advertising a floating circus, Spalding and Rodgers Circus Co. on board Floating Palace, will exhibit in Terre Haute, (Indiana) on Saturday, April 23, 1853. Page 248, Steam calliope, (drawing), Illustration by courtesy of the National Life Insurance Company of Montpelier, Vermont. Page 249, (Boat building) at Higginsport, Ohio. Page 265, It was estimated that nearly 30 percent of all steam boats built before 1849 were lost in accidents. The accidents were divided into five types, explosions, which took the most lives, (and) snags...fire, collision, and wrecked or foundered craft. Pages 296, 297, Canals (U.S. map) and Canal Statistics, Erie, Pennsylvania State, Ohio and Erie, Miami and Erie, Ohio and Pennsylvania, Sandy and Beaver, Wabash and Erie. Pages 305-329, (chart), Terminals and Harbors. Pages 371-377, Development of Navigation and the Slack Water System...A navigable depth of at least nine feet is maintained at all times from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania throughout the entire length of the Ohio River to Dam No. 53, 18.4 miles above the mouth. Page 432, Length of the Ohio River (from 1766 to 1868 was gauged from) 908 - 1188 miles, with Corps of Engineers, Department United States Army, 1935, (statistics), The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Mile 0.0, and flows generally southwestward for 981 miles, joining the Mississippi River at Cairo, Illinois. - Lavin, Michael R. 1992. Business Information, How to Find It, How to Use It. Phoenix, Arizona, Oryx Press. ISBN 0-89774-556-6. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 650.072, LAVIN. Industry Analysis, Analyzing Geographic Markets, Business Law Sources, Information about Companies, Guides to Manufacturing Firms, Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). - Leish, Kenneth W., and the Editors of American Heritage. 1968. The American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the United States (Volume 2). New York, New York, American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., and Simon and Schuster, distributors. OCLC 443871834. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 920, AMERICAN. Pages 519-533, The Twentieth President (1881), James Abram Garfield, Born in Cuyahoga County on November 19, 1831...In 1848 the seventeen-year-old Garfield decided to go to sea, the best he could do was get a job on an Ohio canal, and the farthest he sailed was to Pittsburgh...At Elberon, New Jersey, on September 19, 1881, James A. Garfield died (assass., four months after his inauguration, 1881)...Panic of 1837. Article by C. Adele Fassett. - Lenman, Bruce P., editor. 2000. Chambers Dictionary of World History. New York, New York, Chambers, an imprint of Chambers Harrap Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 0-550-13000-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 903, LENMAN. Page 250, Dutch West India Company, The organization of Dutch merchants responsible for the settlement of New Netherland, now New York. The company was established in 1621, and was dissolved in 1674. It was later reorganized as a trading venture. Page 330, Golden Horde, A feudal state, constituting at its height from the mid-13th Century to the end of the 14th Century the western part of the Mongol empire, and occupying most of central and southern Russia and western Siberia. Its capital was first at Sarai Batu and then at Sarai Berbe on the River Volga. The Russian princes were vassals of the khan of the Golden Horde, and paid regular tribute. The state was weakened by the Black Death, 1346-1347, and then soon overthrown by the grand princes of Moscow. Page 356, Hanseatic League, A late medieval association of 150 north German towns, including Bremen, Hamburg and Lubeck...The development of the Hansa, as it was known, was given a great impetus by German colonization of Eastern Europe. It facilitated the exchange of raw materials from the east and manufactured goods from the west, dominated trade from the Atlantic to the Baltic...It declined because of internal divisions, English and Dutch competition, and the growth of princely power. Pages 783, 784, South Sea Bubble, 1720, A financial crisis in Britain arising out of speculation mania generated by parliament's approval of the South Sea Company proposal to take over three-fifths of the National Debt. Many investors were ruined in the aftermath, but Robert Walpole's plan for stock transfer retrieved the situation and made his reputation. - Levy, Leonard Williams, and Louis Fisher, editors. 1994. Encyclopedia of the American Presidency (Volume 2). New York, New York, Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-13-276148-3 (volume 2), ISBN 0-13-275983-7 (set). PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 353.03, LEVY. Pages 681-685, Garfield, James A. (1831-1881), twentieth President of the United States (1881)...Those years, between Reconstruction and the Spanish-American War, sometimes called the Gilded Age (c.1870s to c.1900)...Born...in Orange, Ohio, on 19 November 1831...His teenage stint as a canal boy...(H)is death on 19 September 1881 at Elberon, New Jersey. Article by Allan Peskin. - GOOGLE BOOKS (partial view), https://books.google.com/books?id=X2VAMDgy3YQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Litalien, Raymonde, and Denis Vaugeois, editors. 2004. Champlain, The Birth of French America. Toronto, Canada, McGill Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773528505. PUBLIC LIBRARY 971.0113, LITALIEN. Page 239, Champlain and the Dutch, by Cornelius Jaenen, University of Ottawa - The Role of the Dutch in International Trade, Between 1590 and 1600, Isaac le Maire, of Anvers, forerunner of the Flemish merchants in Holland, began to trade with Russia, France, and Italy...(In Amsterdam), in 1598, a chamber of insurance was opened...in 1608, a new stock market, in 1609, an exchange bank, whose agent in France was Jan Hoeufft, and in 1614, a lending bank...The agent representatives of (Armand lean du Plessis) Richelieu's banking authority, Jan and Mattheus Hoeufft of Brabant, obtained the credit necessary to acquire in Holland ships supplies, ships, munitions, and cash to pay the troops...Around 1615, the Dutch began to specialize in the arms trade, an industry centred in Amsterdam and initiated by three men, all related, from Liege, Elie Trip, Etienne Gerard, and Louis de Geer. These arms dealers set up copper foundries in Sweden in partnership with another exiled man from Liege, Guille de Besche, and ran copper foundries in Aachen, Liege, and Namur. In 1628, four wealthy merchants from Amsterdam proposed a plan for obligatory maritime insurance...The plan failed, but maritime insurance remained a service dominated by the Dutch, which the French continued to use. - Lynsky, Myer, and United States Cane Sugar Refiners' Association. 1938. Sugar, Economics, Statistics, and Documents. New York, New York. OCLC 2234808. PUBLIC LIBRARY 338.1, LYNSKY. HathiTrust Archive, click on BROWN TEXT link FULL VIEW, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005413414 - Madison, James H. 1986. The Indiana Way, A State History. Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32999-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 977.2, MADISON. Page 77, Flatboats, keelboats, sugar. - Malone, Dumas, and Allen Johnson. 1928- . Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 17, Sewell-Stevenson. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 164589194. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 920, DICTIONARY. Pages 478, 479, Spreckels, Claus (July 9, 1828, to December 26, 1908), and Spreckels, John Diedrich (August 16, 1853, to June 7, 1926). - Manz, Stefan, Margrit Schulte Beerbuhl, and John R. Davis. 2007. Migration and Transfer from Germany to Britain, 1660-1914. Munich, Germany, K.G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-23002-8. Pages 49-63. Chapter, Horst Rossler, Germans from Hanover in the British Sugar Industry, 1750-1900. Though sugar refining had already begun in England in about 1550, it did not make any substantial progress until the mid-seventeenth century. By that time Amsterdam and Hamburg were the major centres of the European sugar industry, exporting refined sugar to England, France and Germany, as well as supplying countries in Central and North Eastern Europe. The mid-eighteenth century saw a decisive change, however. From then on the British, and especially the London sugar refining industry expanded dramatically and began to successfully compete with both Amsterdam, whose sugar industry was already declining, and Hamburg, whose industry was still flourishing. In 1753 there were 80 sugar refiners (entrepreneurs) in the capital city. Hamburg's sugar refining industry...declined dramatically from the 1830s and almost came to an end after 1850. - Manz, Stefan, Margrit Schulte Beerbuhl, and John R. Davis. 2012. Transnational Networks, German Migrants in the British Empire, 1670-1914. Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-22349-3. PUBLIC LIBRARY 305.83101712410903, MANZ. Pages 101-115, Chapter, Horst Rossler, Sugarbakers, Farmers, Goldminers, From Hanover Via London to New Zealand. German migration into the London sugar industry, which concentrated in the capital's East End (in Whitechapel and Saint George's in the East), peaked around the mid-nineteenth century. - Matthew, Donald. 1983. Atlas of Medieval Europe. New York, New York, Facts on File. ISBN 0-87196-133-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 911.4, MATTHEW. Pages 125, 126, 128, 132, 133, The Hanse league and the Baltic, Further north the Vikings from the Tenth century had themselves established fortified trading posts and promoted active trading, but it is difficult to trace any continuity from this early phase of northern development into the Thirteenth century. By that time trade in the north was in the hands of various German towns. There were few Scandinavian bases involved, except as depots. Wisby, which had once been central to the Novgorod trade, had declined...Lubeck...in the second half of the Thirteenth century assumed the leadership of the league of towns called the Hanse. Hanse is...German for fellowship, used as a term for associations or guilds...Hamburg...London...Dortmund...Bergen. Page 133, (map), color code map of major trade routes, and spread and advance of the plague from 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, after 1350, or areas partly or totally plague free. - Matthew, Henry Colin Gray, and Brian Howard Harrison. 2004. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 53. Oxford, U.K., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861411-X (set of sixty volumes). ISBN 0-19-861403-9 (Volume 53). PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 920.04103, OXFORD. Pages 805, 806, 807, Tate, Henry, (1819 - 1899), sugar refiner and benefactor, was born at Chorley in Lancashire on March 11, 1819, the eleventh child of the revd William Tate (1773 - 1836), and his wife, Agnes, daughter of Nathaniel Booth of Gildestone, Yorkshire...Caleb Ashworth Tate (d.1846), (who was Henry Tate's older brother)...(I)n 1859, (Henry Tate) went into partnership with John Wright, a cane sugar refiner of Manesty Lane, Liverpool...(and the two) establish(ed) their own refinery in (1862)...A second refinery was built in 1864. Five years later (John) Wright withdrew, and the company changed its name to Henry Tate and Sons...In 1870 (Henry) Tate build a new refinery in Love Lane, Liverpool...The refinery began operating in 1872...(I)n 1874-1875...(Henry Tate) bought a derelict shipyard on the Thames at Silvertown. It was to be the site of his largest refinery, which began operating in 1878, under the control of his son, Edwin...(A)nother refiner in Liverpool, David Martineau...(c.1896), Henry (Tate) retired and his eldest son, William Henry (Tate), was made its first chairman...(two wives of Henry Tate)...Henry Tate died at his home in Streatham, Park Hill, on December 5, 1899, after a long illness, and was buried at Norwood cemetery. - Maurer, David W., and Quinn Pearl. 1974. Kentucky Moonshine. Lexington, Kentucky, University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0203-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 364.133, MAURER. Page 9, (T)his liquor...forms the basic commodity in a gigantic illicit industry extending throughout the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania through Virginia and West Virginia, southern Ohio and Kentucky to Tennessee and the Ozark Mountains across the Mississippi (and) it also swings south through the Carolinas and into the hill regions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. There is also a northern extension of moonshining into New England and upper New York State. Page 16, (F)irst distilling rum from the molasses of Caribbean sugar cane. Pages 17, and 60-71, Chapter 5, income tax evasion, arrests, death penalty. Page 17, There is a tradition that a tax on distilled liquor had been introduced 150 years before (c.1791) in America by William Kieft, director-general of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. Page 19, With the imposition of the federal excise tax in 1791 in the state of Virginia and shortly thereafter in Kentucky...prosecution of illegal distillers was begun. Page 21, The results of these crude attempts (to produce illicit beverage alcohol) were often fatal, and the incidence of blindness, paralysis, jake leg, and perforation of the internal mucosa ran very high. Page 22, Faulty or wornout equipment (of bootleggers) was overworked until it performed ineffectively or blew up. Pages 22, 23, Moonshining became organized, more often than not by gangsters who racketeered the moonshiners as well as the public. Page 25, sugar jack - whiskey. Pages 47-59, Chapter 4, The Geography of Moonshining (trends). Page 63, The principal ingredient (of moonshine) is, of course, sugar. Pages 82-104, Chapter 7, Law Enforcement. Page 98, Quinn Pearl, an old-time federal revenue agent. Pages 105-111, Chapter 8, The Argot of the Craft. Pages 113-127, Glossary. Pages 133, 134, Bibliography. - http://www.americancanals.org Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121634/http://www.americancanals.org http://www.americancanals.org/Miscellaneous/Corps_histories.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121815/http://www.americancanals.org/Miscellaneous/Corps_histories.htm http://www.americancanals.org/Archives/Archives.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121856/http://www.americancanals.org/Archives/Archives.htm http://www.americancanals.org/AC_Issues/American_Canals.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121713/http://www.americancanals.org/AC_Issues/American_Canals.htm http://www.americancanals.org/Am_Canal_Guides/Am_Canal_Guides.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121744/http://www.americancanals.org/Am_Canal_Guides/Am_Canal_Guides.htm http://www.americancanals.org/Am_Canal_Guides/Am_Canal_Guides_files/Ohio%20&%20Indiana%20Guide%20draft.pdf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121950/http://www.americancanals.org/Am_Canal_Guides/Am_Canal_Guides_files/Ohio%20&%20Indiana%20Guide%20draft.pdf http://www.americancanals.org/Am_Canal_Guides/Am_Canal_Guides_files/Pennsylvania%20Guide%20draft.pdf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902122029/http://www.americancanals.org/Am_Canal_Guides/Am_Canal_Guides_files/Pennsylvania%20Guide%20draft.pdf http://www.americancanals.org/Canal_Boats/Canal_Buffs/Canal_Buffs.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902045441/http://www.americancanals.org/Canal_Boats/Canal_Buffs/Canal_Buffs.htm http://newsarch.rootsweb.com/th/read/PAINDIAN/2002-06/1023645019 Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225735/http://newsarch.rootsweb.com/th/read/PAINDIAN/2002-06/1023645019 Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.geocities.com/amcanaltc McCullough, Robert, and Walter Leuba. 1973. The Pennsylvania Main Line Canal. York, Pennsylvania, American Canal and Transportation Center. OCLC 731554. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 386.48, MCCULLOUGH. Page II, Captain Thomas F. Hahn, USN (Retired) and William H. Shank, P.E...established a joint venture known as The American Canal and Transportation Center (809 Rathton Road, York, Pennsylvania 17403). Its purpose is to produce and distribute rare old documents, maps, books, drawings and other artifacts dealing with early transportation history in the United States as well as contemporary transportation. Page IV, (map), The Canals of Pennsylvania. Page V, Pennsylvania had at one time and another approximately 1,250 miles of canal connecting almost all sections of the state in extensive freight and passenger activity...(Today) Pennsylvania Canal Boatmen's Association (has)...now fewer than forty members of the Association who actually as boys and young men worked on the canals...At present there are few visible traces of that Pennsylvania Main Line which, beginning in 1834, extended from Pittsburgh on the Allegheny to Philadelphia on the Delaware, some 400 miles. Much of it was filled in during the early days of the railroads, the rails laid directly over the buried canal bed. Other sections were obliterated later for highways. Aqueducts were burned down or blasted apart, and formidable locks knocked to pieces for fill. Page VII, Canals were built for economic reasons in Pennsylvania, they had a vigorous and short life, their functions were carried on under great difficulties, and they were rapidly taken over by the railroads...Canals are waterways, and (such) waterways (are as in)...Venice (Italy) and (in) Holland...The canals are all but gone (in the United States). Page 1, (T)he twenty largest cities in the United States are all coastal or river ports. The availability of water transport was an important consideration when the original sites for these cities were chosen and has had much to do with their subsequent commercial prosperity and population growth...The inland town with no waterway to the sea has always been greatly handicapped in competing industrially and commercially with her more fortunately placed neighbors. Pages 2, 3, Philadelphia had the advantage of a well sheltered ocean harbor. Just as important to the future prosperity of the town, it was located on a neck of land between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers where there was easy access by water to the rich valleys through which those streams flowed...Farms were cleared high on the Delaware and Schuylkill...Land near the streams was always considered the most desirable, for crops could then be more easily floated down to the Philadelphia market. Ground along the smaller tributaries was taken up in preference to acreage nearer the city but remote from water. Such creeks might be shallow and impassable for boats most of the year but there were always a few days or weeks in the spring during which a raft loaded with produce could be floated out on the crest of a flood. When the farmer boatman reached Philadelphia he usually sold his vessel as well as its contents, for it was easier to build another crude boat or raft for the next trip than to work the old one back upstream against the current. Page 3, Rivers were the important highways...Much freight was moved in the new Durhamboats, which were about 60 feet long, eight feet wide and two feet deep and, since they drew only 20 inches of water with a 15 ton load, were well adapted to use on shallow rivers. Unlike the cruder flatboats, the Durhamboat was well built and could be poled or cordelled back upstream for another load. Page 4, All these obstructions (dams for water power for local residents, weirs or fish traps, and ferry boat operators locally) had the effect either of limiting the boating season to a brief period during the height of spring floods, or of blocking passage of boats entirely. Boatmen retaliated by knocking holes in mill-dams, destroying fish traps, and slashing ferry lines (low hanging ropes, to haul their boats back and forth, strung across the rivers) wherever they found them in their path. In 1730 the colonial assembly took action to protect the property rights of the (local) millers and fishermen. The effect of this was to precipitate open violence bordering on civil war. Pages 5, 6, Philadelphia monopolized the commerce of the Delaware and Schuylkill and continued to enjoy a generous share of the Susquehanna trade for many years...Large quantities of timber were floated down, (and) Marietta, York Haven, and Columbia had numerous sawmills for processing rafted timber into marketable lumber...A shallop (boat)...Even New York state was contributing to the thriving river business of Pennsylvania, but also...to commerce at the port of Baltimore. Page 6, Out in western Pennsylvania, almost completely isolated from Philadelphia by intervening mountain ranges, the frontier town of Pittsburgh was developing into the business center for its own system of waterways. For many years boat building was to be its major industry. As early as 1768 a few...settlers...were passing through Pittsburgh on their way down the Ohio...At first simple rafts were built, then with small, gradual improvements for protection from the weather, the raft became the flatboat, the boat that never came back. Once the flatboat reached its destination it could be dismantled to provide the owner with materials for a new home. Page 7, Boat building boomed in Pittsburgh, as well as in other favorable spots along the Monongahela, including Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth) and Brownsville. By 1788, yards were busy turning out boats in towns up the Youghiogheny such as Connellsville and Robbstown (later West Newton)...A more carefully made craft, called a keelboat because of the long heavy piece of timber used in the center of the frame, came into use about 1790. It was similar in design to the eastern Durhamboat and was easily adapted later for use on the canals. The keelboat often carried an auxiliary sail, but was usually rowed, poled from the sides, or cordelled along the bank when the crew was fighting back up the river after the relatively easy trip downstream...Pittsburgh (is located) at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela (Rivers)...The sparsely inhabited Great Lakes region received most of its imports from Pittsburgh, the favored route being up the Allegheny to Franklin, by French Creek to Waterford, to Erie by wagon, and from there in sailing ships to all parts of the lakes...Large quantities of timber and sawed lumber were rafted down the Allegheny each year in the short interval between the clearing out of the ice and the beginning of the dry summer months when low water made the boulder strewn glacial channel too dangerous for navigation. Pages 8, 9, In 1812, seven million feet of lumber were inspected in Pittsburgh, and by 1831 an estimated 30,000,000 feet of lumber was coming down the (Allegheny) River annually...The first steamer to appear on a western river was Robert Fulton's New Orleans, built at Pittsburgh in 1811...Henry Shreve, of Brownsville, (c.1817)...Pittsburgh took an early lead in steamboat building. By 1835, of 684 steamers on the rivers, 304 were made in Pittsburgh, 221 in Cincinnati, 103 in Louisville, and the remaining 56 in a scattering of other places. Pittsburgh also became the center of steam engine manufacture, making many of the power plants that were installed in boats built elsewhere on the rivers. Page 9, After steamboat operators demonstrated that they could provide dependable up-river service it was apparent that merchandise could be brought around the coast to New Orleans and up the Mississippi...Freight was delivered at the wharf of Cincinnati from Philadelphia, via New Orleans...On July 4, 1817, New York State formally began construction of the Erie Canal, designed to connect the Hudson River near Albany with Buffalo and Lake Erie. Page 11, In 1795, the (Pennsylvania) legislature authorized the two companies (both started by investors, the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company, and the Delaware and Schuylkill Navigation Company) to raise jointly the sum of $400,000 by a lottery. Page 11, The Union Canal, 36 feet wide at surface level and 24 feet at bottom, with a four foot depth, was designed originally for boats of from 25 to 30 tons burden. Page 12, (T)he Conewago (Canal), one and a quarter miles long, was the first canal to be put into operation in Pennsylvania, and one of the earliest in the United States. Authorized by the legislature in 1793, it was completed four years later. Page 13, Between 1833 and 1835 the channel (or the Schuylkill Canal) was enlarged to accommodate boats up to 13 feet wide with a 60 ton capacity, channel depth was increased to four feet...The Lehigh Navigation Company was organized in 1818...A channel twenty feet wide and eighteen inches deep in the Lehigh River was cleared so that small boats carrying one hundred barrels, or ten tons, could be floated down from the town of Stoddartsville to Easton on the Delaware, a distance of 84.5 miles. Page 15, (R)ailroads in time displaced canals as the basic means of transportation. Page 17, The Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvements in the Commonwealth (more commonly called the Pennsylvania Improvement Society) of Philadelphia, had much to do with putting the canal program across. It sent William Strickland and his assistant, Samuel Honeywell Kneass, to Europe as its agents to study the canals of England, Wales, and Scotland. Page 19, (T)he Erie Canal was completed on November 4, 1825...Philadelphia, already hard hit by the competition of Baltimore and the National Road, saw much of its remaining commerce drawn to New York City and the new canal. Trade with Pittsburgh and the western country dwindled toward the vanishing point. Many of Philadelphia's largest financial institutions went into bankruptcy...(O)n July 4, 1825, Ohio began construction of a canal to connect Lake Erie at Cleveland with Portsmouth on the Ohio River. This Ohio and Erie Canal, in conjunction with New York's Erie Canal, promised to provide an all-water route from the Atlantic seaboard to every point on the western rivers. Page 20, As finally approved, the Act of February 26th (1826, for the construction of the Pennsylvania Canal), committed the (Pennsylvania) legislators to a system of internal improvements aimed at providing an uninterrupted waterway from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh and Lake Erie. Page 21, (Pennsylvania) Board of Canal Commissioners. Page 22, (c.1820s), Every Pennsylvanian who lived along a brook deep enough to float a duck was dreaming of the day when, with the help of a state appropriation, his brook would be navigable canal. Between Pages 22, 23, (drawings, photographs), Huge, triple mirrored lanterns, known as Night Hawkers, lighted the way at night. Page 28, (c.1829), (T)he (Pennsylvania) legislature arranged for a loan by a direct and simple expedient. It passed a law requiring the president, directors and company of the bank of Pennsylvania...to lend to the Commonwealth...four millions of dollars...The bank was required to have an additional million dollars ready for the state on the first day of January of each of the next three years. It was most convenient to have a bank so completely subservient to the will of the legislature. Page 29, (C)ontractors...(for the) canal work...either to escape bankruptcy or to augment their profits...skinned the work and disguised faulty performance, (c.1830). Page 31, (Pennsylvania Governor George Wolf) pointed with pride to the 601 miles of state canals and 119 miles of railways then in operation or soon to be opened. The entire cost had been $22,114,915...(T)olls estimated at a half million dollars for 1834 had amounted to a disappointing $323,535. Page 31, When Joseph Ritner beat (George) Wolf out for (Pennsylvania) governor in 1835, the economy of the state and the nation seemed sound enough...Governor Ritner's...evaluation of the period, with its feverish speculation, fictitious currency, and inflated prices, was made just one year before the day of reckoning when, in the general crash of banks, thousands of firms and individuals found themselves bankrupt. Sound banks, fighting to stay open, called in their loans to protect themselves and so brought on a second wave of bankruptcies. Pages 32, 33, (Pennsylvania) Governor (David Rittenhouse) Porter...succeeded Ritner in 1839...In his message to the 1840 (Pennsylvania) legislature Governor Porter estimated that an additional four-and-a-half million dollars was needed (for canal and rail work)...Though the state was facing bankruptcy, the governor continued to urge completion of the canal program...The Governor (David Porter) hesitated to recommend the sale of the public works and was opposed to more borrowing, and consequently indicated that taxation was the only expedient solution. Page 34, The state's financial affairs came to a final crisis on August 1, 1843, when neither money nor new credit could be found to meet interest on the public debt. Obligations amounting to more than $40,000,000 had been incurred, partly to keep the canal program going, and partly by the multitude of direct grants and stock purchases made to promote private transportation schemes. Page 36, sluices. Page 37, stop locks, or stop gates, lift locks, guard locks. Page 39, The Union Canal, after a 37-year struggle, was finally completed and the first westbound canal boat left Philadelphia on March 20, 1828, going up the Schuylkill Canal to Reading and over the Union Canal to Middletown where it arrived on March 23rd. Page 39, canal aqueducts. Pages 42, 43, Though the canal commissioners were free to develop rivers for slackwater navigation as part of their canal system, they were obliged to keep the river channels open for the use of people who wanted to float their produce to market in the old fashioned way. Page 46, slackwater navigation. Pages 50, 51, The main abutment (of an aqueduct on the Pennsylvania Main Line)...was to have an archway for a submarine road...Warehouses of freight and transportation companies were located along slips or short branches from these basins (of the canal). Page 52, Construction on the Western Division followed the standard pattern used elsewhere, the prism measuring forty feet at top water line, 28 feet at bottom, and four feet in depth. Page 58, The canal made and unmade towns very much as new highways do today. Page 63, hemp (rope). Page 68, The Union and Schuylkill canals, though privately owned. Page 82, Two attempts were made by private venture to connect the Pennsylvania Canal with the Ohio canal system. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal (or Ohio and Pennsylvania Canal, if you live in Ohio) was completed in 1840 with private funds. It began near Akron, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, crossed the summit at Ravenna and, skirting Youngstown, joined the Beaver and Erie Canal at New Castle. Seventy-three miles of it lay in Ohio and eighteen in Pennsylvania. Packets traveled the Penn-Ohio, carrying passengers between Pittsburgh and Cleveland, and freight boats moved large quantities of pig iron and iron ore. It was on this canal that President Garfield, when a boy, was supposed to have worked as a driver. (U.S. President James Abram Garfield, b.1831-d.1881, assass., fatally wounded July 2, 1881, see Wikipedia). Page 86, After the opening of the Main Line Canal, Pennsylvania flourished. Merchandise was sent from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh for distribution, by way of the Ohio River and connecting canals, to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and the states bordering the Mississippi. In addition to these imported and eastern goods, Pittsburgh sold a large volume of its own products, iron, glass, and coal, for example, to the down river towns, receiving in turn much farm produce for reshipment to Philadelphia and Baltimore. Page 87, hemp, Pittsburgh, 1839. Pages 87, 88, Isaac Harris' Pittsburgh Business Directory, (published 1839, 1841). Page 89, Fahnestock's Pittsburgh Directory for 1850. Page 90, timber (loads on canal boats). Page 92, (chart), of decennial population figures for the leading Atlantic ports (1790 to 1850, Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Philadelphia, New York). Page 92, The canals of Pennsylvania brought an era of expansion and prosperity to towns and villages along their routes, and caused many hamlets to spring up in what, until just before, had been wild and undeveloped country. Page 94, homemade scow, raft of rough timber. Page 99, Americans had learned from the studies of European canal engineers. Page 101, In 1842 a group of companies entered into combination to fix rates at a more profitable level, but so great was the popular clamor that the operators were prosecuted, fined and jailed, (monopolies). Between Pages 118, 119, (photographs, drawings), Canal boat building and repair yard at Selinsgrove, 1882. Page 150, (R)evenues from the Main Line operations exceeded expenditures in every year except one, 1840. The surplus, however, never quite met the high interest on the original cost of construction. The balance sheet for the entire state canal program, with all of its incomplete branches, showed a still more serious deficit. Page 164, (1860s, 1870s), As the abandonment program advanced, long reaches of the old canal...were filled in to provide road bed for additional railroad tracks. - HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100656335 Miller, Arthur McQuiston. 1919. The Geology of Kentucky. Frankfort, Kentucky, Department of Geology and Forestry. OCLC 4620836. PUBLIC LIBRARY 557.69, MILLER. Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170816033923/http://www.uky.edu/OtherOrgs/KPS/goky/pages/gokych12.htm --Sketch map showing old drainage systems that were combined to form the Ohio River. - https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/7010517.pdf Article, https://web.archive.org/web/20160626113539/https://core.ac.uk/download/files/153/7010517.pdf Moss, Charles B., and Andrew Schmitz. 2003. Vertical integration and trade policy, the case of sugar. Agribusiness, Winter 2002, Volume 18, Number 1, Pages 49-60. ISSN 0742-4477. Moss, Charles B., and Andrew Schmitz. 2000. Vertical integration and trade policy, the case of sugar. The Annual Meetings of the American Association of Agricultural Economics, Tampa, FL July 30 - August 2, 2000. May 6, 2000 (Cover page, and Pages 1-18.) Page 14, 15, TABLE 2. CANE SUGAR REFINING COMPANIES (1898 - 1998): company, refinery location, capacity, year built Page 16, TABLE 3. CANE SUGAR REFINING INDUSTRY PROFILE: 1999: refinery location, company, capacity, REFINERY CLOSING DATES data - United States Cane Sugar Refiners' Association, Sugar Journal, and U.S.D.A. statistics, also a short bibliography with article. - HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001306129 Mulhall, Michael George, and Augustus D. Webb. 1911. The New Dictionary of Statistics. London, England, George Routledge and Sons, Limited. OCLC 63102002. PUBLIC LIBRARY 310.3, MULHALL. Pages 49-52, Bankruptcy (by country) Pages 70-76, (Table), Illegitimate Births, The numbers of illegitimate live-births in 1896 and 1905, and their proportion per 10,000 of population (in each country). - Nash, Jay Robert. 1992. World Encyclopedia of Organized Crime (condensed from Encyclopedia of World Crime). New York, New York, Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-508-2. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 364.106, NASH. Pages 419-555, The International Guide to Organized Crime. BOSTON - NEW ENGLAND, Pages 419-424. BUFFALO - WESTERN NEW YORK, Pages 424-425. CANADA, Pages 425-426. CHICAGO, Pages 426-462. CHINESE, Pages 462-463. CLEVELAND - NORTHEAST OHIO, Pages 464-467. CORSICA - FRANCE, Pages 467-468. CUBA AND THE BAHAMAS, Pages 468-469. DALLAS - HOUSTON, Pages 469-470. DETROIT, Pages 470-473. FLORIDA, Pages 473-476. GREAT BRITAIN - UNITED KINGDOM, Pages 476-477. JAPAN, Pages 477-479. KANSAS CITY, MO., Pages 479-481. LAS VEGAS, Pages 481-483. LOS ANGELES - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Pages 483-487. MEXICAN - SOUTH AMERICAN DRUG CARTELS, Pages 487-489. MILWAUKEE - MADISON, WIS., Pages 489-490. MISCELLANEOUS, Page 490. NEW ORLEANS, LA., Pages 491-500. NEW YORK CITY - NEW JERSEY, Pages 500-538. PHILADELPHIA - NORTHERN AND EASTERN PA., Pages 538-542. PHOENIX, TUCSON, AND THE SOUTHWEST, Pages 542-543. PITTSBURGH - SOUTHWEST PA., Pages 543-544. ST. LOUIS - SOUTHERN ILL., Pages 544-546. SAN FRANCISCO - NORTHERN CALIF., Pages 546-551. SICILY, Pages 551-555. - Nash, Jay Robert. 2004. The Great Pictorial History of World Crime (vol. I and II). New York, New York, Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 1-928831-20-6. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 364.109, NASH. Pages 352-360, Other Notable Drug Events in the 20th Century (chronology, drug crime). Page 1269, Piracy, Golden Age of piracy, in the early Eighteenth Century. Page 1271, The governmental navies of the world united to track down these sea wolves and destroy them, sweeping the pirates from the seas by the middle of the Eighteenth Century. A few sea-going rogues continued to practice piracy into the next century and some pirates exist to this day in remote areas of the China Seas, but they are furtive, hunted creatures and a far cry from the bold buccaneers who terrorized the oceans of the past. - Nederlands Historish Genootschap. 1978. Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, Studies on the History of The Netherlands, X (JOURNAL). The Hague, The Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff. ISSN 0065-129X. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 949.2, ACTA. Poverty in Amsterdam at the Close of the Eighteenth Century, by Peter Jansen. Page 102, Bankruptcies 1750-1800, After the period 1776-1780, a gradual deterioration sets in. Page 103, The deterioration of the sugar refining industry can be seen even more clearly. Page 104, Table, Number of Sugar Refineries in Amsterdam, The Netherlands c.1783, were 112 refineries 1787, were 108 refineries 1796, were 80 refineries 1808, were 71 refineries - OHIO RIVER VALLEY AREA, AND TOURISM STATISTICS Wild, Wonderful West Virginia 2017 Official State Travel Guide, West Virginia Interstate welcome center, State of West Virginia. Page 8, West Virginia is centrally located between the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast. Located within a day's drive of more than 75 percent of the U.S. population. Pages 60, 61, 62, 63, Hatfield-McCoy Mountains, Hatfield-McCoy convention and visitors bureau in Logan, West Virginia, feud sites and trails, moonshine distillery. . Tri-State Visitors Guide Spring/Summer 2017, Tri-State Chamber Coalition (Ohio-West Virginia-Kentucky), Herald-Dispatch (Huntington, West Virginia). Pages 4, 28, The Tri-State and the Ohio River, which ties us all together (Ohio-West Virginia-Kentucky, with)...a highly networked highway system, the region is within 500 miles of half the nation's population. Hatfield-McCoy feud sites, trails. . Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20171006161237/https://www.kentuckyliving.com/lifestyle/uniquely-kentucky/sup-urb-underground-cavern-glow Kephart, Penny, and Kentucky Association of Electric Cooperatives, Inc. 2017. Uniquely Kentucky, SUP-urb underground cavern glow. Kentucky Living, (Louisville, Kentucky), September, Volume 71, Number 9. ISSN 1043-853X. Page 40, Stand up paddleboarding, or SUP, has exploded in popularity in recent years and Kentucky offers endless places to go on a paddleboard since the state has the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the continental 48 states. . Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170824084904/http://www.kentuckymonthly.com/lifestyle/featured/happy Vest, Stephen M. 2017. Happy 225th Kentucky. Frankfort, Kentucky, Kentucky Monthly, Vested Interest Publications, June/July, Volume 20, Number 5, Page 19. ISSN 1542-0507. When Kentucky became a state, virtually everyone owned a horse, and two-thirds of the population owned two or more. . https://issuu.com/kentuckymonthlymagazine/docs/june-july_20171 Ellis, Bill 2017. O Canada. Frankfort, Kentucky, Kentucky Monthly, Vested Interest Publications, June/July, Volume 20, Number 5, Pages 52, 53. ISSN 1542-0507. The Commonwealth of Kentucky has important connections to Canada. "The relationship Kentucky and Canada enjoy is of major importance both economically and culturally," explained Jack Mazurak, spokesman for the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development. In 2016, nearly $30 billion of exports left Kentucky for 199 international markets, including the United Kingdom, Japan, Mexico, France and Germany. By far, our largest export market was Canada, with nearly $7.5 billion in goods exiting the Commonwealth bound for our northern neighbor. Kentucky also imports nearly $3.5 billion in goods from Canada annually. And these numbers are growing. . Joynes, St. Leger, and David Poyer. 1985. The Insiders Guide to the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Manteo, North Carolina, Storie/McOwen Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-912367-03-2. PUBLIC LIBRARY 917.561, JOYNES. Pages 23, 24, The Northern Banks, The Whalehead Club began in 1874, when the Lighthouse Club (its original name) was formed by a group of wealthy men from New York...In 1922 Edward Knight, a Philadelphia man with interests in sugar, oil, and publishing, bought the property...(and) renamed it Whalehead, then tore it down and began building a far grander clubhouse...This, the present building was completed in 1925...Knight died eleven years later...Whalehead stands deserted now...(and) empty, a monument to days when the Northern Banks were remote, unknown, a land of sky-thronging clouds of ducks, slow spoken (Outer) Bankers, and well dressed millionaires roughing it. Pages 39, 47, 49, Kitty Hawk, Wright Brothers National Memorial (Wilbur and Orville Wright), Captain Kitty Hawk (Jay Mankedick) offers several flying tours of the Banks in his four Cessna 172's. Page 43, Kill Devil Hills...welcom(es) thousands of visitors and summer residents each year...Many of them - especially VIPs - come to Kill Devil Hills, appropriately enough, by air. Page 46, (newspaper), The Outer Banks Current, Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. Page 55, Nags Head, merchant skippers at sea, and piracy. SPACE SPACE SPACE SPACE --Peter the Great, June 9, 1672 - February 8, 1725, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170320103808/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great --Ivan V, September 6, 1666 - February 8, 1696, Wikipedia --Nicolaes Witsen, May 8, 1641 - August 10, 1717, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161115172148/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaes_Witsen --Treaty of Ryswick, September 1697, Ryswick, The Netherlands, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170329061341/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick --Woolwich, England, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225731/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich --Deptford, England, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170207012855/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford --Levant Company, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170423012444/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant_Company --Muscovy Company, or Russian Company, or Muscovy Trading Company, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20171016192122/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovy_Company --Peter's House, Zaandam, Holland, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160805013233/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czar_Peter_House_(Netherlands) --Netherlands - Russia, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161115020626/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Netherlands%E2%80%93Russia_relations --Peter in Holland, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170314230744/http://www.hermitage.nl/en/st-petersburg_en_rusland/nederland_rusland_en_st-petersburg/peter_de_grote_in_holland.htm Oudard, Georges, and Frederick MacCurdy Atkinson. 1929. Peter the Great. New York, New York, Payson and Clarke Ltd. OCLC 66139499. PUBLIC LIBRARY 947.05, OUDARD. Pages 21, 22, At last Alexis (Aleksey Mikhailovich) died, leaving the throne to Feodor (III of Russia), and this weak, dyspeptic sovereign, who had suffered from scrofula since infancy. Pages 23, 36, 45, Peter Alexievitch and his older half-brother, Ivan Alexievitch (both were ill), one had continual fits for more than five months, Ivan had weak sight, was lame, and touched with the falling sickness. Page 29, polyarchy Page 50, Peter thus mounted the throne at ten years of age unable to read or write. He hardly knew how to write his name. Page 54, Peter is subject to attacks of a spasm in the brain. The convulsions begin with a grave contortion of the neck to the left and a violent contraction of the facial muscles...Ordinarily the attacks last only a few hours. But sometimes they are prolonged. In the year 1684 Peter is twice confined to his room for several weeks. Page 65, (January 28, 1689, Peter and Eudoxia married). Three days later a violent attack of his peculiar spasm drove him to take his bed. Pages 81-108, Part Two, Chapter One, Peter, foreign quarter in Moscow, his contacts in The Netherlands, Dutch shipbuilders, hemp Pages 81, 83, 84, 85, (On April 30, 1690, in Moscow, Peter) crossed for the first time (into) foreign quarter (or Sloboda), comprised (of) merchants from Hamburg and Bremen, Dutch and Danish traders, and doctors, apothecaries, schoolmasters, artisans, most of whom were German...Saxon Reinhalder, a medical student an tutor (in foreign quarter), advocated the capturing of the Orient trade from the Dutch, the English and the Portuguese. Pages 91, 92, 93, On September 23, 1690, Peter dined at Francois Lefort's (in foreign quarter)...family was Italian...(Lefort's) late father, a vendor of drugs and spices...(Lefort) spoke Italian, Dutch, English, German and Slavonic. (Foreigners unable to leave the country). Page 93, Peter studied Dutch with Andrew Vinius, (and Peter's early contact with Dutch shipbuilders, p. 94-108, ship cargo of hemp, p.103). Pages 94, 95, c.1691, Peter continued to suffer from the same dreadful spasms in the head. Pages 109-169, Part Two, Chapter Two, Chapter Three, and Chapter Four, Peter learns shipbuilding in The Netherlands, art of shipwright, Peter the Carpenter of Zaandam Page 113, At intervals a spasm in (Peter's) head knocked him over for an hour or a day. Pages 114, 154, Peter the Carpenter (or, Peter) had adopted the name of Peter the Carpenter of Zaandam. Page 122, Ivan V dies (Peter's half brother). Page 123, At the beginning of winter (1698-1699), having arrived from Voronezh (Russia), which a certain number of Dutch workmen, including the blacksmith Gerrit Kust...have just left for Holland (with the czar). Page 124, (Peter) will send off...some sixty young gentlemen to learn artillery and the art of fortification at Vienna and in Venice, shipbuilding in Holland and in England. Page 127, (Peter) is too fond of carnivals. Pages 149, 150, (In Zaandam, The Netherlands), Peter bought tools in the shop kept by the widow of Jacob Oomes on the upper dyke, and engaged himself in the shipyard of Lyst Teenwoszoon Rogge (to learn the trade of shipwright). Pages 150, 151, 152, 153, Peter, shipbuilding, Zaandam and Amsterdam, in Holland. Page 153, (Peter in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, c.1697), burgomaster (Nicolaes) Witsen, who had long ago done His Majesty (Peter) the service of buying his first ship for him. Page 153, Besides his Travels in Muscovy and Tartary (Nicolaes Witsen) had written a Compete History of Ancient and Modern Methods of Building Ships and the Art of Sailing Them...(Witsen) was one of the directors of the famous East India Company...(Witsen) asked his colleagues of the India Company to assign lodgings in their shipyard to (Peter)...and to give him the opportunity of knowing everything necessary for shipbuilding. Page 154, c.1690s, (T)his twenty-four-year-old czar (Peter, visiting Dutch shipbuilders in Holland). Page 155, On the 9th (of September 1697, Peter) paid a visit to William the Third, who had also come to Ryswick, (The Netherlands). Pages 156-161, Peter traveling throughout Holland. Page 161, In the early part of November (1697, Peter) went to spend three days at The Hague with William III. Pages 161, 162, On January 18, 1698, the royal yacht, escorted by three ships of war under Vice-Admiral Mitchell, came to fetch Peter from Holland, (sailing on to England). Page 163, (Peter's) time was divided more seriously between the gun foundry of Woolwich, (England), and the shipyards of Deptford, (England), where he busied himself with the constructors Anthony Dean and Joseph Ney. Page 165, (Peter) left England. On May 9th (1698), he was back in Amsterdam, (Holland). Page 166, (For Peter) to have spent so much money, to have worked so much in Holland and in London, (England), to make a fleet. Page 220, (Peter) was a liar and slightly wrong in the head. Pages 295, 296, On December 19, 1716, His Majesty (Peter) landed at Amsterdam...(Peter), the one-time workman of the shipyards of the East India Company went to greet his old acquaintances...Not til March 5th...did he go back to Zaandam, (Holland). Pages 270-271 (drawing insets), House inhabited by Peter the Great at Saardam, Holland, in 1697 (Krimp 23/24, Saardam or Zaandam, Holland). Page 272, (Peter's) merchants...put stones in the bales of hemp they sent to England. Page 279, Hemp, which was the Muscovites' main export commodity, (c.1715). Page 292, Peter, who was suffering from an attack of paralysis localized in one arm. Pages 317, 318, (In France, c.1717), the financier (John Law) had promised (Peter the Great)...to go and make Muscovy wealthy when he had finished with France...John Law, banker, Place Vendome. Pages 375-386, bibliography, titles on Peter in Zaandam, Amsterdam, Holland, The Netherlands, and France. - Pearce, Lynn M. 2007. Encyclopedia of American Industries. Millerton, New York, Grey House Publishing (2 volumes). ISBN 978-1-59237-244-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 338.0973, ENCYCLOPEDIA. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Volume 1, SIC 2061: Cane Sugar, Except Refining, Pages 64-67 Volume 1, SIC 2062: Cane Sugar Refining, Pages 68-69 Volume 2, SIC 0133: Sugarcane and Sugar Beets, Pages 21-22 Volume 1, Pages 65-68, Processing (of sugar), and Industry Leaders (list of sugar companies). Volume 2, Page 22, The sugar industry has undergone a number of changes since the 1970s. Per capita consumption of sugar (both beet and cane) plummeted from 1970, when it stood at roughly 102 pounds, to 1980, when it stood at about 60 pounds. By 2002 it had fallen to 45 pounds...This steady drop in consumption led to a reduction in cane sugar refineries, from 22 in 1981 to just 12 at the turn of the twenty-first century. - Petry, Diana. 1968. The Shell Guide to Europe. London, U.K., Michael Joseph. OCLC 463730. PUBLIC LIBRARY 914, PETRY. Page 101, Holland (The Netherlands), In 1688, William III of Orange, by his marriage to the English princess, Mary, became King of England and ruled the two countries until his death in 1702. Page 105, In the Netherlands, there are more garages to a given area than in any other European country. - Rhodes, Rick. 2008. The Ohio River in American History along with the Allegheny, Monongahela, Kanawha, Muskingum, Kentucky, Green and Wabash Rivers. Saint Petersburg, Florida, Heron Island Guides. ISBN 978-0-9665866-4-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY 917.704, RHODES. Page 10, French traders and trappers soon began scattering along the two major river routes (i.e. the Mississippi and Ohio) on the western side of the Allegheny...Mountains. These French fur traders shipped their pelts out of the interior of the continent in either one of two ways, 1) through mostly water routes along the Great Lakes, often through Fort Detroit, and then on to the St. Lawrence River, or 2) down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. Page 10, In 1749, a small group of Virginia Planters formed the Ohio Company. Page 37, As early as 1793, Cincinnati and Pittsburgh were connected by a weekly keelboat service. By 1811, keelboats were making roundtrips between Cincinnati and New Orleans. Page 38, In 1817, fourteen boats were regularly plying the rivers between New Orleans and Louisville. Two years later, there were thirty-one boats on that long route. Page 39, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville were becoming major ship building centers (c.1800s). Page 41, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati Packet Line (on the Ohio River). Page 44, The Louisville area became a natural terminus for northbound vessels coming from as far away as New Orleans, and for southbound vessels coming from Cincinnati and Pittsburgh (due to The Falls of the Ohio River, near Louisville, c.1700s). Page 45, In 1929...the Ohio River canalization project, for the first time in the river's history, was completed. The entire river now had a nine foot controlling depth with 50 locks and dams. Page 47, The 'lock and dam' or canalization project that was completed in 1929 lessened the continued need for river dredging, but it did not eliminate that need. New river shoals and bars, and shifting channels, especially after a flood, kept the dredge boats busy. Page 54, In the Ohio River region, railroads were more efficient moving commodities along a north-south orientation than river transport. Page 56, In the late 1800s, pig iron from Ironton, Ohio, found its way into warships of the foremost European naval powers, England, France, and Russia. Pages 57, 58, (T)he navigable Kanawha River...the middle thirty miles, downriver and upriver from Charleston, (West Virginia), is chemical plant alley, or valley...The chemical industry started in the 1910s...Soon explosives, compounds, and other chemicals were being produced (for World War I). Small Kanawha River towns like Nitro, Institute, and Belle became chemical company towns. In the 1920s and 30s, economic growth in the chemical valley continued as large corporation began moving into the Kanawha Valley...The Kanawha Valley, linked by highways, railways and rivers, has good access to the Great Lake and Mid-Atlantic states. Twenty of our nation's largest 100 metropolitan areas are within 500 miles of the Kanawha River Valley. Page 59, Construction of the short-lived Wabash and Erie Canal (i.e., only in operation during the 1850s) which connected the Great Lakes to the Ohio River near Evansville, (Indiana)...In the early Nineteenth Century, Cairo, (Illinois) was...located at the confluence of two great rivers, the Ohio (River) and the Mississippi (River)...Expectations for Cairo, (Illinois), and most of these expectations were fueled by absentee investors, were quite high. The city was supposed to surpass Louisville, Cincinnati, and Saint Louis as an urban center. Cairo even had its own Customs House. Page 60, Shawneetown, (Illinois), had the first bank in Illinois, and the town was touted as the financial center of the state. By the mid-Nineteenth Century, Shawneetown was the leading port between Louisville and Saint Louis, and had about 1,200 inhabitants. In the 1830s, investors approached the Shawneetown Bank, to interest it in floating some bonds for a new Illinois city...Shawneetown Bank refused to finance the bonds...because (the city was) not on a major river...that city (was)...Chicago. Shawneetown started declining by the late Nineteenth Century, due to vigorous state growth to the north, and the periodic Ohio River flooding that often ravaged the city. Page 60, During the Twentieth Century, floods were the number-one natural disaster in the United States in terms of lives lost and property damaged...In the last 250 years, there have been no less than 105 major floods on the Ohio River. Page 61, In...1997, a major flood slammed into the Ohio River Region...Moveable sections of floodwalls were placed in the gaps of many river levee systems. The firm floodwalls and levees stood, and were able to protect many river cities, like Paducah, Louisville, Cincinnati, as well as the river cities across from Cincinnati in Kentucky...Besides floods, the Ohio River has also experienced serious bank erosion. Page 62, Unlike the Mississippi River, which has had its banks...rip rapped (i.e., stabilized by small stones), the Ohio River has not done this. As a result, the shoreline is constantly eroding back, and the river is becoming wider and shallower. Large trees along the shoreline eventually fall into the river. - Rice, Otis K. 1970. The Allegheny Frontier, West Virginia Beginnings, 1730-1830. Lexington, Kentucky, University Press of Kentucky. OCLC 462212089. PUBLIC LIBRARY 975.4, RICE. Page 15, (A) Dutchman, Arnout Viele (was) sent out by the governor of New York in 1692 (to western Pennsylvania). Page 271, (T)he Dutch Reformed Church...in the Raritan Valley of New Jersey. Pages 318, 319, Boatbuilders who provided the craft for inland waterways also made heavy inroads upon the forests. Thousands of settlers bound for Kentucky and other destinations in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys purchased flatboats along the Monongahela, upper Ohio, and Kanawha. Numerous boatyards such as those established at Morgantown, Wheeling, and Point Pleasant and at Cedar Grove on the Kanawha helped to speed this mobile population westward. Agricultural and industrial growth placed new demands upon boatbuilders. In 1829 the saltmakers at the Kanawha Salines required more than 300 flatboats, built at an average cost of $400 each, and their demands continued to increase until 1846. Scores of workmen were employed along the Kanawha between the saltworks and the falls, on Coal River as far as Madison, and on the Elk as far as Sutton in the manufacture of salt boats. In 1833 Elk River had fifteen sawmills in operation or under construction, all of which supplied the Charleston and Kanawha Salines markets. Single shipments of lumber and boats were valued as high at $10,000 to $12,000. Flatboats sent down the Kanawha, Coal, and Elk to the Kanawha Salines, moreover, were in many cases loaded with gunwales. In 1829 they carried enough barrel staves and hoop poles to keep 200 coopers busy. Flatboat manufacturing cleared many stands of yellow poplar, one of the finest woods in the Alleghenies. - Rich, E.E., Charles H. Wilson, John Harold Clapham, and Eileen Power. 1977. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Economic Organization of Early Modern Europe, Volume 5. Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08710-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 330.94, CAMBRIDGE. Pages 539-541, SUGAR, (Early 1500s), European sugar production was concentrated round the Mediterranean - in the lower valley of the Nile, Syria, Rhodes, Cyprus, Sicily, and on the Mediterranean coast of Spain...(W)ithin half a century the three most important medieval sugar producers - Syria, Egypt and Cyprus - had virtually disappeared from the market...Throughout the sixteenth century...(other) imports of raw sugar brought into being a widespread European (sugar) refining industry. The first refineries were established in...Seville, Lisbon and Antwerp...soon after 1500. In 1536 the number of these small refineries rose to nineteen....By 1605 Amsterdam had three (sugar) refineries. Venice also became a centre of sugar refining during the first half of the sixteenth century...(Genoa, Italy) sugar refineries could not compete with those of Venice (Italy)....(F)irst two refineries (in England) opened in 1544...About 1620 a (sugar) refinery was established in Liverpool by a London sugar merchant...Outside London, refineries were established in Bristol, Greenock, and Glasgow...By 1688 England had fifty refineries...By 1750 the number of (sugar) refineries (in England) had grown to 120...The first German (sugar) refinery was built in Augsburg in 1573 by the patrician Leonhard Roth...Hamburg built its first (sugar) refinery in 1585, Dresden in 1587...A French (sugar) refinery was established in 1653 at Orleans by the Dutchman Vanderberg, in 1662 two existed at Rouen....refineries were soon operating at Dunkirk, Nantes, Bordeaux, La Rochelle, Rouen...Nantes had five (sugar refineries) in 1671...By 1700 (in France)...there were large (sugar) refineries at Marseilles, Nantes, Angers, Orleans and Saumur...four (Marseilles, France, sugar) refineries of 1728 had risen to fourteen by 1755. Orleans had twelve in 1770...Dutch sugar refining rose rapidly after 1609...The number of (Dutch sugar) refineries...seems to have increased to over 110. In 1661 Amsterdam alone had sixty refineries...Decline set in after 1650. By 1681, the number of refineries had fallen to twenty...the number of (Dutch sugar) refineries...(increased) to ninety-five by 1762. Hamburg, as the leading port, was the biggest centre of German sugar refining. By the second half of the seventeenth century more than thirty refineries were at work...In 1750 there were 365 (Hamburg, Germany, sugar) refineries. GOOGLE MAPS, https://maps.google.com GOOGLE MAPS, Europe, https://www.google.com/maps/place/Europe/@48.7130173,3.7167523,5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x46ed8886cfadda85:0x72ef99e6b3fcf079!8m2!3d54.5259614!4d15.2551187 --also, click on ICON SATELLITE for Aerial View and European Waterways --click on ICON MAP to return EUROPEAN SUGAR REFINERIES IN PORT CITIES SEASIDE AND ALONG MAJOR WATERWAYS BELGIUM, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012103641/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/belgium Antwerp, Belgium ENGLAND, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012103802/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/england Liverpool, England Bristol, England FRANCE, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012103913/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/france Angers, France Bordeaux, France Dunkirk, France La Rochelle, France Marseilles, France Nantes, France Orleans, France Rouen, France Saumur, France GERMANY, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012104021/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/germany Augsburg, Germany Hamburg, Germany Dresden, Germany ITALY, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012104218/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/italy Genoa, Italy Venice, Italy NETHERLANDS, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012104331/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/netherlands Amsterdam, The Netherlands PORTUGAL, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012104436/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/portugal Lisbon, Portugal SCOTLAND, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012104621/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/scotland Glasgow, Scotland Greenock, Scotland, (Cappielow Sugar Refinery, in Greenock) SPAIN, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161012104728/https://www.roughguides.com/maps/europe/spain Seville, Spain - Robson, Charles. 1876. The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Ohio of the Nineteenth Century. Cincinnati, Ohio, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Galaxy Publishing Company. OCLC 566113. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 920, GALAXY. Pages 449, 450, Garfield, General James Abram, was born November 19, 1831, in Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio...(A)t fourteen he was working at carpentering, and two years later had a few months experience as a boatman on the Ohio Canal. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave-In-Rock,_Illinois Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011156/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave-In-Rock,_Illinois https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturdivant_Gang Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011514/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturdivant_Gang https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011251/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pirate_dens_and_locations Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pirate_dens_and_locations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Piracy Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011409/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Piracy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Golden_ages_(metaphor) Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011445/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Golden_ages_(metaphor) HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001265067 Rothert, Otto Arthur. 1924. The Outlaws of Cave-in-Rock, Historical Accounts of the Famous Highwaymen and River Pirates Who Operated in Pioneer Days upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and over the Old Natchez Trace. Cleveland, Ohio, Arthur H. Clark Company. OCLC 491117903. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 364.15, ROTHERT. Pages 18, 19, The cruelest of all highwaymen were the Harpes and the shrewdest of the river pirates were the Masons. Cave-in-Rock's history as a rendezvous of outlaws does not begin until about 1795...Cave-in-Rock is in Hardin County, Illinois, about twenty miles below Shawneetown and twenty miles above Golconda...Its position commands a long view up and down the Ohio River. Page 31, The New Orleans, or Orleans, which was the first steam-propelled boat to make a trip from Pittsburgh to New Orleans...in 1811. Page 32, Counterfeiters and other outlaws, however, operated in the neighborhood (of Cave-in-Rock) until as late as 1832. Page 37, Samuel Mason, who had been an officer in the Continental army, converted the cavern into an inn as early as 1797. Pages 37, 38, With the...increasing number of settlements along the Ohio and Mississippi (Rivers)...this brought the flatboat era covering the period from 1795 to 1820, that quarter of a century known as the Golden Age of Flatboating. During that era river piracy was at its height....River piracy waned...but not until about 1830 did it cease utterly. Page 40, Cave-in-Rock (and)...the mouth of Cache River...were long considered the most dangerous resorts on the Ohio (River). Page 46, The year 1788 roughly marks the beginning of the big inflow of settlers into the region west of the Alleghenies, also the beginning of counterfeiting and other outlawry at Cave-in-Rock. Page 60, The Harpes were believed to be brothers. They were natives of North Carolina. Micajah, known as Big Harpe, was born about 1768, and Wiley, known as Little Harpe, was born about 1770. Their father was said to have been a Tory who fought under the British flag at King's Mountain and took part in a number of other battles against the colonists. Before the close of the Revolution and immediately thereafter many of the Tories living in the south Atlantic colonies fled toward the Mississippi (River). Page 174, (Samuel) Mason made Cave-in-Rock his headquarters during the greater part of 1797. River pirates were numerous in the old flatboat days, especially before 1811 when the first steamboat was run from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. Page 179, In the flatboat days many merchants who had disposed of the goods they brought down the Ohio and Mississippi (Rivers) returned north with the proceeds of their sales by this overland route (the old Natchez Trace), others took the ocean route by way of Philadelphia. Page 259, (drawing), Gallows Field, Jefferson County, Mississippi, Here, in 1804, two Cave-in-Rock outlaws were hanged. Pages 267-281, Chapter eleven, Coiners at the Cave Page 267, (Cave-in-Rock) had been, at different times and for short periods, the workshop and headquarters of counterfeiters...The part (the counterfeiters) played in outlaw river life was in the purchase of goods from passing boats and the payment for these goods in counterfeit coin and currency. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902232859/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170902232944/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg SAINT PETERSBURG (PETER THE GREAT) Saint Petersburg is built on what originally were more than 100 marshy islands created by a maze of rivers, creeks, canals, gulfs, lakes and ponds and other bodies of water that flow into the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Neva river. Construction of Saint Petersburg, by Peter the Great, began in 1703 on territory from Sweden, drained marshland. Inspired by Venice and Amsterdam, Peter the Great proposed boats and coracles as means of transport in his city of canals. Peter the Great designed the city as another Amsterdam and Venice, with canals instead of streets. Saint Petersburg, historic rivers and canals. - Scard, Frederic Isenbart. 1913. The Cane Sugar Factory. London, U.K., The West India Committee. OCLC 752841324. Page i, Advertisement Appendix Index Page ii (appendix), The West India Committee, established 1750, incorporated by royal charter, August 4, 1904 President, Nevile Lubbock Vice President, The Earl of Harewood Chairman, William Middleton Campbell Deputy Chairman, Robert Rutherford Treasurers, R. Rutherford, Cyril Gurney, and E.A. de Pass Secretary, Algernon E. Aspinall, barrister Bankers, The Union of London and Smiths Bank Ltd. The West India Committee Circular, posted fortnightly, contains review of work, notes, statistics, births, marriages, deaths, arrivals and departures by the mail steamers. West India Committee rooms, 15 Seething Lane, First Floor, London, U.K., next to Mark Lane Station (Underground Railway). - Scheiber, Harry N. 1969. Ohio Canal Era, A Case Study of Government and the Economy, 1820-1861. Athens, Ohio, The Ohio University Press. OCLC 248321496. PUBLIC LIBRARY 386.48, SCHEIBER. Page 243, By 1850 the Mahoning Canal too was carrying 2 million pounds of sugar and molasses inland from the river. - Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20180317192638/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/2/34/230.3 Science 1895. Vital statistics of New England. Science, August 23, Volume 2, Number 34, Page 230. A summary of the vital statistics of the New England States for the year 1892 has been compiled...The illegitimate births (in New England) were only 13.4 per thousand living births, whereas in Europe they vary from 25 in Ireland to 143 in Austria. - Shank, William H. 1973. The Amazing Pennsylvania Canals. York, Pennsylvania, American Canal and Transportation Center. OCLC 895179762. PUBLIC LIBRARY 386.48, SHANK. Page 2, (map), This map shows all the 1243 miles of state-owned, or privately owned canals operated within the boundaries of Pennsylvania over a period of nearly 135 years. Not all of these canals were in operation concurrently. Also indicated are the state-owned or privately owned railroads which formed an integral part of the canal system. Connecting canals or navigation systems to the six surrounding states are also shown. Pages 4, 5, This inland area (of the United States) could only be reached commercially by the long voyage down the Atlantic coast, around Florida, up the Mississippi (whose lower extremities were still controlled by the French), and up the Ohio. The Allegheny Mountains stood as a formidable barrier to western commerce across Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Even if the British had not controlled the Saint Lawrence there was no direct water connection from the eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes...In England, the use of canals as a means of commercial transportation had been developed with great vigor in the last several decades of the 1700s. Pages 5, 6, The canal boom in the United States really began in New England around 1800 and spread gradually westward as New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and the Carolinas all started investigating means of transportation to the new northwestern territories of Indiana, Kentucky and Illinois by means of man-made waterways or improvements, connecting or supplementing existing streams and rivers. Page 6, The first really significant canal project west of the New England states took shape in 1810 when plans were laid by the state of New York for the building of a canal from Albany on the Hudson to Lake Ontario...The canal route (went)...directly west to Lake Erie at Buffalo, completely bypassing Lake Ontario and the barrier of Niagara Falls, thus opening the western Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast by way of New York City and the Hudson River. The Erie Canal...was completed in 1825 (and)...was largely responsible for the rapid growth of the modest port of New York City into one of the world's greatest seaports. Page 7, William Penn...laid out Philadelphia in 1682, which became the country's first great seaport. Page 7, (photograph), A picnic boat outbound from Lebanon on the Union Canal, around 1870. Page 8, In 1792 two companies were chartered by the State of Pennsylvania to build a navigable waterway between the Schuylkill and Susquehanna, improve the Schuylkill from Norristown to Reading, and build a canal from the Delaware River to Norristown. By 1794, the companies had completed 15 miles of work, including several locks, and had spent $440,000, which exhausted their funds, and the work ground to a stop, for the next twenty-seven years. The legislature granted the companies the right to raise another $400,000 by means of lotteries, but by 1811 the two companies, united under the name Union Canal Company, had managed to raise only $60,000. Page 11, In the 1700s Philadelphia was the leading seaport on the Atlantic Coast, but by 1820 it was obvious that with the aggressive steps being taken by both neighboring states of New York and Maryland the ports of New York City and Baltimore would rapidly outstrip Philadelphia, unless the latter improved its means of communication to the new western territories. Page 15, The Western Division Canal was authorized to start at Pittsburgh and run upstream along the Allegheny River from Pittsburgh to a junction with the Kiskiminetas River at Freeport. Page 16, Pittsburghers insisted...that the canal (along the Allegheny River) should be run south through Pittsburgh to connect with the Monongahela River at a point where the proposed Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was supposed to enter the city. Page 17, (C)onstruction of the Western Division Canal proceeded along the northwest bank of the Allegheny (River) to Freeport. Subsequently a fourteen-mile extension, known as the Kittanning Feeder, was built north along the Allegheny (River), terminating at Kittanning. In 1827 the legislature authorized an additional forty-four mile extension of the canal from the mouth of the Kiskiminetas up that stream and its major tributary, the Conemaugh River, as far as Blairsville. The following year a further extension was approved along the Conemaugh to Johnstown. Page 17, (drawing), East portal of the Main Line Canal tunnel at Tunnelton. The dam to create slack water navigation is shown. Page 18, Newspaper accounts in the Pittsburgh area indicate that some traffic began to move on the Western Division by autumn of 1830 but it was not until May of 1831 that the first fully loaded freight boat from Johnstown arrived safely in Pittsburgh, with 7927 pounds of merchandise. Page 37, While the Main Line was the principal system developed by the State for tying Pennsylvania together, east to west, there were also other State constructed and operated divisions to supplement the Main Line, connecting with it, either directly or indirectly. Page 43, While the Main Line Systems and the Susquehanna Divisions were being planned, the people in Erie were also clamoring for the waterway connection to which the legislature had originally committed itself, which would tie in the city of Erie with the rest of the Pennsylvania Canal System...The people in Pittsburgh favored a route leaving the Ohio River downstream from Pittsburgh at Beaver and running through New Castle to Conneaut Lake and Erie, by way of the Beaver and Shenango Rivers. Pittsburghers felt that if the alternate route were chosen much of the Main Line traffic at Freeport would be directed to Erie without passing through Pittsburgh. Page 44, The state did not complete the Erie extension. In 1843, after spending more than $4,000,000 on construction, the state turned over the whole Erie and Beaver canal project to the Erie Canal Company, headed by R.S. Reed of Erie. After investment of another half million dollars the canal was finally opened to traffic in October of 1844...The Ohio River itself formed the junction between the Beaver and Erie Canal and the Main Line at Pittsburgh. Packet steamers went back and forth on the Ohio, and canal freight boats were routed from one canal to another with little inconvenience. Page 61, Typical single lock on the Monongahela Navigation system. The gates are power driven. The system is currently operated by the United States Corps of Engineers. Page 80, The Author, The family of William H. Shank, professional engineer, historian and lecturer, has been associated with the Pennsylvania canal system through five generations. Michael F. Shank, an immigrant German ship's carpenter, settled in Liverpool, Pennsylvania in 1820, and built some of the first canal boats to operate on the Susquehanna Division Canal. Michael's son, John Shank, operated a canal travelers hotel at Liverpool...William Shank, son of Clyde, is currently concerned with canal history. He was instrumental in forming the Pennsylvania Canal Society as secretary in 1966, and is vice president and secretary of the American Canal Society, formed in 1972. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Mania Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170412021018/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Mania https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161210212136/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canals_in_the_United_Kingdom Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20151201181822/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canals_in_the_United_Kingdom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_bubbles Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170411215900/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_bubbles https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1830s Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20150123234807/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1830s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_bubble Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170903082143/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_bubble https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170402204449/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397 Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170714175630/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Military_slang_by_language Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170217152004/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Military_slang_by_language Shaw, Ronald E. 1966. Erie Water West, A History of the Erie Canal, 1792-1854. Lexington, Kentucky, University of Kentucky Press. OCLC 230068. PUBLIC LIBRARY 386.4809747, SHAW. Page 53, The Canal bubble it appears, has at length exploded, (1815). Page 57, An interior canal to Lake Erie would extend three hundred miles through the most fertile country in the universe, and when joined with the Great Lakes, it would perhaps convey more riches on its waters than any other canal in the world. Page 67, (Joseph) Ellicott wrote to Micah Brooks in the House, suggesting what bordered on blackmail. If Congress did not aid the New York canal, the State will unquestionably retain the jurisdiction, police, and supreme control over it, and may exercise that control in such a manner as to be extremely injurious to the U.S. territories, and exclusively beneficial to the State. Page 73, Elisha Williams of Columbia County on the lower Hudson (statement that)...If the canal is to be a shower of gold, it will fall upon New York, if a river of gold, it will flow into her lap. Page 79, The public support for (De Witt) Clinton's political aspirations found its origin in the desire to link the Great Lakes and the Atlantic by water, and in the vision of what New York might become once the canal was completed. Pages 82, 83, 84, The Grand Canal, Forty Feet Wide and Four Feet Deep. Page 87, A narrow ribbon of water 363 miles long, 40 feet wide at the top, and four feet deep was created between Albany and Lake Erie, with an additional twenty-two miles of canal connecting the Hudson River and Lake Champlain. Page 95, Canvass White of Whitesboro, a young engineer...on his own funds...went to England to examine the hydraulic works there. He traveled some four hundred miles in the British Isles observing canals, aqueducts, tunnels, and especially underwater cements, (c.1816). Pages 97, 98, In December of 1818 water was let into the first job...Myron Holley and the engineers passed through the canal in a horse drawn boat. Pages 97, 98, The requisite funds were raised through a series of canal loans offered by the state between 1817 and 1820. The loans were taken chiefly by investors who subscribed in small amounts...Some of these investors of more limited means contributed their money unknowingly. It was their deposits in the Bank for Savings in New York City that made it possible for that institution to hold almost thirty percent of the outstanding canal stock by 1821. Later loans attracted the funds of wealthier American investors...Foreign investors, notably English capitalists, took increasing amounts of canal stock after 1822, though foreigners did not exceed Americans in their holdings until 1829. Page 101, (T)he Erie Canal was known more commonly as the Grand Canal, the Great Western Canal, or the Big Ditch. Between Pages 130, 131, (map), The Erie Canal, Showing the Stages of Completion, 1819-1825. Albany, Schenectady, Little Falls, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, Brockport, Lockport, and Buffalo. Page 140, Black Rock and Buffalo, scarcely separable today, were between 1817 and 1825 keen commercial rivals for the honor and prosperity sure to fall to the western terminus of the Erie Canal. Page 141, In 1816, Sill, Thompson and Company began to build schooners at Black Rock...(T)he national government (made)...Black Rock the official port of entry in 1811. Page 142, (De Witt) Clinton...rhapsodized over the day when Buffalo would be the rival of New York...and (Joseph) Ellicott, then serving on the Canal Board, had promoted the growth of the village ever since he had surveyed its plan as New Amsterdam in 1803. Pages 169-172, Myron Holley...treasurer of the canal commissioners, investigation and he resigned from the Canal Board, misuse of canal funds. Page 172, In further censure (of Myron Holley), the legislature tightened the methods of disbursement of canal funds to prevent embezzlement. Page 180, (T)he great celebration of the completion of the (Erie Canal, 1825). Page 192, The cost of constructing the Erie Canal had been only $7,143,789 and the potential returns from it seemed limitless. Pages 193, 55, (c.1825), Cadwallader D. Colden...congratulated his fellow New Yorkers on having completed at a cost of little more than $5 per person, the longest uninterrupted canal in the world. He saw the miraculous rise of towns and villages in New York and charted the beginning of an age of water travel in America. Pages 195-197, On Erie Water, Packets, Freighters, and Canallers. Page 197, Packet, line boat, freighter, scow, lock, and basin. Page 200, By the close of the season of 1823...each of the (packet boat) companies was convinced that merger was more profitable than competition, and when ice was gone from the canal the following spring, a consolidation had been achieved...Horatio G. Spafford censured combination (stating)...these great Companies are making such a monopoly of the transportation business. Page 203, (c.1842), Van Slyk's boat yard. Page 261, (T)he Panic of 1837. Pages 263, 264, Rochester increased in population from 1,502 to 36,403 between 1820 and 1850, Buffalo from 2,095 to 42,261, and the new settlement at Lockport increased from 3,007 in 1825 to 12,323 in 1850...New York reached a population of more than three millions in 1850. Page 271, An ebullient correspondent wrote from Buffalo in 1836 that real estate could not be depressed by anything short of draining the Lake, or closing the Canal. Property advanced in value beyond the wildest dreams of those who had struggled to build a harbor or gain the terminus point of the canal a decade earlier. Page 272, By 1845 Buffalo carried on a volume of trade in grain, flour, and livestock, greater than that of any other city in the United States. Page 274, Those who reside upon the Erie Canal must have frequently thought that Europe was moving to this country, or at least the German states. Page 276, (M)any New York farmers had already moved to richer fields in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin (by)...1845. Page 277, The Erie Canal provided easy, rapid, and economical transportation to markets in New York City and abroad. Page 281, Some goods arriving at the Albany basin were transferred directly from canal boat to sloop, schooner, or steamboat for overseas trade. Page 286, When calamity struck the city (Brooklyn) in the great fire of 1835, which burned out fifty-two acres of the business district, the commissioners of the Canal Fund came forward with loans to the New York banks for the relief of the prostrate business community. Page 287, (In New York state), it was thought that the railroad could serve best for passengers but that the canal could not be surpassed for the conveyance of freight. Page 289, The strong desire of the travelling public to be whisked through the country at the quickest possible rate, as a Rochester paper put it in 1842, insured the ultimate replacement of the packet by the locomotive in the conveyance of passengers. Page 290, Although it was initially believed that railroads could carry only passengers, freight began to be transported on the cars in the early 1840s. Page 292, (T)he Erie Canal entered a golden age while the coming of the railroad foreshadowed its eventual decline. Page 296, New Yorkers watched with keen interest, and often invested in the network of canals that wound through the mountains of Pennsylvania, connected the Ohio River to Lake Erie, and extended to Terre Haute, Indiana, on the Wabash River by 1849. A New York print noted that with the completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal, the chain, by artificial water route, from New York through the Great West to New Orleans, will then be perfect in all its links. Page 297, New York itself, with its growing system of lateral canals, still contributed to canal commerce. Pages 330, 334, 335, 337, The New York lawmakers enacted a stop law on state indebtedness which was written into the constitution in 1846...(T)he stop and tax bill (on public indebtedness regarding Erie Canal expenditures, had been) under debate and raised the ire of the Radicals by opposing suspension of the public works until a mission could be sent to Holland to borrow money...While the new law provided for suspension of expenditures on the canals, exceptions were made. Construction necessary to continue navigation or to preserve work already done went on...(and legislators) sought...to find a way to carry out their stop law without at the same time diverting Western trade to rival routes to the Atlantic. Page 341, Clearly it was the will of the majority that enlargement of the Erie Canal must stop until the debt of the state had been reduced. Between Pages 354, 355, (map), The New York Canal System in 1854. Page 362, (c.1847), Secure the trade of the great opening west, by enlarging the Erie Canal, said (New York Governor John) Young, and how unimportant is our present indebtedness considered in connection with the revenue that may reasonably be expected...(A) modern resumption of the public works (for Erie Canal) was launched in May of 1847. Pages 365, 366, tribute and loans, canal. Page 367, (c.1851), A (New York) bill emerged from the Committee on Canals...which soon became notorious as the Nine Million Bill. It would provide for the completion of the Erie Canal, as well as the Black River and Genesee Valley canals, by the sale of nine million dollars of certificates based on the future revenues of the canals. These certificates would serve as banking capital and add to the circulating currency of the state. Page 368, (A)ttorney General Levi S. Chatfield...rejected the scheme (to fund the canal). Page 370, (c.1851), It was the prospect of the inflationary effect of the Nine Million Bill (for the Erie Canal) which most alarmed the business community...Speculation would increase, bankruptcy would result, and years of calamity would follow. Page 371, The extra session of the legislature called by the governor sat for a month and in July of 1851 passed the ill fated Nine Million Bill. Within another month, more than three million dollars in revenue certificates were authorized. At the request of the governor, Judge Greene C. Bronson, former judge of the state supreme court, gave an opinion that the new law was constitutional and that the certificates were secured by a fourth mortgage on the canal revenue. Page 372, (1851), The Buffalo editor (Benjamin Welch of the Buffalo Republic) listed seventy presses throughout the state that opposed the Nine Million Bill (or Canal Bill, in New York). Pages 373, 374, The big letting was made in December. From all parts of the State, from other states, from all walks of life, from every profession, pursuit and trade, from every division and subdivision of political sects, reported a legislative committee, a legion of applicants swarmed upon the capitol for a share of the melon soon to be cut. Canal revenue certificates worth a million and a half dollars were issued before the year was out in a dispensation wholly political. The work was equally divided between the democratic and whig bidders, without regard to their being the lowest bidders. Charges circulated that political favorites often devoid of experience in canal building had won the contracts over the lower bids of their competitors. Pages 374, 377, 378, George W. Newell, auditor of the Canal Department, refused to pay a draft of $110 on a contract let under the Nine Million Bill. The case of Newell v. People became a test case and reached the Court of Appeals. When the decision came in May (1852), the court held the Nine Million Bill unconstitutional. The state engineer promptly ordered a stoppage of work on contracts let under this act...What (George Washington Newell) believe(d) to be a wasteful and improvident expenditure of public money. Page 384, (c.1853), (I)mpeachment of the...canal commissioner, John C. Mather, for unauthorized and excessive expenditures on the eastern division of the Erie Canal. Pages 392 (and footnote), 380, (T)he letter of Auditor (George Washington) Newell to (William L.) Marcy when his term expired in January of 1854. He looked back upon his opposition to the Nine Million Bill, the lettings of 1851, and the Vanderbilt amendment (by John Vanderbilt of Long Island, that proposed the state borrow two and a half million dollars a year for four years to create state stock to be redeemed from the future canal revenues without resort to taxation) as an almost singlehanded effort to save the credit of the state. Page 395, (and footnote, Feb. 16, 1854), (Referendum passed in February 1854, and) the legislature and the Canal Board began to resume large scale construction...Contracts were let for further work on the enlargement (of the canal) during the summer and fall of 1854. Page 396, (C)onstruction on the enlargement (of the canal) was finally completed. The Erie Canal could now be employed to fulfill one of the purposes for which it had been constructed, the preservation of the Union. Page 400, The Federal aid (for Erie Canal) so persistently sought by the New Yorkers never materialized...New Yorkers building the Erie Canal seems more than a device to enable New York to tap the national treasury. Page 405, (A)ll 363 miles of the canal. Page 417, (T)he Erie Canal, its growing commerce gave it a primary place in the economic growth of the nation. Other states were stimulated to build canals which would link the Ohio River Valley to the Atlantic, connect the Ohio and Mississippi rivers with the Great Lakes, and improve transportation between the upcountry and tidewater in the Atlantic states. - Sheehan, James John. 1989. German History, 1770-1866. Oxford, U.K., Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822120-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY 943, SHEEHAN. Page 31, (c.1600s), Karl Eugen of Wurttemberg, (Germany)...had so many illegitimate children that he considered forming a regimental officer corps. Page 41, German...territories conquered from the Turks in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Pages 48, 916, (An) international set of advisers (to German Habsburg Maria Theresa, ruling from 1740-1780)...Gerhard von Swieten, a Dutch physician with considerable influence on educational institutions. Page 55, Vienna's history stretched to Roman times, by the seventeenth century it was a city of world renown, the only central European rival to Paris or London. Pages 57, 58, Moreover, throughout this long period (1640 to 1786), no Hohenzollern (Germany) ruler was either hopelessly stupid or totally mad. Pages 61, 62, The new king, Frederick William I, (ruling Brandenburg, Prussia, from 1713-1740)...drained swamps, built canals. Pages 72, 73, Water transport (in Germany, c.1700s) was usually preferable to overland routes, although river traffic was also slowed by navigational hazards and political harassment. To go down the Rhine from Mainz to Cologne took thirty hours (and at least three days going the other way), while a trip on the Danube from Regensburg to Vienna lasted almost six days. Pages 456, 457, In the German lands, as in the rest of Europe, the most dramatic change in fertility was the unprecedented growth in the number of illegitimate births. According to eight local studies of the period before 1750, 2.5 percent of live births were illegitimate, between 1740 and 1790 this number increased to 3.9 (percent), and from 1780 to 1820 to 11.9 (percent). Aggregate figures on the confederation suggest that this high proportion remained constant until the end of the century (1800s). Page 479, hemp. - Shevchenko, Anna. 2005, 2010. Ukraine (a guide). London, U.K., Kuperard. ISBN 978-1-85733-327-5. PUBLIC LIBRARY 914.77, SHEVCHENKO. (Drug tourism). Page 78, Money. The hyperinflation at the beginning of the 1990s, the collapse of pyramid financing scams, and the loss of personal savings have all made Ukrainians. Page 128, The major health problems in Ukraine come from overindulgence in food and alcohol. Page 130, After (1991), Ukraine experienced a dramatic surge in crime...(from) theft, fraud, extortion, and economic crimes, such as bribery, counterfeiting, and drug dealing. Page 133, After eight years of sharp economic decline from the early to late 1990s, the standard of living for most of its citizens dropped more than 50 percent, leading to widespread poverty. Page 134, As long as public servants' salaries remain low, illegal payments and bribes...The Shadow Economy. - Sifakis, Carl. 2001. The Encyclopedia of American Crime (Volume 2). New York, New York, Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4040-0 (set). PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 364.973, SIFAKIS. Pages 192, 193, circus grifting Page 607, Mississippi bubble, Eighteenth Century fraud, A...Scot named John Law, who founded the Mississippi Company in 1718...and convinced the French government to back his scheme. Page 608, Millions of Frenchmen were wiped out, and France itself tottered on the brink of ruin...The seed of the Mississippi Bubble planted in Louisiana, particularly in New Orleans, bloomed into a level of criminality that for the next 100 years was unmatched in any locale on the North American continent. - Steves, Rick. 2015. St. Petersburg, Helsinki and Tallinn. Berkeley, California, Avalon Travel, a member of the Perseus Books Group. ISBN 978-1-63121-063-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY 914, STEVES. Page 3, Bribery is an integral part of the economy (of Russia), estimated at 20 percent of GDP (Gross domestic product). Page 6, Once a swamp...St. Petersburg (was)...designed by imported French, Dutch, and Italian architects, this is, arguably, European Russian's least Russian city. Page 31, (M)uch of St. Petersburg was built by Lutherans - Dutch, Germans, Swedes. Page 41, St. Petersburg is Russia's leading port, and looking downstream, you can see huge cranes that are part of its big shipbuilding and shipping industry. Although marine shipping is still important to St. Petersburg...when the town was newly founded in the early Eighteenth century, and the only real access was by sea. Page 69, The oldest garden in the city...was laid out in 1710 under Peter the Great...right where the Fontanka River meets the Neva...Along the Fontanka is Peter's own summer palace. It's a strikingly modest mansion, from 1714, but still a step up from his original log cabin just across the river. Pages 88, 89, Peter the Great, He became the first czar in a century to travel to Europe in peacetime, making an epic journey to Holland and England, great maritime powers from whom Peter wanted to learn everything he could about shipbuilding, technology, navigation, and seamanship...He built an entirely new capital in St. Petersburg and established a shipbuilding industry there. Page 193, As a member of the Hanseatic League, the city of Tallinn, (Estonia), was a medieval stronghold of the Baltic trading world. Page 220, After Russia took over Tallinn, (Estonia) in 1710, Peter the Great built...Kadriorg palace for czarina Catherine (and) the palace's name means Catherine's Valley. - Stick, David. 1958. The Outer Banks of North Carolina, 1584-1958. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 362960. PUBLIC LIBRARY 975.6, STICK. Page 9, (table), Principal Outer Banks Inlets, (names, locations, dates opened and closed). Pages 16, 17, David B. Quinn, probably the leading authority on the subject, is now convinced that the primary reason for establishing a colony at this particular place (the Outer Banks of North Carolina) and at that particular time was to provide a base for English privateering operations against the Spaniards, (c.1584, 1585, 1586, 1587). Page 23, There were other factors, equally important, in the early settlement of the (Outer) Banks. For one thing many of the islands were almost inaccessible, with the ever dangerous surf pounding ashore on one side and shallow underwater shoals on the other, so that they provided excellent hideaways for persons attempting to escape the law...(In) the case of H.M.S. Hady, a swift frigate which was driven ashore on the North Banks between Roanoke Inlet and Currituck Inlet in 1696 and was robbed by the (Outer) Bankers, who got some of her guns ashore and shot into her sides and disabled her from getting off. Pages 24, 25, Before 1700 most of the residents of the (Outer) Banks were stockmen, runaways, whalers, or simply small landowners trying to gain a foothold in the new colony. Their habitations were almost invariably situated in the wooded hammocks on the sound side, where they could find building sites in close proximity to the sloughs and creeks in which their boats were kept...(I)n addition to whatever he considered his main occupation, each of them was at the same time a farmer, a fisherman, a hunter, and a wrecker. Page 26, Roanoke Inlet, which was said to have had a depth of between eleven and fifteen feet in 1665 and ten feet in 1700, was shoaling up and gradually closing. Both from the standpoint of convenience and safety, more and more vessels were finding it expedient to enter the colony through Ocracoke Inlet instead of Roanoke or Currituck. Actually, the ascendancy of Ocracoke Inlet to the position where it was the most important port in northern Carolina had begun in 1715, for in that year it was made an official port of entry, though it was called Port Bath and vessels were required to go all the way up to Bath Town for clearance. In that year also, an act was passed for settling and maintaining pilots there as well as at Roanoke Inlet. From then on the maritime traffic through Ocracoke Inlet increased tremendously and more and more pilots located there, forming the nucleus of what was soon to become the largest community on the (Outer) Banks. Page 28, Still another golden age was at hand, however, the golden age of piracy, which had begun with the signing of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 and the turning loose of large numbers of privateers who, without official commissions or letters of marque, had ceased being privateers and were now pirates. The point most often overlooked is that this so called golden age of piracy lasted for only five years and seriously affected Carolina and the Outer Banks for less than twelve months. A number of the more notorious pirates operated off the Carolina coast between 1713 and 1718, including Captain Pain, Christopher Moody, John Cole, Robert Deal, Charles Vane, Richard Worley, Calico Jack Rackam, Anne Bonny, and Francis Farrington...But it remained for the most feared and infamous of the lot, the pirate Blackbeard, to make the (Outer) Banks his headquarters while terrorizing coastal shipping and corrupting the highest officials of the colony. Page 29, (map), The Outer Banks of North Carolina. Page 30, For several months in the summer and early fall of 1718 Blackbeard, known also as Captain Drummond, Edward Teach, or Thatch, sailed out of Bath and Ocracoke in his Adventure sloop on trading voyages. In early September, when he arrived off Ocracoke Bar with a French ship laden with sugar and cocoa he explained that he had discovered her at sea, a wreck, abandoned by her crew, and proceeded to divide the cargo with Governor (Charles) Eden and Government Secretary Tobias Knight. Page 31, The pirates, experienced fighters, waited until the very moment when the two vessels came together, then threw in grenadoes, case bottles filled with powder, shot, and slugs of iron, with a quickmatch in the mouth. Page 32, In the lull following the battle at Ocracoke that morning an observer, adding up the score, might have counted the following, for the pirates, nine killed, including Blackbeard (Edward Teach), the remaining fifteen captured...The prisoners (pirates) were taken to Williamsburg where they were tried in the admiralty court and all but one were hanged. Back at Ocracoke, in the sloop Adventure and ashore where the pirates had their storehouses, only sugar and cocoa from the French ship was found...The death of Blackbeard at Ocracoke Inlet on November 22, 1718, marked the end of large scale piracy on the (Outer) Banks, the end, in fact, of the so called golden age of piracy throughout the Western hemisphere. Page 35, (c.1730s), (T)he bulk of the ships bound to or from North Carolina were forced to use Ocracoke Inlet, and it was necessary for pilots to be stationed there permanently to take the vessels safely through. One of the first formal requests for appointment as a pilot was that of Captain Miles Gale, dated November 9, 1734. Included among the other early Ocracoke Inlet pilots were James Bun, David Wallace, John Dixon, Francis Jackson, George Howard, and Lorable Gaskins. Page 42, John Bragg, an Ocracoke Inlet pilot. Page 43, Pilot Town or Ocracoke village on the north (on the Outer Banks of North Carolina)...Thus on the eve of the Revolutionary War and at the end of the period of initial settlement on the Outer Banks, the business of piloting at the port of Beacon Island Roads had become so competitive that the government had to be petitioned to restrain it. A long call, that, from the period only forty years or so before when the first pilot was finally induced to locate at Ocracoke Inlet. Page 51, (A) letter from New Bern...was written by James Davis, who had set up the first printing press in North Carolina in 1749 and had printed the bulk of the early laws and journals of the colony. Page 52, North Carolina Gazette of New Bern, September 19, 1777. Pages 66, 67, (1779), Down at Ocracoke, totally unprotected now that the Caswell galley was out of service, Captain Adam Gaskel of the Ocracoke militia forwarded his own petition, setting forth the necessity of his Company remaining on the (Outer) Banks to be in Readiness on any alarm to prevent the Privateers from cutting out Vessels and committing other depredations and praying to be exempt from the military duty. The Council refused to exempt these men from the draft but did provide that after they were drafted they should remain on duty in said Company on the (Outer) Banks, and for the Protection of Ocracock Inlet, they having Lately behaved with singular bravery in attacking and taking a number of armed boats with their Crews, Persons that were attempting to cut out some Vessels then laying in the River. Page 72, At Ocracoke and Portsmouth, the two largest communities, piloting vessels through the inlet was the basic source of income. In fact Jonathan Price said of the approximately thirty heads of families at Ocracoke in 1795, They are all pilots. Page 73, The family names of the residents (of the Outer Banks of North Carolina) in the various localities were essentially the same as today...The great majority of the (Outer) Banks settlers had come down from tidewater Virginia or from the nearby Carolina mainland, but because of the isolation of the Banks and the continued traffic through the inlets by vessels from New England and the West Indies, the average (Outer) Bankers ties with those distant points were as close as with the nearby mainland. Page 73, (list), (Outer Banks) Family names, prominent in the late 1700s, included Austin, Ballance, Basnet, Baum, Beasley, Best, Bragg, Bun, Burrous, Casa, Clark, Daniel, Dixon, Dough, Etheridge, Farrow, Flower, Gaskill, Gaskins, Gray, Hooper, Howard, Jackson, Jennett, Luark, Meekins, Midgett, Miller, Oliver, O'Neal, O'Neel, Perry, Price, Pugh, Quidley, Rollinson, Scarbrough, Stiron, Stow, Tillit, Tolar, Tolson, Twiford, Wade, Wahab, Wallis, Wescot, Whidbee, Williams Page 74, Sailboats and skiffs provided the basic mode of transportation (in the Outer Banks). Page 75, (footnote), Two North rivers flow into the sounds, one near Beaufort in Carteret County, the other on the north side of Albemarle Sound in Currituck County. This, of course, was the North River in Currituck County, and the modern inland waterway now follows the same general route proposed in 1786. Also, the Clubfoot Creek - Harlowe's Creek Canal was built at a later date and has since been replaced by the paralleling Adams Creek Canal which is part of the inland waterway. Page 75, Roanoke Inlet was still open but not navigable, and to replace it an even more ambitious project was proposed in 1787. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporated The Raleigh Canal Company, for improving the navigation of Albemarle Sound and authorized seven prominent residents of eastern North Carolina to solicit subscriptions and undertake the construction of an inlet, to be known as Raleigh Canal, from Roanoke Sound to the ocean in the vicinity of Nags Head. Page 76, So many vessels were being wrecked on the (Outer) Banks, and so many valuable cargoes salvaged by the alert (Outer) Bankers, that it had become necessary to divide the entire coast into wreck districts. Each had specially designated Vendue Masters whose job it was to take possession of any vessels, cargo, or wreckage which came ashore and, after proper advertisement, to conduct an auction or vendue of the materials...In an act setting up wreck districts in 1801, the vendue master or wreck commissioner was further charged with the responsibility for rounding up the (Outer) Bankers to help him assist any vessel which grounded on the coast. Pages, 77, 78, (c.1790s), The government lighthouse was not the only structure going up on Shell Castle at that time, however, for two individuals, one a resident of the little town of Portsmouth on Core Banks and the other a prominent merchant and ship owner of the town of Washington on the Pamlico River, were building a virtual trading city there. These two, John Wallace of Portsmouth and John Gray Blount of Washington, had secured state grants in November of 1789 for five islands just inside Ocracoke Inlet...(John) Wallace and (John Gray) Blount had promptly changed the name of Old Rock to Shell Castle and made preparations for converting it into a major shipping and trading center. Here vessels from the open sea could tie up at (John) Wallace and (John Gray) Blount docks, unload their cargoes, take on supplies, undergo repairs, and then load their outbound cargoes, without ever having to cross the Ocracoke Swash, enter Pamlico Sound, or venture close to the old port towns up the rivers. The two seem to have been well suited for the business venture they were planning. John Wallace was a resident of the (Outer) Banks who had accumulated considerable land in the area and was fully acquainted with the peculiar navigation problems at Ocracoke Inlet. John Gray Blount was a former member of the Council of State, a representative to the General Assembly, partner in the prosperous firm of John Gray and Thomas Blount, Merchants, owner of extensive land holdings in the vicinity of Washington, and operator of a small fleet of vessels trading to the West Indies and Europe. Page 79, (T)hereafter (1795), the Shell Castle facilities were expanded regularly. Additional warehouses and a lumber yard were added, new wharves were built, a large store and ship chandlery was completed in 1797, and so were extensive cisterns...(In 1799), (John Gray) Blount and (John) Wallace sold the government nearby Beacon Island. Page 80, By that time (1806) Shell Castle (on the Outer Banks of North Carolina) was an important and established ingredient in North Carolina's growing maritime trade, for of all the canals proposed in the decade following the Revolution only the Dismal Swamp Canal had been constructed, and Ocracoke Inlet was still the main port of entry for a large part of North Carolina. Page 83, (footnote), (Wartime privateer sea captain Otway Burns)...settled in Beaufort, represented Carteret County in the General Assembly for twelve years, and operated a shipbuilding business there. In 1842, his business no longer prospering, he moved to Portsmouth, where he lived until his death in 1850. Page 85, Other North Carolinians were greatly concerned over the failure of the state government to provide internal improvements which would make possible safe and reliable water transportation throughout the eastern part of North Carolina. The champion of this drive for internal improvements was Archibald D. Murphey, who envisioned an all weather inland waterway from Chesapeake Bay through eastern North Carolina to Charleston, in addition to deep channels in all of the major rivers and stabilized inlets connecting with the Atlantic Ocean. Page 86, In 1820 an English engineer named Hamilton Fulton, hired by the Board of Internal Improvement at a salary almost double that of the governor of North Carolina, made a detailed survey which took him from May until September to complete, and his conclusion was that (Archibald D.) Murphey's plan would succeed...(E)stimate of the cost was approximately two and one-third million dollars. Neither North Carolina nor the federal government was in a position to spend that much on it. Pages 87, 88, The census of 1840 listed 531 people at Ocracoke and 400 at Portsmouth (in the Outer Banks)...In 1842 the Committee on Commerce of the U.S. House of Representatives issued an interesting report. Ocracoke Inlet, the report stated, is the outlet for all the commerce of the State of North Carolina, from the ports of Newbern, Washington, Plymouth, Edenton, and Elizabeth City, and the whole extent of country for many miles around them...(and) more than two thirds of the exports of the State of North Carolina pass out to sea at this point. Pages 88, 89, Congressman (William H.) Worthington promptly took up this cause (of ill seaman at Ocracoke Inlet) and pushed through Congress legislation for a hospital at Ocracoke Inlet to accommodate all sick seamen in northeastern North Carolina, and in 1846 the hospital was built. Page 95, The belief was prevalent throughout eastern North Carolina in years gone by that the swamps and marshes covering so much of the low land west of the sounds gave off a poisonous vapor, known as miasma, which caused a fever that often proved fatal...Even when these outbreaks of malaria across the sounds were reaching epidemic proportions, however, the residents of the (Outer) Banks were relatively free of it, and it was reasoned that immunity was brought on by regular breathing of the salt air and regular bathing in the salt water. Page 96, Probably because Beaufort was already an established shipbuilding and commercial fishing center the resort business there (on the Outer Banks) was of only secondary importance. Page 175, (map), Outer Banks Post Offices, with Establishment Dates. Page 182, In 1891 the government has purchased the old Clubfoot Creek - Harlowe Creek Canal connecting Pamlico Sound with Beaufort, and plans were made for construction of a deeper and straighter and wider canal roughly paralleling the old one, to be known as the Adams Creek Canal. This was completed in 1910, and three years later the government purchased the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal. - Strachan, Donald. 2013. Frommer's Europe. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K., John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-118-36907-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY 914.045612, FROMMER'S. Pages 91, 93, Belgium, The boundary between Europe's Germanic north and Latin south cuts clear across the nation's middle, leaving Belgium divided into two major ethnic regions, Dutch speaking Flanders and French speaking Wallonia...The city (Brussels) is bilingual, French and Dutch. Pages 126, 127, 128, Antwerp, Belgium, Antwerp's Port, The city's prime location just above the point where the river meets the tidal Westerchelde (Western Scheldt) Estuary made it an important port as far back as the Second century B.C. Antwerp was a trading station of the powerful medieval Hanseatic League, but unlike Bruges, did not have the status of a full fledged Kontor, with its own separate district and mercantile installations...Antwerp is Europe's second biggest port (after Rotterdam) for good handled, and the third biggest (after Rotterdam and Hamburg) for containers. Page 161, Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad), Czech Republic, Peter the Great...came to Karlovy Vary for a holiday retreat. Page 185, Danish golden age. Page 185, Inner Harbour/Old Town, Copenhagen, Denmark, Peter the Great, in Denmark on a state visit. Page 187, Christiania in Copenhagen, Denmark, Its cannabis trade, taking place in the centrally located Pusher Street, was tolerated by authorities until 2004. Page 197, Dragor, Denmark, old seafaring town on the island of Amager...Dragor was a busy port on the...Baltic Sea in the early Middle Ages, but when fishing fell off, it became just another sleepy waterfront village. After 1520, Amager Island and its villages, Dragor and Store Magleby, were inhabited by the Dutch. Page 306, Chateau de Versailles, France, begun in 1661, its construction involved 32,000 to 42,000 workmen, some of whom had to drain marshes and move forests. Page 312, Chateau d'Azay le Rideau, rue Pineau, Azay le Rideau, France, The chateau was actually commissioned in the early 1500s for Gilles Berthelot, Francois I's finance minister, and his wife, Philippa, who supervised its construction...In 1527, Berthelot was accused of misappropriation of funds and forced to flee. Page 372, Berlin, Germany, Some 200,000 Turks live in Berlin. Pages 413, 416, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany, Kriminal Museum, website (Germany): www.kriminalmuseum.rothenburg.de Page 420, Augsburg, Germany, once was the richest city in Europe...Today, Augsburg is...Bavaria's third largest city after Munich and Nurnberg. Page 719, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam Museum, The main focus is on the city's Seventeenth century Golden Age, a period when Amsterdam was the richest city in the world. Page 721, Amsterdam, Scheepvaartmuseum (Maritime Museum). Page 722, Amsterdam, Museum Van Loon, This magnificent patrician house from 1672 was owned by the van Loon family from 1884 to 1945...Willem van Loon, one of the founders of the Dutch United East India Company, Nicolaas Ruychaver, who liberated Amsterdam from the Spanish in 1578, and another Willem van Loon, who became mayor in 1686. Page 726, VVV Amsterdam tourist office, walking tours (including) Golden Age Amsterdam. Page 728, Amsterdam, (P)remises were built in 1614 for a wealthy soap maker, Laurens Jansz Spieghel. Page 743, Polders, the reclaimed land from the sea that makes up a quarter of the Netherlands. Page 743, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, one of the world's busiest ocean harbors. Page 745, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, The vast Europoort...was created when its several harbors were opened directly to the sea...20 miles away, by the dredging of a deepwater channel. Page 747, Sint-Agathaplein 1, Delft, The Netherlands, on the nearby Oude Delft canal, is where William I of Orange (William the Silent) lived and had his headquarters...It's where he was assassinated in 1584. Page 748, Leiden, The Netherlands, was the birthplace of the Dutch tulip trade. Page 759, Oslo, Norway, Norsk Sjofartsmuseum (Norwegian Maritime Museum), the museum chronicles the maritime history and culture of Norway. Pages 769, 770, Tonsberg, Norway, Bordering the western bank of the Oslofjord, Tonsberg, 100 km (62 miles) south of Oslo, is Norway's oldest town...Tonsberg was also a Hanseatic town during the Middle Ages. Page 770, Bergen, Norway, Until the Fourteenth century, it was the seat of the medieval kingdom of Norway. The Hanseatic merchants established a major trading post here, holding sway until the Eighteenth century. Page 773, Bergen, Norway, German merchants, representatives of the Hanseatic League centered in Lubeck, lived (by)...the harbor. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1983. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 2. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-17022-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 61-68, Baltic Countries/Balts, The term Balt denotes a linguistic group found along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea and the rivers that flow into it. Page 62, The indirect contact with the Roman world had issued in the Golden Age of the Balts, a time of prosperity and technological development that lasted from the second to the fifth centuries. Pages 62, 63, (L)arge towns in (the Baltic area) of Kurland (including towns of Goldingen, Durben, Saeberg, Apulia, Memel)...By the middle of the eleventh century, Kurish pirates were raiding Danish settlements (and some scholars)...call the tenth to the twelfth centuries the second golden age. Page 63, (Map), Tribal Settlements of the Baltic Countries during the Middle Ages, (near Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland). Page 64, German merchants were visiting the (Baltic area) river tribes and contesting control of the seas with native (Baltic area) pirates and traders. Page 64, About 1040, Yaroslav of Kiev subjugated the Sudovians...and founded Nowogrodek (Novogrudok) among the Lithuanians. Page 67, The Baltic lands became a part of the Western economy, exporting grain, furs, and beeswax to the Hanseatic cities. Pages 386-388, Bruges, The administrative center of the Belgian province of West Flanders, Bruges, known in Dutch as Brugge (bridge or site of bridges), is located in the northeast of the province on extremely low and marshy land about ten miles from the North Sea coast. Page 386, Strategically located next to the North Sea and near the great rivers of Western Europe, Bruges early became a trade center for the Scandinavian and north German regions, as well as for England. Pages 386, 387, By the end of the twelfth century (1100s), Bruges was the greatest commercial center not only of Flanders but also of northern Europe, a position it would hold until late in the fourteenth century (1300s). As a trade and financial center for merchants and bankers from all over Europe and the Middle East, Bruges was comparable to Venice in southern Europe and to Antwerp in the sixteenth century (1500s) and Amsterdam in the seventeenth century (1600s). During the thirteenth century (1200s), when receding waters, silting, and land reclamation had deprived Bruges of direct access to the sea, a canal was built linking Bruges to Damme, which served as its port until the end of the medieval period. Page 387, When Flanders came under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy in 1384, Bruges, though already in decline, was still an important economic center. Serious decline came at the beginning of the sixteenth century (1500s), when Antwerp, with its superior location on the Scheldt River, supplanted Bruges as the commercial and financial center of northern Europe. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1989. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 3. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-17023-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 480, 481, 482, Cologne, (Germany), was the largest city in Germany in the Middle Ages (with)...a population of about 40,000 by 1300. Its favorable location, at a spot where major land routes crossed the Rhine, made it an early center of commerce. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1985. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 5. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18161-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 77-83, Flanders and the Low Countries. Page 78, (Map), Flanders and the Low Countries. Pages 79, 80, Because of its strategic location along the North Sea and around the mouths of such rivers as the Schelde, Meuse, and Rhine, Flanders early became the scene of a brisk economic revival. By the late tenth and early eleventh centuries (900s and 1000s), both local and long-distance trade gave rise to such towns as Ghent, Ypres, and Bruges. Soon noted as a commercial center to which merchants came from Germany, France, Italy, England, and the Scandinavian area, Bruges was on its way to becoming the commercial emporium of western Europe during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (1200s and 1300s). Pages 457-471, German Towns. Page 460, Lubeck, at the southwestern edge of the Baltic, became not only a major port but also a springboard for further expansion, (and) from it left the merchant settlers who established other Baltic seaports, from Wismar, Rostock, and Stralsund around to Reval (modern Tallinn). Wisby, on the island of Gotland, became the seat of a loose association of German merchants from various towns, the nucleus of the later Hansa. These same Germans established the kontor (trading post or factory) for merchants at Novgorod that enabled them to tap the furs and forest products of Russia. With control of these and other staples...the Germans were able to make themselves indispensable middlemen in the trade of northern Europe. Page 465, Capital accumulated in commerce by Hansa merchants had never been invested in manufacturing or even banking, an extraordinary portion of it went into the building of individual treasures of gold, silver, and jewels, where of course it stimulated no further economic growth. Page 470, Hansa staggered on until a last diet (or assembly) in 1669. Pages 520, 521, 522, 523, Ghent, (Flemish Gent, French Gand), One of the largest five cities of modern Belgium and its second largest port...Located in the province of East Flanders, (Ghent) was preeminent as a commercial and industrial center even in the tenth century (900s) when, along with Ypres and Bruges, it was one of the three leading towns in the county of Flanders...(Ghent's) strategic location at the confluence of the rivers Schelde and Lys. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1985. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 6. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18168-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 90-97, Hanseatic League, For about five centuries, roughly 1160 to 1660, the Hanseatic League sought to protect and extend the foreign commerce of certain north German merchants...In 1359 the word hansa was used for the first time in Germany to designate this arrangement...Lubeck was almost always...at the center of Hansa activities. Other important members included the Wendish towns of Luneburg, Wismar, Rostock, and Stralsund. To the east were Danzig (Gdansk) in Prussia, and Riga, Dorpat (Tartu), and Reval (Talinn) in Livonia. To the west and south of Lubeck were Brunswick, Bremen, Hamburg, Dortmund, and Cologne. The total membership of towns regularly summoned to the Hanseatic assembly or diet (Hansetag)...reached perhaps as many as seventy-seven, (and) associate towns...may have numbered as many as another hundred....Gotlanders...Novgorod...and between 1205 and 1207 the Germans were legally given their own quarter in Novgorod, the Peterhof...(O)ther German (trading center) towns were established, Danzig, Thorn, and Elbing...Mercatores de hansa Alemanie (1282)...Flanders (trading center towns of)...Bruges and Damme...(also) Novgorod, London, Bruges, and Bergen (and)...except in Bruges, the Hanseatic merchants had their own quarter...In England the Merchant Adventurers, who had been trading in the Baltic since about 1350...The Hanseatic League's last diet (or assembly) was held at Lubeck in 1669. Pages 153, 154, Hemp (Old English haenep, Old High German hanaf, Greek kannabis), Indigenous to western central Asia (and)...spread to China and India...(then) widely grown in the eastern Mediterranean basin from Greece to Egypt...(then) westward into Europe evidently (by)...two main routes, first...via the Mediterranean to Sicily, Italy, and southern Gaul, and subsequently, with the Germanic migrations, via the Danube valley. There is no firm evidence, however, for its cultivation in northwest Europe during the Roman era. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1986. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 7. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18169-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 679-684, Lubeck, is associated inextricably with the memory of doughty seamen and merchants who opened the Baltic Sea to European trade and who, organized into the Hanseatic League, made the northern seas a German preserve through much of the medieval and early modern era. Lubeck, as the most important city of the league, helped to form that unique Hanseatic culture. Page 680, The merchants continued to extend their trade...even to Novgorod by 1199. Page 681, In 1256 Lubeck began talks with the Wendish cities of Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, and Griefswald, and by 1299 these cities had formed a league with Lubeck as the acknowledged leader...By 1291 Lubeck had treaties with the rulers of Braunschweig (Brunswick), Mecklenburg, Pomerania, and Holstein. By the end of the century the city supplanted Visby on Gotland as the center of the international merchant community, and decisions of that community were ratified using the Lubeck seal. Soon negotiations with Cologne, Dortmund, Soest, Hamburg, and Bremen resulted in the formation of the Hanseatic League. After that Lubeck merchants had access to the English, Flemish, and Norwegian markets. Page 681, The German merchants, having established a monopoly for themselves in the North and Baltic seas, had to fight to keep it. For Lubeck the great enemy was Denmark, for the king controlled the Sound (the strait between Denmark and Sweden) and could interdict shipping between the North Sea and the Baltic. Page 682, The conflict that began in 1367 was a critical moment that determined the course of politics and the economy for centuries to come. Lubeck was the acknowledged leader of the seventy-odd cities of the Hanseatic League, lending its seal and flag to the organization. The league laid taxes on all commerce to pay for the fleet and army, and attacked Denmark by land and sea. Page 682, The Hanseatic League dictated peace in 1370 at Stralsund...Hanseatic permission became a necessary precondition before a Danish king could mount the throne. German merchants and fishermen were thenceforce the masters of the north, and as time passed everyone else came to work for them...(and) merchant leaders sought out new ways to avoid taxes, evade expensive wars, and increase profits. Page 683, The plague carried away about a quarter of the population in 1350, and about a seventh in 1367...(and) a later outbreak of plague, in 1451. Page 684, The last diet (assembly) of the Hanseatic League was held in Lubeck in 1669. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1987. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 9. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18275-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 192-197, Novgorod, a contraction for novyi gorod (new town) was the most important settlement in the early history of...north Russia. Page 193, Individual settlements on both sides of the river Volkhov joined together to become the city of Novgorod. River networks facilitated trade both near and far. Two major arteries gave access to distant markets. The Dnieper, reached via portages, flowed south to the Black Sea, and the majestic but sluggish Volga wound its way to the Caspian Sea, allowing access to entrepots in Constantinople and the Near East. Moreover, proximity to the Baltic gave Novgorod an initial trading advantage and later contributed greatly to its prosperity when trade revived in Northern Europe. Page 193, The Viking adventurers, who initially penetrated the area where the Novgorodians settled, located their capital at Kiev, some 500 miles to the south...on the lower Dnieper River. Page 195, Novgorod's prosperity derived from its favorable location and the development of regional and international commerce. In the eleventh century (1000s) the Gotland merchants created a trading base in the city. The development of the Hansa by the thirteenth century (1200s) increased the Baltic traffic, and the Hanseatic traders superseded the Gotlanders. Page 195, Since Novgorod was situated in a marshy area and could not grow sufficient grain, the city depended on imports...(also) the waterlogged soil on which Novgorod stands. Pages 201, 202, 203, Nuremberg, (Germany). Page 202, The merchants took advantage...in the fourteenth century (1300s)...(of) Nuremberg's central location to establish commercial ties with the Low Countries, the Baltic, Eastern Europe, and Italy. After 1370 many of them also became involved in international banking. Page 202, By 1450 Nuremberg was the third largest city in Germany...(and) 1471-1528 (spanned)...the city's Golden Age...(and) three centuries of stagnation that followed its Golden Age. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1989. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 10. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18276-9. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 686-698, Scandinavia Before 800 A.D. Pages 692, 693, 694, 695, Sweden, 400-800 A.D., The years from 400 to 550 are known as the Golden Age and the subsequent centuries as the Vendel period. Page 692, The hill forts are especially numerous on the islands of Gotland and Oland...(The forts of) Graborg and Ismantorp (are the best known) on Oland. Pages 693, 688, The (Graborg) fort was used as a place of refuge from the fifth to the seventeenth century (400s to 1600s). It is probable that Graborg was built in the Golden Age and was regularly used until the end of the Viking Age (800-1000 A.D.). - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1988. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 11. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18277-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 238-245, Ships and Shipbuilding, Northern European. Page 238, In the course of the Middle Ages, shipbuilding in northern Europe changed from a simple industry carried on by men with little training and located anywhere those men happened to be to an industry with fixed locations, sizable investment, and a system for training of skilled personnel. Page 242, (T)he cog (ship) in northern European waters lay behind the development of towns along the north coast of Germany and the political power of their alliance, the Hanseatic League. Pages 528-534, Sweden. Page 531, The Karelians in eastern Finland were allies and dependents of the Russian principality of Novgorod, and it was in their area that the expansionist interests of the Swedes were concentrated. Page 531, In the twelfth century (1100s) the merchant farmers of the island of Gotland and the burghers of Visby had become the leading mercantile power in the Baltic and aimed at dominance of the Russian trade, especially with rapidly growing Novgorod. - Strayer, Joseph Reese, editor. 1989. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Volume 12. New York, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18278-5. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.07, STRAYER. Pages 108-123, Trade, Western European, The trade of Western Europe in the Middle Ages was, on the large scale, divided into two great trading spheres, each centered on an inland sea...The trade of northern Europe centered on the Baltic and North seas and the river systems that empty into them. Southern European trade looked to the Mediterranean as its great highway...These trading spheres overlapped in Flanders and Champagne, where merchants from all over Europe met at the great international fairs of the High Middle Ages, and later at the markets of Bruges and Antwerp. Pages 112, 113, The Low Countries and the Hanseatic League, By the fifteenth century (1400s), commercial leadership in the Low Countries had shifted from Bruges to Antwerp, and the area had become the center of interregional trade...In the twelfth century (1100s) a string of towns was established along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, of which Lubeck was the most important. As they came to dominate the trade of the Baltic Sea, merchants from these towns followed the routes that the Vikings had opened eastward into Russia. They also established trading posts in Bruges and London...(For) new markets created by the foundation of German towns in these areas, the Hanseatic League was formed...(N)ot until a league of Rhineland cities centering on Cologne joined with the Baltic ports in 1369 did the Hanseatic League...come into existence. The axis of Hanseatic trade ran from Reval in Estonia to London. Page 114, (Map), Principal Trade routes of Medieval Europe. Page 114, Rivers were the great highways of medieval commerce, and great rivers such as the Rhine, the Rhone, and the Po were very important commercial arteries. Pages 148-163, Travel and Transport, Western European. Page 158, (I)n northern Germany the Hanseatic League achieved a monopoly and dominated trade in the Baltic region. Page 158, In France there was an association of merchants frequenting the Loire, and the hanse of Paris possessed important privileges relative to transit on the Seine. The Loire, Rhone, Moselle, Meuse, and Rhine were much used for transportation. Pages 730, 731, 732, Ypres, an important medieval town and center of cloth production, is located on the Iperleet, a tributary of the Yser River, and on a canal joining the Yser to the Lys River...(and) is situated...almost fifteen miles north of Lille. Page 731, Thanks to the strategic location of Ypres on the Yser River and on the principal route between Bruges and towns such as Arras, Laon, and Paris, Ypres was one of the first Flemish sites to benefit from the economic revival of western Europe. Page 731, The Golden Age of economic and political power for Ypres was in the thirteenth century (1200s). Along with Ghent and Bruges, Ypes virtually controlled the political and economic affairs of Flanders. - Tanner, J.R., editor. 1964. The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press. OCLC 59293382. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 940.1, CAMBRIDGE. Page 112, (I)n 1241 Lubeck and Hamburg joined together to suppress robbery and other crimes perpetrated on the stretch of coast between the mouth of the Trave and the city of Hamburg and along the river Elbe, from this small beginning perhaps may be dated the most famous of all leagues, that of the Hanse towns. Pages 129, 130, Lubeck, Rostock, and Wismar (formed in September 1259)...the nucleus of the Wendish group in the Hanseatic League. Through the activity and vigour of the towns and the enterprise of the merchants, Germany was rapidly gaining the predominant influence in the trade of the North Sea and of the Baltic. From early in the century the German merchants had acquired equal rights and privileges with the Swedish inhabitants at Wisby on the island of Gothland, which had for a long while been the centre of the Baltic trade, (and) they established a trading association at Novgorod and by degrees ousted the Scandinavian merchants who had before almost monopolised the trade with Russia. Soon Lubeck supplanted Wisby as the directing influence in the Baltic...To the energy and enterprise of these two cities (Lubeck and Hamburg) is due mainly the rise of the Hanseatic League. Page 511, The earliest symptoms of the influence (of these centers of economic renaissance, that of the North) exercised became apparent in the course of the tenth century (900s). At this time there appeared significant manifestations of commercial activity along the same rivers which had been navigated by Frisian boatmen...Navigation revived on the Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. On the coast of Bruges, which at that time communicated with the open sea by the gulf of Zwin, soon surpassed in activity Quentovic and Dorestad, which had until then been preeminent. It became a centre of attraction for Flanders and Northern France, as farther west Rouen was to the basin of the Seine, or eastward Cologne to that of the Rhine. Moreover, about the year 1000, many other places sprang up elsewhere as more or less important centres of transit, (including)...Paris, Verdun, Huy, Liege, Ghent, St. Omer, Cambrai, Valenciennes, and this catalogue is significant, for it is noteworthy that it includes only places connected by natural channels with the sea...This travelling commerce is referred to in contemporary texts by names whose variety is of little importance, gild, hanse, carite, or confrerie. - Tanner, J.R., editor. 1964. The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 7. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press. OCLC 886131807. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 940.1, CAMBRIDGE. Pages 216-247, Chapter VIII, The Hansa. Page 216, The gradual expansion of the German people eastwards, following...the numerous Slav tribes beyond the Elbe, together with the foundation of towns (there), were the two conditions that rendered the rise and development of the Hansa possible...(T)he building of towns was continued by (the Saxon) successors and other(s)...so that by the twelfth century (1100s) many of the later Hansa towns already existed. Among them, Hamburg and Lubeck, prominent in subsequent history, had arisen upon the site of older settlements...Both owed their importance to their situation near the sea and upon rivers that then afforded the easiest and safest roads to the interior. Pages 216, 217, By the end of the twelfth century (1100s) medieval Germany had begun to assume its familiar features...Of greater importance was the rapidly rising commerce along the Baltic shore...The towns that arose in these regions gave the Germans the control of the great river mouths...The rivers, flowing from the southeast to northwest, from the central European uplands to the North and Baltic Seas, were the first highways of medieval commerce, and the lands they drained produced the materials and afforded the markets exploited by the adventurous trader in search of profit. The first mention of such traders occurs about the year 1000 A.D. (about men)...who probably came from Cologne...About the same time German merchants had already created a settlement in the island of Gotland, almost ideally situated for easy access to Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Page 217, Almost at the same time (1157), the men of Cologne, and some Westphalian towns associated with the Rhine city, obtained (British)...protection for themselves and their hansa in London, (England). From Gotland the Germans had, before the end of the twelfth century (1100s), established a factory, or kontor, at Novgorod, on Lake Ilmen in Russia, whence later they reached out to Pskov, Polotsk, Vitebsk, and Smolensk, where subsidiary factories were afterwards founded. The Russian settlement, from its earliest days, epitomises both the difficulties of medieval trade and the methods employed by the German associations and their successor, the Hansa, to overcome them. To the heavy duties and other obstacles interposed by the local officials the foreigners replied by a suspension of trade, lasting a whole decade (1189-1199), until the town authorities yielded. Page 218, (B)oth London and Novgorod were soon out distanced as centres of German trade by Bruges (modern Belgium), already by 1200 the greatest international emporium of Northern Europe...German trade in Flanders was thus centralised. Page 218, The circle of foreign depots was completed by the creation of the settlement at Bergen (modern Norway)...Thus by the end of the thirteenth century (1200s) north German, i.e. Hansa, commerce had staked out its claims, with London, Bruges, Bergen, and Novgorod as the chief foreign centres in Northern Europe, the nodal points of the vast region whose trade they were to dominate for so long. Page 218, Simultaneously with the formation of these foreign settlements, the towns themselves were beginning to enter into close alliances, impelled by common interests, such as the protection of trade routes or the adoption of a common legal system or common currency. The former was the motive for the treaty of 1241 between Hamburg and Lubeck, which older writers regarded as the foundation of the Hansa. Page 219, Even more important was the alliance of the so called Wend towns under the leadership of Lubeck, for it was this group (of Wend towns) that shaped and directed Hansa policy during its effective existence. (footnote), The group consisted of Lubeck, Stralsund, Wismar, Rockstock, and Greifswald. The last fell out later, and Luneburg seems to have taken its place. Page 220, (footnote), Bremen (modern Germany)...was readmitted into the Hansa. Page 220, The staple was transferred to Dordrecht in Holland and trade with Flanders suspended. Page 220, The evolution of the Hansa had been slow and halting, but it had at last emerged as a union of towns organised in the pursuit of trade by land and sea and prepared to spare no efforts in the attainment of that end. As such, it soon became a power to be reckoned with in its use of political means for commercial objects. Page 225, c.1340s, England derived substantial benefit from the Hansa privileges. The market for English wool was widely extended, (and) valuable commodities, such as furs, potash, pitch, tar, wax, turpentine, iron ores, copper, timber, wood and wood products including yew bow staves, cereals, flour, flax, yarn, linen, boots, brass, copper and silver ware, silk, woad, madder, drugs, etc. were imported (to England). Page 232, The Dutch had vindicated their claims to a share in the commerce of Europe, making a wide breach in the wall of monopoly erected by the Hansa. Page 234, c.1430s, Trade between the Hansa and Antwerp (modern Belgium)...grew steadily as Antwerp, by encouraging foreign merchants, developed into an international centre of considerable importance. Page 234, (M)ainly Prussian commodities, such as pitch, tar, corn, flax, hemp, etc. might be sold anywhere. Page 238, (footnote), c.1470, William Caxton, governor of the Merchant Adventurers in Antwerp. Pages 244, 245, (c.1490s, The German Hansa's) frequent blockades and restrictions upon freedom of (commerce)...not only led to evasions of its decrees, but also to the rise and development of new routes. While the Hansa dominated the Baltic and certain land routes in North Germany, traders who felt the severity of its control created new routes that circumvented those which the Hansa had made its own. These were mainly the work of the South German cities that now became serious competitors to the Hansa as intermediaries between the north and south, and the east and west, of Europe, and in the next century Nuremberg, Prague, Frankfort on the Main, and others outstripped the towns of the (Hansa) League...Artificial limitation and restrictive legislation were giving way to greater freedom and enterprise in all directions...These South German rivals also profited by the progress of the Turks in Southeastern Europe. Page 245, The changing conditions...Inland towns gave up direct overseas trading, purchasing foreign commodities from the maritime towns. No longer needing the Hansa, they gradually withdrew from participation in its affairs. Such towns consequently suffered loss of population and of revenue and gradual impoverishment. The fifteenth century (1400s) was for the Hansa a period of depression (and)...the Hansa...lingered on...for yet another century...Only in Venice did (the Hansa) fail to secure that exclusive position which it attained in Bergen, Bruges, Novgorod, or London...Even the Baltic, at one time almost a Hansa lake, could no longer be maintained as its special preserve. Page 246, (footnote), (S)ome 200 towns, villages, and districts...were associated with the Hansa. Pages 246, 247, (Overall), the Wends formed the nucleus (of the German Hansa), Lubeck the nerve centre of the whole system. Yet Lubeck cannot be said to have been the head of the (Hansa) League. The highest authority for all purposes was the meeting of representatives, or Hansetage, (and at complete Hansetage meetings)...the subjects dealt with mainly concerned commercial and political relations with the north, the monopoly of the Wends (and)...Lubeck was by far the most frequent meeting place. Page 247, Though it continued far into the seventeenth century (1600s), the Hansa had outlived its great days. (note, The Hanseatic League met for the last time in 1669). - Previte-Orton, Charles William, editor. 1964. The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 8. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press. OCLC 885884555. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 940.1, CAMBRIDGE. Page 541, Scandinavia in 1300s and 1400s, (A)nother (emerging) financial power, which in virtue of its economic superiority came to be a dominating element of Scandinavian politics for about two centuries, (and) that power was the towns of the German Hansa, in particular the so called Wendish towns, i.e. those of the Baltic. Page 541, By their commerce (the German Hansa) built up important funds of mobile capital, by which they were able to control the export and import trade of all the Scandinavian countries. - HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000669272 GOOGLE BOOKS display, https://books.google.com/books?id=-9IGAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Tegg, Thomas. 1824. Chronology, or The Historian's Companion. London, England, Thomas Tegg, printed by Plummer and Brewis in Eastcheap. OCLC 608993943. PUBLIC LIBRARY 902, TEGG. Page 9, Gin shops in London amounted (in number) to 7000, in 1785. Pages 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, Longevity, remarkable instances of British, 1807-1823, with a Table of year, name, and age. Page 20, Peter, czar of Muscovy, visited England, 1698. Page 21, In 1816 the distress of the poor was so great, from the want of employment, that subscriptions were raised for their relief in almost every town in the United Kingdom. Page 27, South sea scheme in England vanished, 1720, which ruined several hundred families. Page 105, Insurance on shipping began in England in 1560. Insurance offices first set up in London, fourteen offices from 1696-1807. Page 126, Sugar first mentioned by Paul Eginetta, a physician, 625, and was originally from China and the east, produced in Sicily, 1148. Page 127, Sugar refining first discovered by a Venetian, in 1503, practiced first in England, 1569. Page 127, Telegraphs invented, 1687, put into practice by the French in 1794, by the English, January 28, 1796. Pages 140, 141, 142, 143, Fires in London - A sugar house, Wellclose square, damage, on December 12, 1791. Hawley's warf, Hermitage warf, destruction of sugar, on December 2, 1793. At Wapping, where upwards of 630 houses were destroyed, together with an East India warehouse, on July 22 - 23, 1794, sugar in one sugar house, said to be the most dreadful accident of the kind since the fire of London in 1666. Sugar refining of Messrs. Severn, King, and Co. was burned down, losses, November 1819. Messrs. Smith and Co. sugar bakers, Mile End, fire losses, January 11, 1821. Page 156, The valves of the boiler of one (steam engine) in the extensive sugar baking warehouse of Mr. Constadt, of Well street, Wellclose square, burst, which destroyed the concern, and buried in the ruins the bodies of more than 20 persons, November 16, 1815. Page 160, Sugar houses, Mr. Hodgson's, Church lane, Whitechapel, destroyed by fire, September 7, 1804. Page 162, White hemp storehouse burnt down, July 8, 1813. Page 213, East India company's alms houses, founded 1656. East India company of Holland, incorporated, 1604. - Tennent, James Emerson. 1841. Belgium. London, England, Richard Bentley. OCLC 4265428. PUBLIC LIBRARY 914.93, TENNENT. Pages 161-167, About sixty or seventy sugar refineries located in Belgium cities of Ghent (one owned by M. Neyt), Antwerp, Brussels, Brabant, and Hainault, as well as eighty-four sugar refineries in states of Prussian League, sugar refineries also in England and France and The Netherlands. - GOOGLE BOOKS (partial view), https://books.google.com/books?id=BT29fzY0-vUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false HathiTrust, 1859, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006521236 Darien scheme, Isthmus of Panama, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170402221308/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien_scheme William Paterson, banker, Scottish, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170402202740/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_(banker) Thiers, Adolphe, and Francis Skinner Fiske. 1969. The Mississippi Bubble, A Memoir of John Law. New York, New York, Greenwood Press. OCLC 632487954. PUBLIC LIBRARY 332, THIERS. Page 15, John Law was born in Edinburgh (Scotland), in April 1671...His father, William Law (was)...a goldsmith (who)...died very young, and left his oldest son, John Law. Pages 16, 17, At twenty years of age (John Law)...went from Edinburgh (Scotland) to London (England, where he was imprisoned for a death)...he effected his escape, and fled to the Continent. Law was then twenty-four years old. He...visited France...and repaired to Holland to study there...Amsterdam was at that time the commercial metropolis of Europe. Page 18, (John) Law...became a clerk (and)...added greatly to his knowledge of all subjects connected with commerce and finance. Law returned to Scotland about...1700, being then nearly thirty years old. Page 19, Holland...is the richest country in the world. Page 21, banks of deposit, and banks of discount. Page 24, (John Law) had observed that the capitals of some great countries had banks, as at London and Amsterdam, but that the provinces in England and Holland did not participate in the advantages of this system of credit. He thought that by establishing a general bank, which should have its branches in second-rate cities, the advantages of paper money would be extended throughout an empire, even to the small towns and villages. Page 25, (John) Law would have a bank of such importance a public institution, and the provincial treasuries for its corresponding branches. Page 37, (John Law) went to Brussels (Belgium), and from Brussels to Paris...He established relations with...(Philip) Duke of Orleans (in France). Pages 38, 39, The death of Louis XIV (in 1715 in France), the accession to power of (Philip) Duke of Orleans (as French regent)...Demarest (in charge of finances in France), presented, on the 20th of September (1715), a desperate report for the year...whole districts depopulated, commerce ruined, troops unpaid and ready to revolt. In this extremity, bankruptcy was proposed to the regent (Philip of Orleans). Pages 41, 42, (T)he regent (Philip of Orleans), without consenting to a general and absolute bankruptcy, had recourse to partial nonpayments, depending upon the importance and character of the debts...(the regent also changed dishonestly, in France) the value of the coin...the Dutch and the counterfeiters made most of the illegitimate profit. Page 42, Public and private credit were annihilated. Page 43, It was at this moment that (John) Law presented his system (of credit, in France, which)...had three times the revenue of England. Page 44, (John Law) offered (to France) his project...a bank which should discount, should collect the national revenues, should carry on commercial monopolies...The (French) council of finance...decided to reject it. Page 45, (John Law) maintained that a bank...would reestablish confidence...and would (restore)...public and private credit...and (he) offered his property as a guaranty against any loss which might result. Pages 45, 46, (John Law) answered...objections (of the Parliament of Paris) and succeeded in convincing the regent (Philip of Orleans). (John Law's) plan of a bank of discount was adopted, and he was authorized to establish one at his own expense. The charter was issued...the second of May, 1716...The offices were of, and in, the house of (John) Law. The Duke of Orleans accepted the title of patron of the new institution. Page 47, Usury diminished, credit revived (in France). Page 48, The first thing to do was to extend the connections of the bank and introduce its notes into the provinces, in order to change it from a special to a general bank. Page 51, (B)ranches of (John Law's) bank were almost simultaneously established at Lyons, Rochelle, Tours, Amiens, and Orleans. Page 52, (W)hen the King (of France, Louis XIV) died in September, 1715, there were arrears of 711 millions (francs)...(T)he treasury was empty. People in several provinces refused to pay taxes. As to the public distress, it is sufficient to say that great numbers died during the ensuing winter in Paris from cold and famine. Page 59, (John) Law was always scheming to concentrate into one establishment the bank, the administration of the public revenues, and the commercial monopolies. He resolved...to organize, separately, a commercial company...Constructing thus separately each of the pieces of his vast machine, he proposed ultimately to unite them and form the grand whole. Pages 60, 61, (John Law) projected a company which should unite the commerce of Louisiana with the fur trade of Canada. The regent (Philip of Orleans) granted all he asked...in August, 1717...The new company received the title of the West Indian Company. Page 63, Grants of land were made, and (John) Law rallied, even from the interior of Germany, farmers who went to Brest (France) to embark. Page 63, (John) Law gained daily upon the esteem of the regent (Philip of Orleans, who was)...reduced by immediate distress to sustain himself by a mere chimera. Page 64, (T)he Duke of Noailles, president of the Council (of Finance in France), who had always advocated economy by opposing the hazardous experiment of a system of credit, gave in his resignation. He was succeeded by M. d'Argenson. Page 65, The infant king (Louis XV) was brought from Vincennes to Paris and parliament, obliged to come on foot to the Louvre, yielded to everything which the will of the regent (Philip of Orleans) imposed upon them. Page 67, Association of financiers, Farmers General Page 68, (John Law) changed the bank from a private to a public establishment...The 4th of December, 1718...it was declared to be the Royal Bank. Law was appointed director of it. Pages 70, 71, (In) 1719...the regent (Philip of Orleans)...authorized (John Law) to unite the great commercial companies of the East and West Indies. The two companies (were)...chartered in 1664 and 1713...(and) West Indian Company (became)...the Indian Company. Page 73, By a new decree of the 25th of August, 1719, (John) Law caused to be granted to the Indian Company the coining and management of the specie (or currency). Page 79, The General Bank was converted into the Royal Bank (1718). Pages 83, 84, (John) Law conceived the idea of substituting the company for the government and converting the whole national debt into shares in the Indian Company...the collection of the revenue (of the Treasury, in France) must be transferred to the company. Page 95, (John) Law's bank (became)...the Royal Bank of France. Page 104, This dangerous success (of John Law's scheme) went on constantly increasing to the end of October and beginning of November of 1719. Page 106, A large number of provincials and foreigners were added to the population of Paris, especially those from the important cities of Europe...Brokers had organized themselves into regular swindling companies. Page 107, The rue Quincampoix (lined with bankers in Paris) was called the Mississippi. Page 109, John Law's wife, in Paris, their young son and daughter Page 109, The regent (Philip of Orleans)...removed M. d'Argenson (president of the Council of Finance) from the (French) Treasury to give it to (John) Law. Page 111, The month of December (1719) was the time of the greatest infatuation...Guards were placed at both extremities of the (rue Quincampoix). Page 112, The Mississippians...suddenly acquired fortunes. Page 112, (John) Law...had united (his company) with (his) bank. Page 114, (John) Law was now made comptroller general of the finances...converted...from a Scotchman to a naturalized Frenchman. Page 130, The catastrophe approached, and nothing could avert it...(John) Law...appointed Comptroller General of the Finances (in France, 1720). Pages 130, 131, (John) Law added new functions to those which the company already exercised...he gave it the receipts general, and thus gave (his company) the entire administration of the public revenue (in France). Page 134, (John) Law, at the end of his resources, persevered in the employment of forced measures...he prohibited the transportation of specie (or currency) between cities where there were branches of the bank. Page 136, The speculators in the shares (in France) had undoubtedly been deceived, among them many creditors of the state had been the victims of deplorable illusions. Page 139, (John) Law conceived a plan, at once violent and criminal. Page 141, A last effort was...tried to restore the public confidence in the Mississippi project...a general conscription of all the poor wretches in Paris was made by order of government. Upward of six thousand of the very refuse of the population were impressed, as if in time of war, and were provided with clothes and tools to be embarked for New Orleans...sent off in small detachments...for America. Page 148, (F)ifth of March, 1720, all the sums lent (the loans) upon deposits of shares were to be called in (by John Law). Page 150, (John Law's) company was permitted to return to its system of pensions (which)...offered an investment. Page 151, These were the measures devised by (John) Law to retard the catastrophe which could not be averted...notes issued had been recalled by the revocation of the loans on deposits of shares. Page 153, (John) Law prohibited the assembling of crowds in (the rue Quincampoix lined with bankers)...Then the archers were sent to disperse the speculators. Page 157, John Law, fits, frenzy, guard called. Page 163, Bankruptcy (and)...crowd wished to sack (John) Law's hotel, and to tear him in pieces. Page 164, The public thought (John) Law the author of this measure...and he became the sole object of hatred. Page 165, The regent (Philip of Orleans) feigned, in public, to attribute all the evils of the situation to (John) Law, and to remove him from the general control, but he received him in private...and gave him a guard to protect his house from the attacks of the mob. Pages 174, 175, A body of men, possessed of almost unlimited credit, whose funds were immense, who had in their hands the whole foreign trade and possessions, and all the public revenues of the (French) kingdom, and who, moreover, enjoyed the declared protection of the government, and the implicit confidence of the people. Page 175, Taking the great farms out of the hands of the farmers-general...and...financiers, and their unwarrantable exactions. Pages 182, 183, 184, The indignant mob, ready for any excess, already menaced the house of (John) Law. He fled to the Palais Royal to seek an asylum near the regent (and)...notice...that the bank would be closed for a few days...(John) Law remained concealed at the Palais Royal. Page 186, To prevent flight from the country (France), it was prohibited, under pain of death, to travel without a passport. Page 186, (John Law's) system wholly disappeared in November, 1720, one year after its greatest credit. Page 187, (John) Law...determined to leave France. The hatred against him had been so violent...that he had not dared to quit the Palais Royal...Law demanded passports of the Duke of Orleans, who granted them immediately...(John Law) repaired to Brussels (Belgium)...Scarcely was he gone when his property, consisting of lands and shares, was sequestrated. Page 189, (A) very large number of creditors had been completely ruined and the public credit was as low as in 1716. The bank was abolished. Page 193, John Law's brother William, and his confidential secretary, Robert Neilson. Page 194, John Law's nephew, M. Law de Lauriston. Page 196, 197, (John) Law arrived at Brussels (Belgium) in the morning of the 22nd December, 1720...On the 24th (of December)...Law...set out...accompanied by his son. He came to Venice (Italy) early in January, 1721 (staying) two months. Page 198, (John Law also) travelled through Bohemia and Germany to Hanover...then proceeded to Copenhagen. Page 199, Landing at the Nore, 20th of October, 1721, (John Law) proceeded to London...and took a house in Conduit street. Pages 207, 208, (John Law) conceived the plan of a general bank, uniting commercial enterprises with the administration of the public revenue...(John) Law transferred to this company the principal leases of the revenue, on the condition that it should assume the funded debt. Pages 210, 211, (T)his financial fiction...the ruin of (John Law's) system was none the less inevitable, for so monstrous an imposition could not maintain itself...If this financial catastrophe is compared with...the Bank of England in the present century, a remarkable resemblance will be seen in the events of a credit system. Page 214, (F)orced measures cannot prevent the fall of what must inevitably perish. Page 215, (John Law) at last took up his residence at Venice (Italy). Page 216, A few years after his departure from France, in 1729, he died at Venice (Italy), destitute, miserable and forgotten. Page 218, (John) Law was accused of having transferred property from France to foreign countries on his private account. He lived some time in London (England)...and died in Venice (Italy) in 1729...his widow (was staying in) Brussels (Belgium). Page 220, (T)he establishment of gratuitous instruction in the University of Paris (by John Law). Page 221, (John) Law married...Catherine Knollys, third daughter of Nicholas third Earl of Banbury, by his second wife Anne...Catherine (Knollys)...first married to a (man named) Lenor, (and she) was born in 1669, and died 1747. Page 222, (drawing), genealogy tree for Thomas Boleyn, his two daughters Anne Boleyn (executed) second queen of King Henry VIII of England, and Mary Boleyn wife of William Carey, whose great-great granddaughter was Catherine Knollys (1669-1747). Page 224, (A) system (of John Law's) entirely chimerical...The fury for speculation was an epidemic disorder which spread into Holland and England. Pages 227-257, The Darien Expedition Page 229, (T)he Mississippi Bubble...the Darien Expedition and the South Sea scheme, which were nearly contemporaneous with it...afford a similar illustration of the speculative fury...wide spread ruin in which they terminated. Page 231, Of the rise, progress, and catastrophe of this ill-fated undertaking...John Dalrymple, in...his Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland, has given...account. Pages 232, 233, (O)n the Isthmus of Darien (in Panama) there was a tract of country running across from the Atlantic to the Pacific...midway between Porto Bello and Carthagena (Panama)...at a place called Acta, in the mouth of the Darien (in Panama), there was a natural harbor...on the other side of the isthmus (Panama)...there were natural harbors. Page 234, (Ships) to Darien (Panama)...from the Bay of Panama, on the opposite side of the isthmus, to the East Indies...ships coming from the East Indies to the Bay of Panama. Pages 235, 236, (William) Paterson's...(Darien) project (submitted) to England (and rejected)...(William Paterson) next submitted his project to the Dutch, the Hamburgers, and the Elector of Brandenburg, because, by means of the passage of the Rhine and Elbe (Rivers) through their states, he thought that the great...quantities of East Indian and American goods...export(ed) to Europe would be distributed throughout Germany (also rejected). Pages 237, 238, (William Paterson's plan approved in) Scotland...(by) Marquis of Tweeddale, then minister of (Scotland)...(and) Lord Stair and Mr. Johnston, the two secretaries of state...(and) the lord advocate...James Stuart...These (Scottish) persons, in June 1695, procured...a charter...for (his) trading company (Darien Company). Page 238, (John) Law, then a youth (in Scotland)...saw (this)...speculation (of the Darien Company). Pages 238, 239, (William) Paterson's project (was to set up)...to receive subscriptions in England, and on the continent...and (from) the Dutch and Hamburgers. Page 240, (Later) the Dutch, Hamburg, and London merchants withdrew their subscriptions...The (Darien) Company proceeded to build six ships in Holland. Pages 241, 242, (c.1698, the Darien Company) fixed their station at Acta, calling it New St. Andrew (Isthmus of Darien or Panama)...One of the sides of the harbor being formed by a long narrow neck of land which ran into the sea, they cut it across so as to join the ocean and harbor (in Panama). Pages 250, 251, Thus ended...Darien (scheme)...in its disastrous results, inflicted a severe blow upon Scotland. Pages 259-338, The South Sea Bubble Page 261, The South Sea Company (in England) was originated by...(Robert) Harley, Earl of Oxford, in the year 1711, with the view of restoring public credit...and of providing for the discharge of the army and navy debentures, and other parts of the floating debt, amounting to nearly ten millions sterling...The monopoly of the trade to the South Seas was granted. Page 264, (T)he four lottery funds of the ninth and tenth years of Queen Anne (House of Stuart in England, followed by George I). Page 269, South Sea company, John Blunt (or John Blount), chairman. Page 274, Some of (the financial bubbles or schemes or mushrooms) lasted for a week or a fortnight, and were no more heard of, while others could not even live out that short span of existence...bubbles and mere cheats. Page 275, (D)ozens of schemes...lived their little day, ruining hundreds ere they fell. Page 279, (A)ll these unlawful projects (or bubbles, were)...deemed public nuisances, and prosecuted...On the 12th of July, 1720, an order...was published (in England), dismissing all the petitions that had been presented for patents and charters, and dissolving all the bubble companies. Pages 279, 283-289, At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the 12th day of July, 1720, LIST OF BUBBLES The following Bubble Companies were...declared to be illegal, and abolished accordingly, For the importation of Swedish iron. For supplying London with sea coal. Capital, three millions. For building and rebuilding houses throughout all England. Capital, three millions. For making of muslin. For carrying on and improving the British alum works. For effectually settling the island of Blanco and Sal Tartagus. For supplying the town of Deal with fresh water. For the importation of Flanders lace. For improvement of lands in Great Britain. Capital, four millions. For encouraging the breed of horses in England, and improving of glebe and church lands, and for repairing and rebuilding parsonage and vicarage houses. For making of iron and steel in Great Britain. For improving the land in the county of Flint. Capital, one million. For purchasing lands to build on. Capital, two millions. For erecting salt works in Holy Island. Capital, two millions. For buying and selling estates, and lending money on mortgage. For paving the streets of London. Capital, two millions. For furnishing funerals to any part of Great Britain. For buying and selling lands and lending money at interest. Capital five millions. For carrying on the royal fishery of Great Britain. Capital ten millions. For assuring of seamen's wages. For erecting loan offices for the assistance and encouragement of the industrious. Capital, two millions. For purchasing and improving leasable lands. Capital, four millions. For importing pitch and tar, and other naval stores, from North Britain and America. For the clothing, felt and pantile trade. For purchasing and improving a manor and royalty in Essex. For insuring of horses. Capital, two millions. For exporting the woollen manufacture, and importing copper, brass, and iron. Capital, four millions. For a grand dispensary. Capital, three millions. For erecting mills and purchasing lead mines. Capital, two millions. For improving the art of making soap. For a settlement on the island of Santa Cruz. For sinking pits and smelting lead ore in Derbyshire. For making glass bottles and other glass. For a wheel for perpetual motion. Capital, one million. For improving of gardens. For insuring and increasing children's fortunes. For entering and loading goods at the Custom house, and for negotiating business for merchants. For carrying on a woollen manufacture in the north of England. For importing walnut trees from Virginia. Capital, two millions. For making Manchester stuffs of thread and cotton. For making Joppa and Castile soap. For improving the wrought iron and steel manufactures of this kingdom. Capital, four millions. For dealing in lace, hollands, cambrics, lawns, etc. Capital, two millions. For trading in and improving certain commodities of the produce of this kingdom, etc. Capital, three millions. For supplying the London markets with cattle. For making looking glasses, coach glasses, etc. Capital, two millions. For working the tin and lead mines in Cornwall and Derbyshire. For making pasteboard and packing paper. For importing of oils and other materials used in the woollen manufacture. For improving and increasing the silk manufactures. For lending money on stock, annuities, tallies, etc. For paying pensions to widows and others, at a small discount. Capital, two millions. For improving malt liquors. Capital, four millions. For a grand American fishery. For purchasing and improving the fenny lands in Lincolnshire. Capital, two millions. For improving the paper manufacture of Great Britain. The Bottomry Company. For drying malt by hot air. For carrying on a trade in the river Oro nooko. For the more effectual making of baize, in Colchester and other parts of Great Britain. For buying of naval stores, supplying the victualling, and paying the wages of the workmen. For employing poor artificers, and furnishing merchants and others with watches. For improvement of tillage and the breed of cattle. Another for the improvement of our breed in horses. Another for a horse insurance. For carrying on the corn trade of Great Britain. For erecting houses or hospitals for taking in and maintaining illegitimate children. Capital, two millions. For bleaching coarse sugars, without the use of fire or loss of substance. For building turnpikes and wharfs in Great Britain. For insuring from thefts and robberies. For extracting silver from lead. For making china and delf ware. Capital, one million. For importing tobacco, and exporting it again to Sweden and the north of Europe. Capital, four millions. For making iron with pit coal. For furnishing the cities of London and Westminster with hay and straw. Capital, three millions. For a sail and packing cloth manufactory in Ireland. For taking up ballast. For buying and fitting out ships to suppress pirates. For the importation of timber from Wales. Capital, two millions. For rock salt. For the transmutation of quicksilver into a malleable fine metal. Page 292, (June 1720, the South Sea Company) bubble was then full blown, and began to quiver and shake preparatory to its bursting. Page 299, (In 1720), the Sword blade company, who had...been the chief cashers of the South Sea Company, stopped payment. Page 304, (I)n every considerable town of the empire, at which petitions were adopted, praying the vengeance of the legislature upon the South Sea directors, who, by their fraudulent practices, had brought the nation to the brink of ruin. Nobody seemed to imagine that the (British) nation itself was as culpable as the South Sea Company. Page 306, On the 9th of December (1720)...the directors (of the South Sea Company, in England) were ordered to lay before the House a full account of all their proceedings. Pages 307, 308, c.1720, a bill was at the same time brought in for restraining the South Sea directors, governor, sub governor, treasurer, cashier, and clerks from leaving the (British) kingdom for a twelvemonth, and for discovering their estates and effects, and preventing them from transporting or alienating the same. Page 310, Stanhope said, that every farthing possessed by the criminals, whether directors or not directors, ought to be confiscated to make good the public losses. Page 310, Petitions from counties, cities, and boroughs, in all parts of the (British) kingdom, were presented, crying for the justice due to an injured nation and the punishment of the villainous peculators. Page 311, Five of the South Sea directors, including Edward Gibbon...were ordered into the custody of the black rod. Page 312, (John) Aislabie resigned his office as Chancellor of the Exchequer (in England), and absented himself from parliament, until the formal inquiry into his individual guilt was brought under the consideration of the legislature...(Robert) Knight, the treasurer of the (South Sea) Company...packed up his books and documents and made his escape from the country (England)...to Calais (France). Pages 313, 314, (Motion carried) to secure the persons of some of the directors and principal South Sea officers, and to seize their papers...Robert Chaplin, Theodore Janssen, Jacob Sawbridge, and Francis Eyles, members of the House, and directors of the South Sea Company, were summoned to appear...and answer for their corrupt practices...(and were) expelled (from the) House and (two were) taken into custody. Page 314, Among the (South Sea Company) directors taken into custody was John Blunt (or John Blount). Page 317, (Robert) Knight, the treasurer of the company, was apprehended at Tirlemont, near Liege (Belgium)...and lodged in the citadel of Antwerp (Belgium)...(and) Knight escaped from the citadel. Page 318, In some of the books (of the South Sea Company) produced before (the House)...false and fictitious entries had been made, in others, there were entries of money with blanks for the name of the stockholders. Page 320, (F)ictitious stock, which had been chiefly at the disposal of John Blunt, (Edward) Gibbon, and (Robert) Knight, was distributed among several members of the government and their connections, by way of bribe, to facilitate the passing of the bill...(paid out to) the Earl of Sunderland...the Duchess of Kendal...the Countess of Platen...her two nieces...Secretary Craggs...Charles Stanhope (one of the secretaries of the Treasury)...(and) the Sword blade company. Page 322, Mobs of a menacing character assembled in different parts of London. Page 323, It was finally resolved, without a dissentient voice, that (John) Aislabie had encouraged and promoted the destructive execution of the South Sea scheme, with a view to his own exorbitant profit...(he was) expelled from the House of Commons, and committed...to the Tower of London...and that he should make out a correct account of all his estate, in order that it might be applied to the relief of those who had suffered by his mal practices. Page 325, (M)enacing mobs again assembled in London. Page 326, One by one the case of every director of the (South Sea) Company was taken into consideration. A sum amounting to two millions and fourteen thousand pounds was confiscated from their estates towards repairing the mischief they had done. Pages 331, 332, Bubble companies, of a kind similar to those engendered by the South Sea project, lived...in the famous year of the panic, 1825...The schemes of the year 1836 threatened...results as disastrous. Pages 334, 337, 338, (T)his and other chimerical schemes, which were known by the denomination of bubbles (swindles, early deaths). Page 336, (George I) and his ill favored German mistresses...had realized enormous sums...and some of the king's ministers as well, had received large sums in stock from John Blunt...to recommend the project. Page 336, Railway mania of 1845. - GOOGLE BOOKS (THE WORLD'S WORK), https://books.google.com/books?id=qkZOAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Archive, Arthur Benjamin Reeve, https://web.archive.org/web/20170221161323/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Reeve Maitland, William. 1739. The History of London from Its Foundation by the Romans to the Present Time. London, England, Samuel Richardson. OCLC 214303505. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 939.1, MAITLAND. Maitland, William, Charles Corbet, and John Stow. 1755. London in Miniature, being a Comprehensive Description of the Cities of London and Westminster, and Parts Adjacent, for Forty Miles Round. London, England, printed for Charles Corbett. OCLC 272598162. -- London guidebook, description and travel. Maitland, William, and John Entick. 1756. The History and Survey of London from Its Foundation to the Present Time. London, England, T. Osborne and J. Shipton. OCLC 5827645. PUBLIC LIBRARY 942.1, MAITLAND. Maitland, William. 1806. An Account of the South Sea Scheme, and a Number of Other Bubbles which Were Encouraged by Public Infatuation in the Year 1720 and which Terminated in the Ruin of Many Thousand Families, with a Few Remarks upon Some Schemes which Are Now in Agitation, Intended as a Warning to the Present Age. London, England, J. Cawthorne. OCLC 940149128. Reeve, Arthur Benjamin. 1931. The Golden Age of Crime. New York, New York, The Mohawk Press. OCLC 3883232. PUBLIC LIBRARY 364, REEVE. Serial: Page, Walter Hines, and Arthur Wilson Page, editors. November 1900 - July 1932. The World's Work, A History of Our Time (JOURNAL). New York, Doubleday, Page and Company. OCLC 1770207. PUBLIC LIBRARY 051, WORLDS. -- Published Volumes 1-61. The World's Work, Volume XLI, November 1920, to April 1921, A History of Our Time (JOURNAL). Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page and Company. OCLC 1770207. PUBLIC LIBRARY 051, WORLDS. Page 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, New and Old South Sea Bubbles, Ponzi and His Predecessors, The Careers of 520-per-cent, article by Arthur Benjamin Reeve. Charles Ponzi, of Parma, Italy, Ponzi's scheme, half the profit went to European agents William F. Miller, of Brooklyn, an earlier Charles Ponzi, head of Franklin Syndicate . Pages 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, Old and New South Sea Bubbles, Some of the Historic Swindles from the Time of John Law to Ponzi, article by Arthur Benjamin Reeve. John Law, of Scotland, once lived in England, and later trained in fiscal theories with Bank of Amsterdam and his swindle bankrupted France and then Law fled, originated Mississippi Bubble scheme in France, and South Sea Bubble in England (contemporaneously with Law's scheme, they burst in same year, 1720). get rich quick chimeras Louisiana Lottery operating in New Orleans The South Sea Company was destined to duplicate in those far waters the "success" of the East India Company, and in 1718 the first ship set sail. Past swindlers include John A. Morris of New York who owned a race track, Paul Conrad, Patterson, Harley, Ellen Peck, Cassie Chadwick Sophie Beck (Storey Cotton Company of Philadelphia swindle) Frank Marrin, Brooklyn swindler involved in Chicago horse betting Humbert scheme in France with Frederick Humbert and wife, and brothers Emile and Romaine Daurignac. Senate Committee on Reconstruction report of annual losses through fraudulent schemes would amount to half a billion dollars. William Maitland's history of London, England, early description of some swindlers, swindles, schemes. - Travelers Guide to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. 1867. Louisville, Kentucky, Lucas and Co. LCCN (Library of Congress Control Number) 01016251. -- HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009589801 Page 18, Louisville, Kentucky 1788, population 30 1800, population 600 1810, population 1,357 1820, population 4,000 1830, population 10,000 1840, population 21,000 1850, population 43,217 1860, population 68,033 1866, population 125,800 Louisville (Kentucky), was incorporated as a city in 1828. January 12th, 1825...the Louisville and Portland Canal Company was organized, with a capital of $600,000 (and the canal)...was completed...December 5th, 1830. During the year 1831, 406 steamboats, 46 keelboats, and 357 flatboats, measuring 76,323 tons, passed through the locks. - United States Cane Sugar Refiners' Association. 1939. United States Cane Sugar Refiners' Association, United States Beet Sugar Association, the American Sugar Refining Company, California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corporation, Limited, the National Sugar Refining Company and Savannah Sugar Refining Company, petitioners, vs. Paul V. McNutt, as Federal Security Administrator of the United States, respondent, transcript of record (set of 4 volumes). New York, New York, Corporate Press. OCLC 650266064. United States Cane Sugar Refiners' Association. 1940. The Decline of the Local Sugar Industry and Its Effect upon the Commercial Life of the Port of New York, A Memorandum Discussing the Causes of New York's Loss of Sugar Volume and the Resulting Loss to Labor and Business Firms Engaged in the Receipt, Handling, Financing, Refining, and the Distribution of Sugar. New York, New York, United States Cane Sugar Refiners' Association. OCLC 49968471. PUBLIC LIBRARY 338.47664, DECLINE. United States Sugar Manufacturers' Association. 1916. Report of a Special Committee on the Establishment of a Bureau of Publicity of the United States Sugar Manufacturers Association. Salt Lake City, Utah, United States Sugar Manufacturers Association. OCLC 29463768. Sugar, manufacture and refining. Sugar, manufacture and refining, New York (State), New York. - United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, and Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (set of 4 volumes). 1968. 1963 Census of Manufactures. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. OCLC 265741. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) SIC 206, Sugar SIC 2061, Raw Cane Sugar SIC 2062, Cane Sugar Refining Volume 1, Pages C-2, C-10, see SIC 2062, Cane Sugar Refining, 25 total refineries, 12,443 employees Volume 2, Pages 46, 47, see one Table - United States Office of Management and Budget. 2012. North American Industry Classification System, United States, 2012. Lanham, Maryland, Bernan. ISBN 978-1-59888-549-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 388, NORTH. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Pages 42, 231, 232-- Sector 31-33, Manufacturing NAICS 311, Food Manufacturing NAICS 3113, Sugar and Confectionary Product Manufacturing NAICS 31131, Sugar Manufacturing NAICS 311314, Cane Sugar Manufacturing - Urdang, Laurence, editor. 1996. The Timetables of American History. New York, New York, Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0261-9. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 907, URDANG. Pages 150, 151, In 1791, first successful American sugar refinery is opened in New Orleans by Antonio Mendez. - Waller, Altina Laura. 1988. Feud, Hatfields, McCoys and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1770-8. PUBLIC LIBRARY 975.4, WALLER. Page 1, The Hatfields and the McCoys lived on the banks of a river that forms the boundary between Kentucky and West Virginia - a river known as the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River. - Wallis, Frank, editor. 1988. Ribbons of Time, World History Year by Year Since 1492. New York, New York, Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 1-555-84255-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909.08, WALLIS. Page 18, in 1550, Anton Fugger, an Augsburg banker, went bankrupt, causing bankruptcies and financial chaos throughout Europe. Page 18, in 1554, Flemish hop growers emigrated to England. Page 20, in 1562, A survey of spas in Europe was published by William Turner. Page 20, in 1564, The horse drawn coach was introduced into England from Holland. Page 22, in 1571, Delft ware was introduced to England at about this time by potters from Antwerp. Page 22, in 1573, The first German cane sugar refinery was established at Augsburg. Page 24, in 1583, The first known life insurance policy was issued in England on the life of Londoner William Gibbons. Page 24, in 1584, A Dutch trading post was established at the Russian port of Archangel. Page 25, in 1585, The first time bombs were floating mines, actuated by clockwork, and used by the Dutch at the siege of Antwerp. Page 26, in 1591, The first fire insurance originated in Hamburg. Page 27, in 1595, The Dutch East India Company sent its first ships to the Orient. Page 29, (chart), travel times from Europe to America, aircraft and ships. Page 32, in 1602, The first modern public company, the Dutch East India Company, was founded in Batavia with a capital of 540,000 (British pounds sterling). Page 33, in 1607, National bankruptcy was announced in Spain. The bank of Genoa failed. Page 33, in 1609, The Bank of Amsterdam was founded. Page 33, in 1609, Henry Hudson ascended the Hudson River to Albany for Dutch East India Company. Page 34, in 1610, The first textbook on chemistry, Tyrocinium Chymicum, was published by French scientist Jean Beguin. Page 35, in 1617, A fort was established by the Dutch at the site of Albany, New York. Page 36, in 1621, The Dutch West India Company was chartered by Holland. Page 36, in 1624, Dutch settlers reached North America and made their major settlement in New Amsterdam. Page 37, in 1629, The Dutch in New Amsterdam organized patronships (large land grants). Page 38, in 1633, The Dutch founded Hartford, Connecticut. Page 39, in 1636, The Dutch began a settlement on Long Island. Page 39, in 1638, The Swedes founded a colony at Fort Christina (now Wilmington, Delaware). Page 41, in 1647, Peter Stuyvesant arrived as governor of New Netherland. Page 42, in 1654, England and Sweden concluded a treaty of commerce. Page 43, in 1655, The Dutch took and annexed New Sweden. Page 44, in 1663, The black death ravaged Amsterdam, killing 10,000 people. Page 44, in 1664, French East and West Indies Companies were founded by French statesman Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Page 45, in 1669, The Hanseatic League met for the last time, with only nine out of the original 166 members present. Page 46, in 1670, Symptoms of diabetes were first described by English physician Thomas Willis. Page 49, in 1689, Peter the Great became czar of Russia. Page 50, in 1690, Peter the Great...visited western Europe. Page 51, in 1697, The first skating boots were made in The Netherlands for Peter the Great, who was traveling incognito in western Europe. Page 56, in 1702, The first daily newspaper, The Daily Courant, was issued in London. Page 58, in 1712, Peter the Great married his mistress, Catharina Alexajovna. Page 59, in 1716, Peter the Great paid a second visit to western Europe. Page 59, in 1716, Mineral waters were discovered at Cheltenham, turning the resort into a popular spa. Page 60, in 1720, France faced national bankruptcy. Page 60, in 1720, The South Sea Bubble burst when the English South Sea Company, which had aimed to restore royal finances, collapsed. Page 61, in 1725, Peter the Great of Russia died. Page 61, in 1729, Baltimore was founded. Page 65, in 1747, Britain, Russia, and Holland signed the Convention of Saint Petersburg. Page 66, in 1750, The flatboat...first appeared in Pennsylvania. Page 66, in 1753, France faced national bankruptcy for a second time. Page 67, in 1756, Carbon dioxide was discovered by Joseph Black. Page 68, in 1761, The study of statistics was begun by Johann Peter Sussmilch. Page 72, in 1780, Cheap soap resulted from the work of French chemist Nicholas Leblanc. Page 73, in 1788, National bankruptcy was announced (by the French Parlement), and Lomenie de Brienne was replaced as finance minister by Jacques Necker. Page 80, in 1801, Thomas Jefferson became (U.S.) president and sent ships to blockade Mediterranean ports to protest tribute demanded by Barbary pirates. Page 83, in 1816, The single wire telegraph was erected by English inventor Francis Ronalds. Page 86, in 1833, The electric telegraph was built in Gottingen, Germany, by Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Karl Friedrich Gauss. Page 87, in 1837, German educator Friedrich Froebel opened the first kindergarten, near Blankenburg. Page 87, in 1837, America, The Panic of 1837 resulted in unemployment and bank failures. Page 89, in 1845, Acetic acid was synthesized for the first time by German chemist Adolph Kolbe. Page 90, in 1853, Europe experienced an economic boom. Page 94, in 1873, America, The Panic of 1873, saw 100 banks fail. Page 95, in 1875, Turkey was declared bankrupt. Page 96, in 1883, Sickness insurance was introduced into Germany by Bismarck. Page 97, in 1889, America, The first antitrust law was passed by Kansas, with several other states following. Page 98, in 1890, The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed by (U.S.) Congress. Page 98, in 1892, Portugal was declared bankrupt. Page 101, in 1860, Florence Nightingale founds the first School of Nursing (in London, England). Page 106, in 1912, James Herrick, an American, became the first doctor to diagnose a heart attack in a living patient. Page 110, in 1931, Crime syndicate boss Al Capone was jailed for income tax evasion. - Weigley, Russell F., editor. 1982. Philadelphia, A 300 Year History. New York, New York, W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-01610-2. PUBLIC LIBRARY 974.811, WEIGLEY. Page 2, (1680s), Very quickly...Philadelphia (developed) into the third largest port on the Atlantic seaboard, after Boston and New York. Page 3, The Dutch West India Company had planted settlers in Burlington Island and built two trading posts, Fort Nassau (now Gloucester, New Jersey) and Fort Beversrede (on the east bank of the Schuylkill, a quarter of a mile above the present George Platt Bridge)...In 1655 Dutch soldiers from New Netherland overran New Sweden and created New Amstel (now New Castle, Delaware). Page 5, The site of the new city (Philadelphia) had serious disadvantages as a commercial entrepot. It lay about a hundred miles up a tortuous river, full of shoals and shallows...Buoys had to be maintained to warn ships off the more dangerous shoals. Once a ship reached the Philadelphia waterfront, it was difficult to load and unload cargo because of the thirty-foot-high riverbank...Philadelphia was not only two hundred miles farther from England than New York, but its harbor froze more readily in winter, closing down the port and causing damage to quays and ships...The Schuylkill River, despite its rapids, offered the best highway to the interior of Pennsylvania. Page 11, (c.1684), Robert Turner, one of the largest investors in the province, built the first brick house, at the south corner of Front and Mulberry (in Philadelphia). Page 13, (T)ransplanted West India merchant Samuel Carpenter proposed to build the first wharf in 1684 (in Philadelphia). Page 16, (c.1681, Philadelphia's) big investors wanted their holdings allocated in the commercial center where population would grow most rapidly, where business would be conducted, and where real estate values would quickly appreciate. Page 18, During the 1680s and 1690s Philadelphia rapidly established itself as the chief port of the Delaware River, serving as the commercial entrepot for Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and the three Lower Counties on the Delaware. The older Delaware River ports, New Castle, Chester, and Burlington, became commercial satellites of Philadelphia...(I)n these early years Philadelphia business was small scale by the standards of Boston and New York, (and) it took (William) Penn's city fifty years to become a great commercial center. Pages 19, 20, Philadelphia's economy did not develop along the lines anticipated by the proprietor and his chief English backers. They expected great things of the Free Society of Traders in Pennsylvania, a joint-stock company incorporated by (William) Penn in 1682. Over two hundred subscribers, chiefly well-to-do Quaker merchants from London and the provincial towns, pledged 12,500 (pounds sterling) toward this enterprise, and actually paid about 6,000 (pounds sterling) by September 1682. (William) Penn granted the company a 20,000 acre tract...The prospectus that the Free Society of Traders issued in 1682 made it plain that the company expected to monopolize Pennsylvania's maritime commerce through its trading stations at Philadelphia and on Chesapeake Bay...Investors in the society who emigrated to Pennsylvania, such as Thomas Holme and Robert Turner...By 1686 the Free Society (of Traders in Pennsylvania), headed for bankruptcy, abandoned its trading operations, and in 1723 its last real estate holdings were dispersed...As the Free Society of Traders collapsed, economic leadership in Philadelphia was assumed by a group of Quaker merchants, many of whom had acquired experience in New World trading elsewhere before they came to (William) Penn's city. Samuel Carpenter arrived from Barbados, Samuel Richardson, Isaac Norris, and Jonathan Dickinson from Jamaica, Humphrey Morrey and William Frampton from New York, Edward Shippen from Boston, and Anthony Morris from Burlington...Their connections with the English West Indian sugar islands...Philadelphia merchants faced the same basic problem as Boston and New York merchants, how to acquire the English goods they wanted when they had very little to sell on the English market. They copied the Boston and New York solution...by looking to the West Indies for the currency or bills of exchange they could spend in England. They shipped out Pennsylvania's agricultural surplus, meat, grain, and especially flour, as well as forest products...For these cargoes they received bills of exchange or sugar, by which they purchased manufactured goods. By 1700 there were already four shipyards in Philadelphia building and repairing ocean going vessels. Page 20, In the 1690s a number of English officials charged that Philadelphia was the chief North American center of contraband trade with the Scots and the Dutch, and worse, a notorious haven for pirate ships. Pages 21, 98, c.1690, four (craftsmen in Philadelphia) were in the shipbuilding industry, as carpenters and ropemakers...(one) craftsman, James West, a shipwright, practiced the same sort of barter. In 1701 he charged 39 (pounds sterling) for building a sloop, and in lieu of money he received raisins, flour, butter, sugar, and beer...Some of his workmen boarded at his tavern and most of them received a large part of their wages in drink. Pages 21, 22, 23, Samuel Carpenter intended (to construct a wharf of 300 feet square, and)...to be so far out that a ship of 100 tons or upward (might) come and unload or load on it...In a powerful position to enter the rapidly developing West Indian commerce, (Samuel Carpenter) became the leading figure in the Philadelphia flour and lumber trade...In 1693 (Samuel Carpenter) was rated as the largest property holder in Philadelphia. In...little more than a decade he invested heavily in West Indies trade and erected not only Carpenter's Wharf, but at least ten warehouses, a lime kiln for mortar, and a crane...Carpenter also owned buildings in which a tavern and a coffeehouse were operated...(and) he had an interest in grist and lumber mills. He and five other men proposed a bank for money in Philadelphia to ease the currency shortage in 1689. Page 24, (Samuel Carpenter) died in 1714. A number of other first generation (Philadelphia) merchants also went bankrupt or overextended themselves. Page 36, Philadelphia's economy collapsed when in the early 1720s she felt the disastrous effects of the bursting of the so called South Sea Bubble...(T)he failure of John Law's greatest speculative venture, one in which many if not most of England's great men had invested, appeared to threaten the crown itself with bankruptcy. Pages 57, 58, 76, 86, (photograph), The London Coffee House, southwest corner of Front and High (Market) Streets (photograph taken in 1854)...The busiest tavern in the city (of Philadelphia) remained the London Coffee House, acquired in 1754 by William Bradford, who promoted the house's reputation as a merchants exchange. Page 79, fire insurance scheme, c.1750. Pages 82, 83, (Pennsylvania Hospital, first opened, 1752, in Philadelphia)...In its first twenty-five years over half of almost nine thousand persons admitted were...cured...In the same year that the cornerstone for the hospital was laid, the College of Philadelphia received its charter of incorporation. Page 85, (I)n 1755 the academy received college status...(and) became the College, Academy, and Charitable School of Philadelphia, commonly known as the College of Philadelphia. Page 87, early newspapers, Philadelphia, 1700s. Page 104, In 1740s, Philadelphia's first lottery. Pages 110, 111, 112, Philadelphia's West Indies trade, from the beginning a pivot of the city's commerce, was undergoing long term changes...The decline of the productivity and prosperity of the British sugar islands...and with it the decline of the market for Philadelphia exports. The development of new sugar-growing areas...could only partially offset the deterioration of the older markets...Altogether, a speculative voyage to the Indies was as likely to result in a loss as in a profit. The glory days of the West Indies trade were over (c.1763). Pages 127, the river defenses of Philadelphia. Pages 180, 181, 182-188, 738, and 840 (Index), yellow fever, Philadelphia, in 1762, 1793, 1798, and 1799. Page 208, The city directories (of Philadelphia) of 1800-1805 give ample evidence of the dominance of merchants, shipowners, shipbuilders, and seamen in the economy of the city. Page 212, A Dutch merchant, Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest, who had spent years in China in the service of the Dutch East India Company, settled in Philadelphia in 1796, bought a farm on the Delaware near Bristol, and built a fifteen room house called China's Retreat...Charles Blight, an East India merchant, and Charles Dunn, another merchant (in Philadelphia, c.1820s)...In 1805 when Philadelphia's maritime trade was near its peak, 547 ships arrived at its Delaware wharfs from foreign ports, while 617 cleared, 1,169 coasters arrived and 1,231 cleared. A total of 3,564 ships came up the river, anchored, unloaded, loaded, or sailed away. Page 321, The earliest efforts to develop pharmacy as a profession separate from medicine had been made in Philadelphia in the mid-eighteenth century. Page 326, (drawing), Steam Sugar Refinery, Joseph S. Lovering and Co., 225 Church Street, Philadelphia, engraving by Van Ingen Snyder (c.1860). In 1846 the annual value of production by Philadelphia's twelve sugar refineries was more than $1 million. One of the buildings in the Lovering complex, parts of which date to 1792, has recently been rehabilitated and adapted for apartments. Page 327, Shipbuilding continued to flourish on the Delaware, turning to a concentration on steamships in the mid 1840s...In 1857 it was estimated that Philadelphia shipbuilding for the previous five years had averaged $1,760,000 annually. Page 329, J.S. Lovering, sugar refiner. Page 363, By 1860 (Philadelphia's) 565,529 inhabitants may well have made it the fourth largest city in the Western world, as well as second in the United States. London and Paris were much larger, with about two million and a million and a half...respectively. New York with its more than 800,000...was well ahead...Philadelphia's population compared with but surpassed such European capitals as Vienna and Saint Petersburg and the somewhat similar industrial and commercial cities of Liverpool and Manchester. Pages 371, 372, 373, (R)udimentary crime reporting...(of street gangs) Moyamensing K., the Bl., the Bl. Tubs, the Deathfetchers, the Gumballs, the Hyenas, the Smashers, the Tormenters, and the rest of their ilk. Pages 406, 432, Jay Cooke, 1821-1905, (photograph), 1892. Jay Cooke and Co. had branches in New York, Washington, and later (1870) London. The firm's financial failure precipitated the Panic of 1873. Page 454, Charles Brewster Ross, kidnapping, July 1, 1874, ransom demand, with trial and conviction of William H. Westervelt. Page 482, Sugar and oil, these two seemingly rather uncharacteristic commodities also founded Philadelphia fortunes. But the history of their establishment in the city was attended by difficulties of various kinds. Like so many industries of that time both these succumbed to national monopolies. Originally Philadelphia was second only to New York as a refiner of sugar. Of local refineries the most important was that of Harrison, Frazier and Company, by 1887 one of only three still in operation in Philadelphia as a result of low profit margin and cutthroat competition. The head of the company was Charles Custis Harrison, who like Joseph Wharton represented old money refurbishing itself with new money. Harrison's grandfather John was the first manufacturing chemist in the United States, and a very successful one. Harrison money sifted into sugar in the next generation. But grandson Charles and his brothers, along with the whole Philadelphia sugar business, were engulfed by a former partner of the Harrisons, the New Yorker Theodore Havemeyer. In 1887 Havemeyer began to form the Sugar Trust that in 1891 was incorporated as the American Sugar Refining Company. By 1892 Havemeyer had bought all the Philadelphia refineries. Page 483, First seaport...during the eighteenth century, Philadelphia remained second only to New York in the late nineteenth. Page 602, In 1930 Philadelphia, with a population of 1,950,961, up 7 percent since the 1920 census, was the third largest city in the United States. Page 629, The Lanzetti brothers, dealers in dope...and bootleg liquor, continued to be the racket kings of South Philadelphia...(and photograph, July 3, 1939), Teo Lanzetti, one of the six notorious Lanzetti brothers, Ignatius, Lucien, Willie, Pius, Teo, and Leo, three of whom (Leo, Pius, and Willie) had met violent deaths. Page 630, Moses Annenberg (1930s, illegal racing wire service)...Like Al Capone...(Moses) Annenberg was indicted...for tax evasion. He pleaded guilty, was convicted, paid $10 million to the United States in back taxes and interest, and was sentenced to three years in prison. Paroled in June 1942, he died a few months later. Page 676, (In Philadelphia), three headquarters locations of the militant Black Panthers were raided...Fourteen...were arrested in these raids. Page 702, Port of Philadelphia remained in 1968 the center of the largest freshwater port complex in the world. Page 739, opium from Turkey, c.1814. Page 818, Index, canals Page 822, Index, Dutch Page 822, Index, Erie Canal Page 823, Index, gangs Page 830, Index, Panic of 1837, Panic of 1857, Panic of 1873, Panic of 1893 Page 832, Index, pirates, privateers Page 835, Index, shipbuilding Page 838, Index, Union Canal - Who Was Who in America, Volume 1, 1897-1942. 1943. Chicago, Illinois, A.N. Marquis Company. OCLC 1432949. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 920, MARQUIS. Page 535, Havemeyer, Henry Osborne, sugar refiner, (October 18, 1847, to d.1907), and Havemeyer, John Craig, sugar refiner, (May 31, 1833, to June 8, 1922). Page 1166, Spreckels, Adolph Bernard, mfr., (January 5, 1857, to June 28, 1924), and Spreckels, Claus, sugar refiner, (b.1828, d.1908), and Spreckels, John Diedrich (August 16, 1853, to August 8, 1921). - Williams, Hywel. 2005. Cassell's Chronology of World History, Dates, Events and Ideas that Made History. London, U.K., Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 909, WILLIAMS. Page 48, Europe, 50 A.D., The Romans found Londinium (London). It is built at the lowest point on the (River) Thames at which Roman engineers can construct a bridge. Page 48, Europe, 50 A.D., The Roman emperor Claudius fortifies a Germanic settlement on the Rhine and names it Colonia Agrippinae (modern Cologne, Germany) after his niece and fourth wife, Agrippina, who was born there. Page 66, Europe, 529 A.D., Ratisbon (modern Regensburg) is made capital of Bavaria. Page 110, Europe, February 7, 1055, Jaroslav I, great prince of Russia, dies, ending the Golden Age of Kiev. His lands are divided among his five sons and civil war follows. Page 122, Europe, 1143, Count Adolf II of Holstein founds Lubeck, North Germany, as an outpost against the Slavs. Page 124, Economy and Society, 1157, King Henry II of England grants protection to the Hanse merchants based in Cologne and the Baltic. Page 124, Economy and Society, 1157, Henry the Lion (duke of Saxony) founds the city of Munich, South Germany. Page 139, Europe, 1239, The Russian prince Jaroslav pays tribute to the Golden Horde (the Mongol force in Russia). Page 140, Europe, 1241, The association between the North German cities of Hamburg and Lubeck lays the foundations of the Hanseatic League. Page 142, Europe, July 13, 1254, The Rhenish League, a confederation of trading cities, is established in the Rhineland, West Germany. Page 143, Asia, 1255, Batu, khan of the Golden Horde Tartars (Mongols), dies and is succeeded by his son, Sartak. Page 143, Asia, 1256, Sartak, khan of the Golden Horde, dies and is succeeded by Ulagchi. Page 143, Europe, 1257, The Rhenish League of West Germany dissolves. Page 149, Europe, 1282, Lubeck (North Germany), Riga and Visby (an island in the Baltic sea) form an alliance to protect their Baltic trade. Page 149, Europe, 1283, In England a parliament at Acton Burnell, Shropshire...passes a statute providing for the prompter recovery of debts and removing the staple (exclusive market rights for major exports) from Calais to certain towns in Britain. Page 150, Europe, 1285, The Baltic towns of the Hanse extend their trading privileges. Page 155, Asia, 1312, Tokhta, khan of the Golden Horde, dies and is succeeded by Uzbeg, a Muslim who converts the Horde to Islam. Page 157, Europe, 1319, King Eric VI of Denmark dies and his attempt at controlling the Hanse ends. The Hanse (Hanseatic League), an association of Baltic merchants, expels the English and Scots and gains a monopoly of trade with Norway. Page 161, Europe, 1336, English wool exports to Flanders are suspended. Page 162, Asia, 1341, Uzbeg, khan of the Golden Horde, dies and is succeeded by his son Tinibeg. Page 162, Europe, 1344, The group of Baltic merchants and cities allied for trade purposes calls itself the Hanseatic League. Page 166, Asia, 1357, Janibeg, khan of the Golden Horde, is killed by his son Berdibeg, who succeeds him. Page 166, Europe, 1360, The Hanseatic League, an association of trading cities on the Baltic and North seas, now includes Hamburg, Hanover, Bremen, Cologne, Groningen, Danzig, and Dortmund. Page 166, Europe, 1361, Valdemar IV of Denmark, alarmed at the rise of the Hanseatic League to a position of confederated economic and political power, declares war on the league. Page 167, Europe, 1363, Valdemar IV of Denmark forces the Hanseatic League to accept a peace treaty that reduces its privileges. Page 167, Europe, November 19, 1367, The Confederation of Cologne is formed to organize the common Hanseatic financial system and to undertake retaliatory action against the Danes (Denmark). Page 168, Europe, 1370, The Hanseatic League defeats the Danish army, (and) the peace of Stralsund, which gives the Hanseatic League a monopoly in Baltic trade, concludes the war between Denmark and the league. Page 168, Europe, 1373, Canals with locks are built in the Netherlands. Page 169, Europe, 1375, The Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV recognizes the diplomatic existence of the Hanseatic League. Page 187, Europe, 1480, Ivan III (the great), grand prince of Moscow, stops the payment of tribute to the Golden Horde, ending over two centuries of Russian subjection to the Tartars (Mongols). Page 200, Economy and Society, 1514, The Corporation of Trinity House is established in London to control pilotage and provide navigational systems for the River Thames. Page 206, Europe, January 30, 1522, The powerful German port of Lubeck on the Baltic Sea joins forces with Gustavus Vasa, leader of the Swedish revolutionary movement, who declares war on King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Page 207, Economy and Society, 1523, The first marine insurance policies are issued in Florence. Page 209, Europe, January 22, 1528, Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France declare war on Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, (and) this will lead (March) to a suspension of trade between England and the Netherlands, England's most important European trading partner. Page 212, Europe, June 11, 1535, A Danish-Swedish army led by King Christian of Denmark and Norway defeats the troops and the naval force of the Hanseatic port of Lubeck, (and) the era of Hanseatic naval power ends. Page 221, Economy and Society, 1555, The English Muscovy Company is established to trade with Russia. Page 222, Economy and Society, 1557, Royal bankruptcies occur in Spain and France. Page 227, Europe, April 1, 1572, Dutch privateers, known as the Sea Beggars, capture Brill in Holland, (and) this small port becomes the first stronghold of the Dutch rebels. Page 228, Europe, March 1575, Elizabeth I of England agrees to prevent Dutch rebels from using English ports and English volunteers from serving under William the Silent, prince of Orange and leader of the Dutch independence movement. In return, Don Luis de Requesens, governor of the Netherlands, banishes all English political refugees from the Low Countries and allows English merchants to trade with Antwerp. Page 230, Economy and Society, June 1580, England signs a commercial treaty with the Ottoman empire, securing trading rights similar to those already held by Venice and France. Page 231, Economy and Society, June 18, 1583, In London William Gibbons becomes the first known person to take out a life insurance policy. Page 231, Europe, March 18, 1584, Death in Moscow of Ivan IV (the terrible), tsar of Russia, (and) he is succeeded by his son Fyodor I (who is)...weak in mind and unable to rule on his own. Page 231, August 7, 1585, Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Habsburg, governor of the Netherlands, sacks Antwerp in Flanders, and exorbitant payments demanded by the victors result in Antwerp's decline as the centre of an international money market. Page 238, Asia, December 31, 1600, Foundation by George Clifford, earl of Cumberland, of the English East India Company, whose organization numbers 216 merchants. Page 239, Asia, March 20, 1602, The United East India Company, i.e., the Dutch East India Company, is chartered by the States-General of Holland and has a trade monopoly. Page 240, Asia, 1604, The French East India Company is granted a charter. Page 244, The Americas, 1612, The Dutch use Manhattan Island as a centre for the fur trade. Page 246, Europe, July 1616, In England King James I starts to sell peerages. Page 249, Europe, June 3, 1621, The Dutch West India Company is chartered. Page 249, Economy and Society, August 2, 1622, Journalists William Sheffard and Nathaniel Butter begin publishing Newes from Most Parts of Christendom, the first regular newspaper in English. Page 250, Europe, 1623, The United Provinces of the Netherlands agree to a commercial treaty with Persia. Page 251, The Americas, 1626, The Dutch colony of New Netherlands settles New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, North America. Page 251, Hugo Grotius, 1583-1645, the Latinized form of Huigh de Groot, was born in Delft (to a Dutch family), where his father was the burgomaster. Page 253, Europe, 1630, The Hanseatic diet meets in Lubeck for the last time. Page 253, The Americas, 1631, The Dutch West India Company establishes a settlement on the Delaware River. Page 255, The Americas, 1633, The Dutch settle in Connecticut, North America. Page 256, The Americas, 1636, The Dutch colonize Brooklyn (in modern New York) and settle by the shore of Gowanns Bay. Page 258, Europe, May 2, 1641, In England the marriage takes place of Mary, daughter of King Charles I and Henrietta Maria, to William, son of the prince of Orange (of the Netherlands). Page 263, Europe, 1649, The privileges of English traders are abolished in Russia. Page 266, The Americas, 1655, The Dutch annex New Sweden (now the region around Philadelphia) to their existing colony of New Netherlands (now the New York region). Page 270, Economy and Society, 1663, Turnpike tolls are levied in England. Page 271, The Americas, August 29, 1664, The British annex the Dutch colony of the New Netherlands. The Dutch governor of New Amsterdam (Peter Stuyvesant) surrenders to English troops and the town is renamed New York. Page 272, Europe, September 2-6, 1666, The Great Fire of London. Page 275, Europe, April 21, 1671, Birth of John Law, English financier. Page 275, Europe, June 15, 1672, Sluices are opened in the sea defences in the United Netherlands to flood large areas and protect Amsterdam from the invading French army. Page 280, Europe, July 5, 1682, Death in Russia of tsar Fyodor III Alekseyevich (and) tsarina Sophia becomes regent on behalf of her infant brothers and joint rulers, Ivan and Peter. Pages 283, 284, Europe, June 30, 1688, Dutch stadholder William of Orange, grandson of Charles I of England and son-in-law of James II, (was invited) to assume the English throne. (William of Orange accepted the invitation, September 30, 1688). Page 284, Europe, April 1689, Coronation of Dutch stadholder William of Orange as King William III of Great Britain and Ireland and of his wife, Mary, as Queen Mary II. Page 284, Europe, October 11, 1689, Peter I (the great) becomes tsar of Russia. Page 286, Europe, February 1692, The National Debt is established in England. Page 286, The Americas, October 1693, A new charter is granted to the East India Company. Page 286, Europe, December 28, 1694, Queen Mary II, joint reigning English monarch with her husband William III, dies. Page 287, Europe, March 21, 1697, Tsar Peter I (the great) of Russia leaves for his visit to Prussia, the United Netherlands, England and Vienna (which lasts until September 1698), which will inspire his Westernizing reforms of his homeland. Page 288, The Americas, September 5, 1698, In Britain the New East India Company is granted a charter by King William III. Page 289, Europe, March 1702, William III, king of Great Britain and Ireland, dies. Page 290, Economy and Society, March 2, 1702, In London a daily newspaper, The Daily Courant, appears for the first time. Page 290, The Americas, April 1704, The Boston News-Letter is the first American weekly newspaper. Page 291, Arts and Humanities, 1706, The Evening Post, the first English evening newspaper, is issued in London. Page 292, Asia, September 29, 1708, Merger of the British East India Company and the New East India Company. Page 292, Europe, February 15, 1710, Birth in Versailles, France, of Louis XV (great-grandson of Louis XIV), who will become king of France in 1715. Page 293, The Americas, 1710, The English South Sea Company...is founded. Page 295, Europe, September 1, 1715, Death of Louis XIV, who is succeeded as king of France by his great-grandson Louis XV under the regency of his nephew, the duke of Orleans. This flouts Louis XIV's decree that power should be shared between Orleans and his illegitimate son, the duke of Maine. Page 295, Europe, May 1716, Scottish banker John Law establishes a joint-stock Banque Generale in Paris, (and) it will become the Banque Royale in 1718. Page 296, Europe, May 1717, Russian tsar Peter I (the great) visits Paris. Page 296, The Americas, August 1717, Scottish banker John Law's Mississippi Company is given a monopoly of trade with Louisiana. Page 297, Economy and Society, 1719, In Britain the South Sea Company, which has a monopoly of trade with South America, offers to assume half of the British National Debt in exchange for further concessions. Page 297, Economy and Society, May 21, 1720, Scottish financier John Law's edict states that there is too much money in circulation. Page 297, Economy and Society, October to December 1720, The bursting of the South Sea Bubble prompts a British financial and political crisis. The company's offer to take over the National Debt has led to financial speculation, leading to panic and then ruin for thousands of investors. Page 297, Economy and Society, December 1720, Scottish born French subject and fraudster John Law flees from France after his schemes, including especially that of the Mississippi Company, have led to national bankruptcy (of France). He will die in poverty in Venice (1729). Page 298, Europe, March 9, 1721, In Britain John Aislabie, the former chancellor of the exchequer, is sent to the Tower of London for fraud because of his involvement in the South Sea Bubble. Page 298, Europe, April 3, 1721, Robert Walpole...becomes (British) prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer. He then transfers the South Sea Company's stock to the East India Company and the Bank of England. Page 298, Asia, 1722, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI grants a charter for the formation of the Austrian East India Company to compete with the English and the Dutch for trade. Page 299, Europe, February 8, 1725, In Saint Petersburg, Russia, Peter I (the great), tsar of Russia dies and is succeeded by his widow, Catherine I. Page 325, Science and Technology, 1768, William Heberdeen, a London doctor, analyses angina pectoris. - World Book, Inc. 2005. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois, World Book, Inc. ISBN 0-7166-0105-2. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 031, WORLD. Page 961, The United States produces more than 8 million tons...of sugar a year. Florida, Hawaii, and Louisiana are major producers of cane sugar. In 1791, the first sugar mill on the North American mainland was built in New Orleans by Antonio Mendez, a Louisiana planter. TONS OF SUGAR CANE PRODUCED IN A YEAR Brazil, 370 million tons India, 301 million tons China, 95 million tons Thailand, 56 million tons Pakistan, 54 million tons Mexico, 51 million tons Australia, 42 million tons Cuba, 40 million tons - Zielinski, Jennifer, editor. 2000. Dun and Bradstreet/Gale Group Industry Handbook. Detroit, Michigan, Gale Group (set of 5 volumes). ISBN 0-7876-4909-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 338.78025, DUN. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Volume for Construction and Agriculture, see Company Directory with SIC Code listings, Company Rankings by Sales or Employment, Associations, Trade Information Sources, Trade Shows, Master Index, Company Index by SIC, NAICS/SIC Conversion. Volume for Construction and Agriculture, Page 688, SIC 0133, sugarcane and sugar beets (farming) company list. - SUGAR MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING American Sugar Cane League. 1939. A Story of Louisiana Cane Sugar. New Orleans, Louisiana, American Sugar Cane League. OCLC 9720239. PUBLIC LIBRARY 633.61, AMERICAN. American Sugar Refining Company. 1916. A Century of Sugar Refining in the United States, 1816-1916. New York, New York, The De Vinne Press. OCLC 48890080. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.115, AMERICAN. Baikow, V.E. 1982. Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. ISBN 0444418962. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.122, BAIKOW. Browne, Charles Albert. 1912. A Handbook of Sugar Analysis. New York, New York, J. Wiley and Sons. OCLC 487283. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.1, BROWNE. Chaballe, L.Y. 1984. Elsevier's Sugar Dictionary in Six Languages, English/American, French, German, Spanish, Dutch, and Latin. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-42376-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY 641.3, ELSEVIER. Chen, James C.P., and George Peterkin Meade. 1985. Meade-Chen Cane Sugar Handbook, A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and Their Chemists. New York, New York, Wiley. ISBN 0471866504. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.122, CHEN. Deerr, Noel. 1900. Sugar House Notes and Tables, A Reference Book for Planters, Factory Managers, Chemists, Engineers, and Others Employed in the Manufacture of Cane Sugar. London, U.K., E. and F.N. Spon. OCLC 1299280. Deerr, Noel. 1921. Cane Sugar, A Textbook on the Agriculture of the Sugar Cane, the Manufacture of Cane Sugar, and the Analysis of Sugar-House Products. London, U.K., N. Rodger. OCLC 3352097. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.1, DEERR. Durham, Carl J. 1995. History of Havemeyer to Amstar (Amstar Corporation). OCLC 37686592. Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc. 1968. Florida Sugar Industry. Clewiston, Florida, Florida Sugar Cane League. OCLC 1827908. PUBLIC LIBRARY 633.61, FLORIDA. Hawaiian Chemists' Association. 1916. Methods of Chemical Control for Cane Sugar Factories, 1916. Honolulu, Hawaii, The Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. OCLC 624795. Hawaiian Sugar Technologists, and John Howard Payne. 1968. Sugar Cane Factory Analytical Control. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier. OCLC 437255. Heriot, T.H.P. 1907. Science in Sugar Production, An Introduction to Methods of Chemical Control. Altrincham, England, Norman Rodger. OCLC 1708488. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, HERIOT. Heriot, T.H P. 1920. The Manufacture of Sugar from the Cane and Beet. London, U.K., Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 807259. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, HERIOT. Hind, Robert Renton. 1917. Heat Conservation in Cane Sugar Factories. Honolulu, Hawaii, The Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. OCLC 580761. PUBLIC LIBRARY 621.1, HIND. Jones, Llewellyn, and Frederic I. Scard. 1921. The Manufacture of Cane Sugar. London, U.K., Duckworth and Co. OCLC 221985618. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.1, JONES. Junk, W. Ray, and Harry M. Pancoast. 1973. Handbook of Sugars for Processors, Chemists, and Technologists. Westport, Connecticut, Avi Pub. Co. ISBN 0-87055-133-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, JUNK. Lock, Charles G. Warnford, Benjamin E.R. Newlands, and John A.R. Newlands. 1888. Sugar, A Handbook for Planters and Refiners. London, U.K., E. and F.N. Spon. OCLC 585800. Maier, Emile Adolph. 1952. A Story of Sugar Cane Machinery. New Orleans, Louisiana, Sugar Journal. OCLC 9711408. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 631.3, MAIER. Meade, George Peterkin, and James C.P. Chen. 1945. Cane Sugar Handbook, A Manual for Sugar Cane Manufacturers and Their Chemists. New York, New York, Wiley. OCLC 67368646. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.122, MEADE. Meade, George Peterkin, and James C.P. Chen. 1977. Meade-Chen Cane Sugar Handbook, A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and Their Chemists. New York, New York, Wiley. ISBN 0471589950. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.122, MEADE. Plews, R.W. 1970. Analytical Methods Used in Sugar Refining. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 0444200460. Prinsen Geerligs, Hendrik Coenraad. 1905. Methods of Chemical Control in Cane Sugar Factories. Altrincham, Manchester, U.K., N. Rodger. OCLC 608231. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 543.8, GEERLIGS. Prinsen Geerligs, Hondrik Coonraad. 1924. Cane Sugar and Its Manufacture. London, U.K., N. Rodger. OCLC 1711492. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, GEERLIGS. Salley, George H. 1960. A Report on the Florida Sugar Industry. OCLC 84299240. Salley, George H. 1984. A History of the Florida Sugar Industry. Miami, Florida, The Department. OCLC 24323515. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 633.6, SALLEY. Scard, Frederic Isenbart. 1913. The Cane Sugar Factory. London, U.K., The West India Committee. OCLC 752841324. Schalit, Michael. 1970. Guide to the Literature of the Sugar Industry, An Annotated Bibliographical Guide to the Literature on Sugar and Its Manufacture from Beet and Cane. Amsterdam, Elsevier Pub. Co. ISBN 0444408398. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.102, SCHALIT. Spencer, Guilford Lawson. 1917. A Handbook for Cane-Sugar Manufacturers and Their Chemists. New York, New York, John Wiley and Sons. OCLC 615543. PUBLIC LIBRARY 664.1, SPENCER. Tromp, Lucas Andreas. 1946. Machinery and Equipment of the Cane Sugar Factory. London, Rodger. OCLC 253855158. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.1, TROMP. United States Agricultural Research Service, Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, and Marie A. Jones. 1963. A Bibliography of Publications on the Chemistry and Technology of Sugarcane and Sugarcane Products. New Orleans. OCLC 63981761. Wallis-Taylor, A.J. 1924. Sugar Machinery (Rider's Technical Series). London, U.K., William Rider and Son, Limited. OCLC 643233517. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 664.1, WALLIS. For this set - Sugar manufacturing, refining, factories, and sugarcane refining processes. Cane sugar, processing, manuals Sugar factories, directories Sugar, Florida, manufacturing and refining Sugar, manufacture and refining Sugar, manufacture and refining, bibliography Sugar, manufacture and refining, handbooks, manuals, etc. Sugar, manufacture and refining, periodicals Sugar, manufacture and refining, production control Sugar, manufacture and refining, United States, statistics Sugar trade, United States Sugar trade, United States, statistics Sugarcane industry, Florida Sugarcane industry, production control Sugarcane industry, United States Amsterdam, Netherlands, drinking water Amsterdam, Netherlands, purification of drinking water International Consortium on Water Supply Undertakings in the Rhine Catchment Area Netherlands or Holland, water supply and health . Genosove, David, and Wallace P. Mullin, Chapter Title, The Sugar Institute Learns to Organize Information Exchange, from book, Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Daniel M.G. Raff, and Peter Temin, editors. 1999. Learning by Doing (from conference, National Bureau of Economic Research). Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226468348. Genosove, D., Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161004032240/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10231.pdf Book Pages 111-112, By 1927 there were fifteen firms in the industry. Most were located along the Atlantic seaboard, especially between Boston and Baltimore, and refined Cuban raw (cane) sugar, although there were a few small refiners in Louisiana and Texas that refined domestic cane, and two large ones on the West Coast that refined Hawaiian raw sugar. American Sugar Refining Co., 5 plants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans National Sugar Refining Co., 3 plants in New York City area California and Hawaiian, Crockett, California Pennsylvania Sugar Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Arbuckle Brothers, Brooklyn, New York Western Sugar Refinery, San Francisco, California Godchaux Sugars, Inc., Reserve, Louisiana W.J. McCahan Sugar Refining and Molasses Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Savannah Sugar Refining Corp., Savannah, Georgia Revere Sugar Refinery, Charlestown, Massachusetts Imperial Sugar Co., Sugar Lands, Texas Federal Sugar Refining (Spreckels Sugar) Co., Yonkers, New York Colonial Sugars Co., Gramercy, Louisiana Texas Sugar Refining Corp., Texas City, Texas William Henderson, New Orleans, Louisiana - Fisher, Irving. 1932. Booms and Depressions. New York, New York, Adelphi Company. OCLC 249904991. PUBLIC LIBRARY 330.9, FISHER. Gordon, Robert Aaron. 1952. Business Fluctuations. New York, New York, Harper and Brothers. OCLC 1852755. PUBLIC LIBRARY 338.54, GORDON. Hansen, Alvin Harvey, and Richard V. Clemence. 1953. Readings in Business Cycles and National Income. New York, New York, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. OCLC 929751. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 332, HANSEN. Mitchell, Wesley Clair. 1920. Synopsis of Business Cycles, The Problem and Its Setting. New York, New York, National Bureau of Economic Research. OCLC 39780235. PUBLIC LIBRARY 338.54, MITCHELL. Mitchell, Wesley Clair. 1941. Business Cycles and Their Causes. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Porcupine Press. ISBN 9780879912628. PUBLIC LIBRARY 338.542, MITCHELL. Tinbergen, Jan. 1951. Business Cycles in the United Kingdom, 1870-1914. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, North-Holland Publishing Company. OCLC 4872902. For this set - Statistics and Economics, for business cycles, collapses, economic fluctuations, economic slushes. - SUGAR MANUFACTURING, RUM DISTILLERIES, CUSTOMS SEIZURES, INCOME TAX EVASION, GENERAL HISTORICAL, PROSECUTION OF SUGAR TRUST sugar case, sugar fraud ring, sugar house, sugar institute, sugar refinery, sugar steal, sugar trust, sugar tycoon, sugarmen, dutch india company, mercantile, business, trade, economic, economy, marine, sailor, yachtsman, merchant marine, seafaring, marine insurance, fire insurance, foreign or alien duties sugar manufacturing industry report sugar manufacturing industry profile Henry Lewis Stimson, United States District Attorney for New York City, against sugar trust Henry A. Wise, United States District Attorney for New York City, against sugar trust United States Department of Agriculture, manufacturing and economic statistics sugarcane factories OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) fines, sugar refineries Havemeyers and Elder Sugar Refinery, New York, 1800s, Havemeyer brother ties to sugar refining c.1800 in London, England, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161004021915/http://www.brooklyneagle.com/articles/when-brooklyn-controlled-nations-sugar Domino Sugar Refinery, past sugar refinery, production ended 2004, Williamsburg area of Brooklyn, New York City, started as refinery of the American Sugar Refining Company, also Brooklyn named for Breukelen, The Netherlands. Sugar refinery located in Port Wentworth, Georgia, a suburb of Savannah, Georgia. Four out of six sugar refineries in Bulgaria, owned by Grisha Ganchev, and from 2016 news, six were facing charges, including his son, Danail Ganchev, and Milko Talev, Ivaylo Talev, Todor Simeonov, Milko Dimitrov and Kameliya Mircheva, with income tax evasion. Henry Hudson, ship Halve Maen (Half Moon) Early Dutch sugar refineries located in Amsterdam, Delft, Gouda, Middelburg, Rotterdam (sharp decrease in Dutch sugar refineries about 1600s to 1700s), and sugar refineries in Antwerp and Mons, Belgium. Cities of sugar trading and refining, included Antwerp, Amsterdam, Bordeaux, Hamburg and London. American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA), worldwide seaport statistics. Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621, bankrupt 1674, chambers and directors in towns in The Netherlands. 1851, Analytical Sanitary Commission of London established, analysis of food samples, recording results of examinations, including analysis of sugar. 1923, diabetes deaths increasing past 20 years, per Statistical Bulletin of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, highest mortality in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania. 1931, Edmond Sommier, of France, owner of sugar refineries with his name, involved in restructuring of French sugar trade. June 13, 1917, American Sugar Refining Company, explosion, Brooklyn, New York Hudson River Steam Sugar Refinery, established 1853, between Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, waterfront and railroad, refinery owner Henry Kattenhorn, of Manhattan and originally from Germany, later additional owners Eide F. and Mathias Hopke, business renamed Kattenhorn, Hopke, Offerman and Doscher Refinery, fire December 26, 1875, closed the business. Booth and Edgar Sugar Refinery, King and West Streets, New York, New York, in operation c.1860s. November 21, 1923, Vida Sugar Refinery, explosion, New Iberia, Louisiana Louisiana Times-Picayune, September 17, 1981, Explosion at Sugar Refinery on LA Highway 304 Injures 2 Workers. Louisiana Times-Picayune, December 4, 2011, Henderson Sugar Refinery Victims are Remembered. -- Dec. 2, 1948, Henderson Sugar Refinery explosion in New Orleans, Louisiana. November 1953, sugar cane worker strikes, New Orleans, Louisiana, and Sugar Cane League threats of evictions. Chicago Tribune, February 16, 1965, Blast Rocks Sugar Plant, 1 Dies, 34 Hurt. -- American Sugar company refinery, New Orleans, Louisiana. Toledo Blade, October 29, 1981, by Associated Press, Blast, Fire at Chicago Refinery Injure 7, Force Evacuation of School. -- Chicago west side sugar refinery, Urban F. Myers Co., Keith Myers, owner. 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion, Port Wentworth, Georgia, on February 7, 2008, with 14 dead Sugar dust explosion, fire, 14 dead, 36 injuries, Imperial Sugar Company, Port Wentworth, Georgia, February 7, 2008 November 1997, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, now closed Jack Frost sugar refinery, by Shackamaxon Street, once owned by William Thayer. Louisiana State University, Audubon Sugar School, Baton Rouge, Louisiana American Sugar Alliance Sugar district(s) Sugar Hill, district in Hamilton Heights of Harlem region in Manhattan, New York City - West 155th Street, West 145th Street, Edgecombe Avenue, Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue). Henry Osborne Havemeyer, October 18, 1847, to 1907, New York, sugar refinery family of North River Sugar Refining Company, merger of 15 sugar refineries in 1887 as Sugar Refineries Company with 1890 antitrust, and company later moved to New Jersey as American Sugar Refining Company. Louisine Waldron Elder Havemeyer, July 28, 1855, to January 6, 1929, New York City, daughter of sugar refiner George W. and Mathilda Waldron Elder, married Henry Osborne Havemeyer August 22, 1883, of American Sugar Refining company, and 3 children, Adaline, Horace, and Electra Havemeyer Webb. Theodore Havemeyer, sugar refiner, brother of Henry O. Havemeyer. William Frederick Havemeyer, February 12, 1804, to November 30, 1874, New York, sugar refiner. George W. Elder, February 17, 1829, to March 25, 1873, New York, married Matilda Adelaide Waldron January 29, 1852, with children Anne Elder, Louisine Waldron Elder, Adeline M. Elder, George W. Elder. Frederick C. Havemeyer, sons George Havemeyer, Henry Osborne Havemeyer, Theodore Havemeyer, and Thomas Havemeyer, all owned Havemeyers and Elder sugar refinery, also daughter Mary Osborne Havemeyer. Joseph Lawrence Elder, married Mary Osborne Havemeyer, Havemeyers and Elder sugar refining company. Claus Spreckels, July 9, 1829, (Ger.) to December 26, 1908, (California), sugar refiner, married Anna Christina Mangels Spreckels, with children John Deidrich Spreckels, Adolph Bernard Spreckels, Claus Augustus Spreckels, Emma C. Spreckels, and Rudolph Spreckels. Rudolph Spreckels, January 1, 1872, to October 4, 1958, of California, married Eleanor J. Jolliffe Spreckels, 1868 to 1949, with children Rudolph Spreckels, Howard Spreckels, Eleanor Spreckels Vaughn, and Claudine Spreckels Montgomery. Also, Rudolph Spreckels, sugar refiner, board chairman of Kolster Radio, and his sugar refiner father Claus Spreckels. Adolph Bernard Spreckels, January 5, 1857, to June 28, 1924, (California) married Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, March 24, 1881, to August 7, 1968, (California), his sugar refiner father Claus Spreckels. Charles Edouard de Bretteville, of San Francisco, California, d. 1992, was married in 1938 to Frances Williams Mein de Bretteville, June 13, 1915, to November 14, 2007, he was later president of Spreckels Sugar Company, also nephew of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels. Peter Spreckels, 1839 (Germany) to 1922, sugar interests, married in 1861 to Anna Lisette Grosse, 1844 to 1912, with children Agnes, Minna, Martha, Alfred, also helped found in 1863 with brother, Claus Spreckels, and brother-in-law, Claus Mangels, Bay Sugar Refinery, and in 1867, California Sugar Refinery, and also brother, Louis Spreckels. Claus Augustus Spreckels, 1858 to 1946, founded in 1902 Federal Sugar Refining Company, Yonkers, New York, and also son of sugar refiner Claus Spreckels. Louis Spreckels, b. February 7, 1870, (California) to June 1929 (New York), and worked for California Sugar Refinery, and also Spreckels Sugar Refining Company in Philadelphia, also McCahan Sugar Refining Company in Philadelphia, also became president of Federal Sugar Refining Company in Yonkers, New York, and his father Hinrich Spreckels, 1842 to 1877. Walter P. Spreckels (alias Walter Peter Heinrich Hahn), February 4, 1888 (Germany) to 1976, and married in 1912 Gertrude Alice Stubberfield, 1885 to 1991, also as youth he left Germany to work for Federal Sugar Refining Company, Yonkers, New York, for his cousins Claus Augustus Spreckels and Louis Spreckels, and Walter P. Spreckels' father, Victor (Minna Spreckels) Hahn, sentenced to 4 years for embezzlement, in Germany. Children Walter P. Spreckels, Barbara Spreckels. Henry Peter Spreckels, 1877 to 1958, brother of Claus Spreckels. 1931, Ray Splivalo, of San Francisco, California, prior married to niece of Claus A. Spreckels' wife. Henry Horstmann, of Spreckels California Sugar Refinery George Morrison Rolph, February 6, 1873, to July 21, 1932, of California, married Lilian Ashton Rolph, 1870 to 1947, his parents born in England and Scotland were James (Margaret Nicol) Rolph, Sr. George Rolph, president California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Company. 1907-1949, Horace Havemeyer, board of Great Western Sugar Company, also, son of Henry O. Havemeyer. 1910-1917, Chester S. Morey, from 1917 William L. Petrikin, and from 1934 Frank A. Kemp, all served as president, Great Western Sugar Company. Ellsworth F. Bunker, 90, of Dummerston, Vermont, born May 11, 1894, in New York, died September 27, 1984 in Vermont, parents, George R. (Jean Polhemus Cobb) Bunker, father George Bunker co-founder of National Sugar Refining Company, Ellsworth Bunker, chairman of the Cane Sugar Refiners Association, established in 1936, first wife, Harriet Butler Bunker, who died 1964, their three children, Ellen, John and Samuel, married second wife, Carol C. Laise, in 1967. 1985, Great Western Sugar Company, bankruptcy petition. Wallace McKinney Alexander, sugar trader Ahmed Abboud, age 66 in 1953, of Egypt, monopoly of sugar-refining there, education Glasgow University and Royal Technical College in Scotland. 1962, Philippine Republic government brought charges of income tax evasion, Eugenio Lopez, 61, and Fernando Lopez, 58 (for both brothers). 1951, Eugenio Lopez, bought Binalbagan-Isabela Sugar Co., Inc., largest sugar refinery in Asia. Joseph Barbara, 1905-1959, New York mafia, black market sugar. Newspaper, The Spreckels Courier, Spreckels, Monterey County, California, Thos. A. Hughes. Newspaper, Yonkers Statesman, Yonkers Herald, and (merged) Yonkers Herald Statesman, Yonkers, New York. Circus, European history of, accidents, animal incidents, carnivals, clowning, Moscow Circus School, traveling shows, touring troupes, unicyclists, zoo animals. Offshore banking, offshore company, offshore accounts, offshore trusts, offshore investments, international banking, tax haven, tax avoidance George Fawcett collection on the history of the Savannah Sugar Refinery, 1982-1991, archived, five volumes, 1916 to 1991, OCLC 642194625. In 1920, about 12 sugar refineries in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, and two of the refineries, Southdown Sugar Refinery, and Lower Terrebonne Refinery, were shut down by then. Baton Rouge Sugar Refinery, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1890s, owner Frank W. Webb Southdown Refinery, Houma, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, 1920s, owned by estate of Henry C. Minor c.1901 Supreme Sugar Refinery, Louisiana, 2000s. Argyle Sugar Refinery, Louisiana Lafayette Sugar Refining Company, Lafayette, Louisiana, established 1895, closed 1922, when refinery destroyed by fire. George M. Newhall (1880-1915), of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with McKean, Newhall and Borie, sugar refinery. c.1901, Pennsylvania Sugar Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania c.1903, Knickerbocker Sugar Refining Company, Edgewater-on-Hudson, New Jersey c.1850, Benson's Sugar Refinery, 66-68 Water Street, Brooklyn, New York, owner John Benson, fire damage to building, 1864. Arbuckle Brothers, sugar refiners in Dumbo Historic District, along the East River waterfront in Brooklyn, New York. Thomas (Hannah Dawes Eliot) Lamb (September 2, 1796 - October 25, 1887), of Boston, Massachusetts, parents Thomas (Rosanna Duncan) Lamb, he was treasurer of Boston Sugar Refinery. Charles Octavius (Lovice Ayres) Whitmore, (November 7, 1802 - November 15, 1885), of Massachusetts, in 1862, he established Union Sugar Refinery in Charlestown, company sold to Eastern Railroad Company after 10 years, second marriage to Mary (Tarbell) Blake in 1851. Nathaniel Cushing (Lucy Turner Briggs) Nash (April 6, 1804 - August 31, 1880), of Massachusetts, and Nash, Spaulding and Company, ties to Revere Sugar Refinery, his parents John (Deborah Cushing) Nash. Ebenezer Trescott (Eliza Delano) Farrington, (December 15, 1804 - August 6, 1880), born Wrentham, Massachusetts, died Boston, Massachusetts, parents Oliver (Betsey Trescott) Farrington, in Boston, he established Standard Sugar Refinery. c.1845, Charles and William H. Belcher established Belcher Sugar and Refining Co., Lewis and O'Fallon Streets, Saint Louis, Missouri, company sold to W.L. Scott in 1872. Louisiana - Lucile Meredith Mouton Griffin (1889-1983), her husband, Harry L. Griffin, her father, Alexander Mouton (1853-1938), an engineer who worked in Latin America and owned a sugar refinery. John Samuel (Louisa Mather) Wallis, born in Baltimore, Maryland, died in New York, New York, (February 8, 1825 - October 6, 1897) son of Philip and Elizabeth Custis Teackle Wallis. He lived in New Orleans, and in 1881 established Louisiana Sugar Refining Company, and was president and general manager until merger, Sugar Trust in 1887, his business closed August 1891. John Horton, (died June 17, 1780) of London, sugar refiner, burial Saint Nicholas Cole Abbey, London, England, 1780, built Ossulstone House, c.1760s in London, England. Maria Altmann (1916-2011) wealthy sugar family, owners of sugar refinery, friend of Sigmund Freud and other Austrians, also wealthy Czech sugar king uncle, Ferdinand Bloch Bauer, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161023163733/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Altmann Maria Altmann (1916-2011), obituary, New York Times, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161031145103/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/arts/design/09altmann.html Sugar refineries in Amsterdam and Dordrecht, many in Amsterdam's Jordaan, about 130 sugar refineries. c.1820, NV Nederlandsche Sugar Refinery, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, owners De Bruyn brothers. 1833 - 1875, Amsterdam Steam Sugar Refinery, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1862, about 15 sugar refineries in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, including Amstel Sugar Refinery, Amsterdamsche Steam Sugar Refinery, Beuker and Hulshoff, Spakler and Tetterode, and Wijthoff and Son. 1882, Wester Sugar Refinery, Van Noordtkade 20, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, established. c.1912, Norit refinery established. In 1862, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, had fifteen sugar refineries, with the largest five, Basher and Hulshoff, Wijthoff and Son, Spakler and Tetterode Pomegranate, NV Amsterdam Sugar Refinery (formerly B. Kooy JZ), and also SA Sugar Refinery F.C. Brown and Sons, which became Amstel Sugar Refinery. Amsterdam Historical Museum, in 1622, Amsterdam had 25 sugar refineries and 66 in 1661, and in the 1700s, the sugar refineries numbered from 30 to under 112 in 1785. Paul Gregoire Pierre Wittouck, established 1887, the Sugar Refineries of Breda, in The Netherlands. Felix Francois Antoine Wittouck, owner Wittouck sugar factory beginning in 1874. C.M. Asselbergs (July 31, 1873 - July 3, 1932), chemist at sugar factory in Breda, The Netherlands, and later director (1907-1932), and his son C.J. Asselbergs (10, 1904 - December 4, 1974), engineer, director for refinery. In 1854, J. Tetterode and H. van der Masch Spakler along with three others, established a sugar refinery on the canal Lijnbaansgracht in Amsterdam. The sugar refinery Spakler and Tetterode, dissolved March 15, 1920, bankrupt in 1921. c.1650, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, had about 60 sugar refineries. In the 7th century, the Arabs invaded Persia, and spread sugar trade, exporting sugar to Egypt, Rhodes, the Barbary coast of North Africa, Syria, Cyprus, southern Spain and Portugal. Prague, Czechoslovakia, the golden city of a hundred spires, located on Vltava River, (24 towns comprise City of Prague - with sugar refineries in Modrany and Radotin), castles/sugar refineries links, Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160630030520/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vltava Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek (NCF), or Dutch Cocaine Factory, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, (August 1637 to July 1688), rich family in Dutch Golden Age. Cornelius Cruys, (1655 to 1727), Dutch Vice Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy, first commanded the Russian Baltic Fleet. Grand Embassy of Peter the Great, (1697 to 1698), visit in Western Europe, and Holland. Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen (May 1735 to May 1819), Dutch naval officer in Russian service. Lodewijk Sigismund Vincent Gustaaf van Heiden, (September 1772 to October 1850), Dutch Admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy. Nicolaes Witsen (May 1641 to August 1717), Amsterdam mayor, and Dutch West India Company administrator. 1697, Peter the Great and Nicolaes Witsen visited Frederik Ruysch, (March 1638 to February 1731), Dutch anatomist. 1700, Peter the Great planned a new capital city, with Amsterdam's streets and canals as his model. Saint Petersburg is built on a group of islands with more than 500 bridges. Peter the Great worked at the Holland shipyard of Lijns Teeuwisz Rogge, using the name Pyotr Mikhailov, with interest in the windmills and the shipbuilding industry of Zaandam. The stay was facilitated by Amsterdam burgomaster Joan Huydekoper, who met Peter's father Alexis in 1664. . Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.mawer.clara.net Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://home.clara.net/mawer/intro.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106030515/http://www.mawer.clara.net/fires.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106015325/http://www.mawer.clara.net/sitemap.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106015404/http://www.mawer.clara.net/directory.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106015444/http://www.mawer.clara.net/ref-bremen.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106020655/http://www.mawer.clara.net/ref-hamburg.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106015619/http://www.mawer.clara.net/ref-greenock.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161030105958/http://www.mawer.clara.net/greenock.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028224821/http://www.mawer.clara.net/loc-hull.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106015701/http://www.mawer.clara.net/allsources.html Archive, 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http://web.archive.org/web/20161114150051/http://www.mawer.clara.net/silvertown.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161108110136/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/industry Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112756/http://czech-castles.blogspot.com/2006/07/zbraslav-chateau.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161027211037/http://www.stgite.org.uk/media/sugarrefining.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106030716/http://www.stgite.org.uk/media/ratcliffhighway.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111319/http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Franz_Carl_Achard Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028224907/http://www.hullwebs.co.uk/content/k-victorian/disaster/old-sugar-house.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028224951/http://heritagearchives.rbs.com/people/list/henry-sykes-thornton.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161030110930/http://asr-group.com/about-us/history-timeline/index.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161030215729/http://phillyseaport.org/ohsugar Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161030220721/http://www.nyfoodmuseum.org/sugar.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161031124638/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x0513e/x0513e15.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161103230051/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/2007DumboHD.pdf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161103230145/http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/S_Pages/Sugar_House.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106030553/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Sugar_Refinery Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106030942/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/1ffbd877-25c0-48cd-91a9-4088fb65c27c Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161106032557/http://www.electricscotland.com/history/greenock/part12.htm UNITED STATES SUGAR REFINERIES, AND SUGAR TRUST COMPANIES Aladama and Fuller, New York, New York, president L.A. Fuller American Sugar Refinery, in New Orleans, Louisiana American Sugar Refining Company, in Jersey City, New Jersey American Sugar Refining Company, in New York, incorporated 1901 American Sugar Refining Company, in San Francisco, California, incorporated 1891 Arbuckle Brothers Sugar Refinery, in Brooklyn, New York, built 1896, began operations 1898, owner Arbuckle family of Brooklyn, New York, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Atlantic Sugar Refining Company Baltimore Sugar Refinery, in Baltimore, Maryland, began operation 1891 Bay State Company Belcher Refinery Boston Sugar Refining Company Brooklyn Sugar Refining Company, owner Claus Doscher California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Company, San Francisco, California, owner Spreckels family Camden Sugar Refining Company, in Camden, New Jersey Chicago Sugar Refining Company, in Chicago, Illinois De Castro and Donner Company Delaware Sugar Refinery, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dick and Meyer Company E.C. Knight Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania E.H. Cunningham and Miller Refinery, in Sugar Lands, Texas, established 1891 F.O. Matthiessen and Weichers Company, in Jersey City F.R. Cogswell, in New Orleans, Louisiana Federal Sugar Refining Company, in Yonkers, New York, investor Claus Spreckels Forest City Company, Portland, Maine Franklin Sugar Refining Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fulton Sugar Refining Company, in Brooklyn, New York, established 1876, owners Oxnard Brothers - Henry, James, Benjamin, and Robert Oxnard sold their Brooklyn sugar refinery, 1887, then relocated to California. Godchaux Sugars, Inc., Reserve, Louisiana Gramercy Sugar Refinery, in New Orleans, Louisiana Greenpoint Refinery, in Brooklyn, New York Havemeyer and Elders, in Brooklyn, New York Havemeyer Sugar Refining Company Howells Sugar Refining Company, in Yonkers, New York, established 1893, owner Howells Levert Refinery Louisiana Sugar Refining Company, in New Orleans Louisiana, incorporated January 1883 Mollenhauer, in Brooklyn, New York, established 1892 Moller and Sierck Company National Refining Company, in New Jersey, merger in 1900/1901 of 3 refineries, Mollenhauer/National/New York Sugar Refining National Sugar Refining Company, in Brooklyn, New York National Sugar Refining Company, in Long Island City, New York National Sugar Refining Company, in Yonkers, New York New York Sugar Refining Company, in Long Island City, owner Claus Doscher North River Sugar Refining Company, owner Mr. Searles Peninsular Sugar Refining Company Penna Sugar Refining Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Planters Sugar Refining Company, in New Orleans, Louisiana, began in 1880 Portland Refinery, in Portland, Maine R.L. and A. Stuart Sugar Refinery, established 1832 Revere Sugar Refining Company, in Boston, Massachusetts Rockford Sugar Refining Company, in Rockford, Illinois Saint Louis Refinery, in Saint Louis, Missouri Sanilac Sugar Refining Company Savannah Sugar Refining Company, in Savannah, Georgia Sebewaing Sugar Refining Company Spreckels Sugar Refinery, in Salinas, California Spreckels Sugar Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, began operation 1889 Standard Refinery, Boston, Massachusetts Thompson Refinery, in New Orleans, Louisiana United States Sugar Refining Company, in Camden, New Jersey, established 1895 W. Henderson Sugar Refining Company, in New Orleans, Louisiana, established 1891 W.J. McCahan Sugar Refining Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, established 1893, owner Mr. McCahan Warner Sugar Refining Company, in New York Western Sugar Refining Company, in San Francisco, California, established 1891 sugar refinery, Clewiston, Florida sugar refinery, South Bay, Florida . http://www.sugartech.com/factories/index.php Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161031120547/http://www.sugartech.com/factories/index.php http://www.sugartech.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.sugartech.com Archive 2001, Glossary, https://web.archive.org/web/20010708210634/http://www.sugartech.com/definitions/index.php3 Archive 2001, Sugar Industry Books, https://web.archive.org/web/20010813203215/http://www.sugartech.com/bookshelf.php3 SUGAR ENGINEERS AND TECHNOLOGISTS, SUGAR ENGINEERS LIBRARY, 2016 FINLAND: Kantvik Sugar Refinery, Danisco Sugar, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460, Kantvik, Finland FRANCE: Nantes Sugar Refinery, Tereos, 45, Boulevard Benoni Goulin - BP 80239, 44202, Nantes, France PORTUGAL: Sidul Sugar Refinery, Tate and Lyle, Apartado 1749, EC Santa Iria de Azoia, 2691-901, St Iria d, Portugal SWEDEN: Arlov Sugar Refinery, Danisco Sugar, Sockerbruksgatan 2, SE-232 21, Arlov, Sweden UNITED KINGDOM: Ragus Sugar Refinery, Ragus Sugars (Manufacturing) Limited, 193 Bedford Avenue, Slough SL1 4RT, United Kingdom UNITED KINGDOM: Thames Sugar Refinery, Tate and Lyle, Factory Road, London, E16 2EW, United Kingdom UNITED STATES: Savannah Sugar Refinery, Imperial Sugar Company, 201 Oxnard Drive, Port Wentworth, Georgia 31407 UNITED STATES: Sugar Land Sugar Refinery, Imperial Sugar Company, P.O. Box 9, Sugar Land, Texas UNITED STATES: Grammercy Sugar Refinery, Imperial Sugar Company, 1230 Fifth Avenue, Gramercy, Louisiana 70052 UNITED STATES: Chalmette Sugar Refinery, American Sugar Refining Inc., 7414 N Peters Street, Arabi, Louisiana 70032 - Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.amsterdamsights.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133417/http://www.amsterdamsights.com/attractions/oostindischhuis.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133508/http://www.amsterdamsights.com/attractions/westindischhuis.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133819/http://www.amsterdamsights.com/attractions/voc-schip.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133851/https://kalden.home.xs4all.nl/verm/tour-k-250richestENG.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104121011/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2002.447.40 Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104121142/https://www.facebook.com/pages/Former-Dutch-East-India-Company-Building/586327738078117 Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211525/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Usselincx Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211601/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_Dutch_West_India_Company Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211636/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_West_India_Company Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211708/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippenhuis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211740/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trippenhuis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211827/https://www.knaw.nl/en/about-us/het-trippenhuis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104223553/http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/D_Pages/Dutch_West_India_Co.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104223626/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Minuit DUTCH INDIA COMPANIES Former Dutch East India Company (VOC) House, Oost Indisch Huis, Oude Hoogstraat 24, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Former Dutch West India Company (WIC) House, West Indisch Huis, Herenmarkt 99, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dutch West India Company (WIC), established 1621, Peter Minuit, director of Dutch West India Company, later made director of New Netherland Directors of the Chartered West India Company, Chamber of the City of Amsterdam Kiliaen van Rensselaer (c.1586 - October 7, 1643, a founder of Dutch West India Company, and director of WIC Samuel Loef Jan Blommaert (August 21, 1583 - December 23, 1651), Flemish-Dutch, director of the Dutch West India Company, married Catharina Gerard Reynst Willem Kieft, Dutch merchant and director of New Netherland Willem Usselincx (1567-1647), Flemish, investor, a founder of the Dutch West India Company - GOOGLE TRANSLATE, https://translate.google.com DUTCH - ENGLISH Amsterdamsche Bank in crisis en depressie 1873-1879 (Amsterdamsche Bank in crisis and depression 1873-1879) Amsterdamsche Bank tot de crisis van 1907 (Amsterdamsche Bank to the crisis of 1907) Amsterdamsche Bank gedurende de crisis van 1907 (Amsterdamsche Bank during the crisis of 1907) chemie der zuckerindustrie (chemistry of the sugar industry) crisis van 1873 en de depressie tot 1879 (crisis of 1873 and the depression until 1879) de suikercrisis 1884 (Sugar crisis in 1884) economische structuur van Nederland (economic structure of the Netherlands) suikerbakker (sugarbaker, confectioner) suikerraffinaderijen (sugar refineries) technologie des zuckers (technology of sugar) zuckertechniker (sugar technician) GERMAN - ENGLISH Handbuch der zuckerfabrikation (handbook of sugar fabrication or handbook of sugar manufacture) zuckerbacker, suyker siedere, suyker bakker (sugarbaker) (GERMAN) Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie (JOURNAL) (The German Sugar Industry). Berlin, Germany, Di Deutsche Zuckerindustrie. OCLC 25345510. (GERMAN) Zuckerindustrie, Sugar Industry (JOURNAL) (Sugar Industry). Berlin, Germany, Verlag Dr. A. Bartens. ISSN 0344-8657. . Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160623170809/https://www.sugar.org/member-companies Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160623171006/https://www.sugar.org/board-members Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160623171145/http://www.sugartech.com/factories/list.php?regid=1 Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160623171253/http://fpts.com.vn/FileStore2/File/2014/07/03/Sugar%20industry%20report.pdf . https://www.sugarjournal.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.sugarjournal.com ------archives 1998 to 2016 (click on WHITE RECTANGLE ICON to SELECT a YEAR, and then click on BLUE CIRCLE ICON on calendar month to SELECT a DAY Archive 1998, https://web.archive.org/web/19981202113928/http://www.sugarjournal.com/links.html SUGAR JOURNAL P.O. Box 19084 New Orleans, Louisiana 70179 Romney Kriedt-Richard, Publisher and Editor - UNITED STATES CANE SUGAR REFINERS' ASSOCIATION 1730 Rhode Island Avenue NW, Suite 608 Washington, D.C. 20036 Telephone: (202) 331-1458 - http://www.amscl.org AMERICAN SUGAR CANE LEAGUE P. O. Drawer 938 206 East Bayou Road Thibodaux, Louisiana 70301 Telephone: (985) 448-3707 - http://www.sugarcaneleague.org http://www.sugarcaneleague.org/contact_us.html FLORIDA SUGAR CANE LEAGUE 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 401 Washington, D.C. 20004 Telephone: (202) 785-4070 - http://www.spreckelssugar.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160708085858/http://www.spreckelssugar.com/history.aspx SPRECKELS SUGAR Box 581 395 West Keystone Road Brawley, California 92227 - http://www.sugarrefineries.org http://www.sugarrefineries.org/about-us/contact Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161016121657/http://www.sugarrefineries.org/fileadmin/filestore/16_07_18_ESRA_Membership_List_for_external_use.pdf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161016122535/http://www.sugarrefineries.org/cane-sugar-refining/history EUROPEAN SUGAR REFINERIES ASSOCIATION 52 Rue Defacqz 1050 Brussels Belgium Telephone: 32 2 536 86 62 secretariat@sugarrefineries.eu - http://www.comitesucre.org/site http://www.comitesucre.org/site/contact-us http://www.comitesucre.org/site/statistics Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160713030226/http://www.comitesucre.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/SUGAR-STATISTICS-2015.pdf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161016123009/http://www.comitesucre.org/site/cefs/the-european-sugar-sector Comite Europeen des Fabricants de Sucre (CEFS), Brussels, Belgium CEFS, founded in 1953, represents all European beet sugar manufacturers and cane sugar refiners, in 21 European Union countries. (European Association of Sugar Producers). CEFS represents European sugar manufacturers and refiners - 62 companies across 21 EU member states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) and Switzerland. - http://ibfd.ent.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/ibfdlibrary Archive, brochure, https://web.archive.org/web/20160712162528/http://www.ibfd.org/sites/ibfd.org/files/content/pdf/14_089_fol_library.pdf INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF FISCAL DOCUMENTATION (IBFD) LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTRE Rietlandpark 301 1019 DW Amsterdam The Netherlands Email: libinfo@ibfd.org Website: www.ibfd.org/library Mailing, P.O. Box 20237, 1000 HE Amsterdam, The Netherlands - https://www.nscr.nl NEDERLANDS STUDIECENTRUM CRIMINALITEIT EN RECHTSHANDHAVING (Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement) Amsterdam, The Netherlands Email: nscr@nscr.nl - Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161030214926/http://www.amsterdam.info/museums/history https://library.rijksmuseum.nl --click on BLUE TEXT TALEN/LANGUAGES, to SELECT ENGLISH RIJKSMUSEUM RESEARCH LIBRARY (Bibliotheek Rijksmuseum Amsterdam) Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dutch art and history from the Middle Ages to the present day. - Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160625111035/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160625111003/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=NAL_Agency_Splash.xml https://www.nal.usda.gov https://www.nal.usda.gov/contact-us NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY United States Department of Agriculture 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Telephone: (301) 504-5755 TEXT BOX EMAIL: https://www.nal.usda.gov/ask-question - https://scholar.google.com SUGAR REFINERIES, JOURNAL ARTICLES FROM GOOGLE SCHOLAR Aspinall, John. 1859. Patent, November 8, 1859, Improvement in Refining Sugar, US 26007 A, John Aspinall of Great Tower Street, London, England, civil engineer. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026110607/https://www.google.com/patents/US26007 Baucum, L.E., R.W. Rice, and T.J. Schueneman. 2006. An overview of Florida sugarcane. Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026102808/http://hendry.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/overview_of_florida_sugarcane.pdf Bisbee, Harold. 1907. A visit to a sugar refinery. School Science and Mathematics, April 1, Volume 7, Number 4, Pages 273-276. Bosnjak, Milovan. 1978. Patent, October 10, 1978, Sugar Refining Process, US 4119436 A. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026103348/https://www.google.com/patents/US4119436 Brahmbhatt, Sudhir R. 2001. Patent, January 23, 2001, System and Method for Refining Sugar, US 6176935 B1. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026100056/https://www.google.com/patents/US6176935 Duncan, Patricia L. 1998. Colonial Sugars historic district. Louisiana History, The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Summer 1998, Volume 39, Number 3, Page 318. Gamrani, Naoual, Khalid R'kha Chaham, Mouncif Ibnoussina, Fabio Fratini, Luisa Rovero, Ugo Tonietti, Mohammed Mansori, Lehcen Daoudi, Claude Favotto, and Nasrrddine Youbi. 2012. The Particular Rammed Earth of the Saadian Sugar Refinery of Chichaoua (XVIth Century, Morocco), Mineralogical, Chemical and Mechanical Characteristics. Environmental Earth Sciences, May, Volume 66, Number 1, Pages 129-140. ISSN 1866-6280. -- (JOURNAL), Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160718214203/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nasrrddine_Youbi/publication/230558762_The_particular_rammed_earth_of_the_Saadian_sugar_refinery_of_Chichaoua_(XVIth_century_Morocco)_Mineralogical_chemical_and_mechanical_characteristics/links/0fcfd5017070c72072000000.pdf Graff, Robert A., and Ernest E. Pittman. 1941. Patent, November 4, 1941, Refining of Sugar, US 2261920 A. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026095724/https://www.google.com/patents/US2261920 Jaspeb, Giistavus A. 1878. Patent, January 8, 1878, Improvement in Apparatus for Refining Raw Sugars, US 198944 A. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026111043/https://www.google.com/patents/US198944 Mescher, Virginia. 2005. How sweet it is, a history of sugar and sugar refining in the United States. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026113327/http://raggedsoldier.com/sugar_history.pdf Othmer, Donald F. 1978. Patent, September 26, 1978. Solvent Refining of Sugar, US 4116712 A. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026095411/https://www.google.com/patents/US4116712 Perkins, John. 1990. The organisation of German industry, 1850-1930, The case of beet-sugar production. Journal of European Economic History, Winter 1990, Volume 19, Number 3, Page 549. Pittman, Ernest E., Elizabethtown, Kentucky. 1948. Patent, October 5, 1948, Refining of Sugar, US 2450683 A. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026111943/https://www.google.com/patents/US2450683 Schlegel, John W., and Lang Louis. 1940. Patent, June 18, 1940, Sugar Granule Manufacture, US 2205177 A. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026101258/https://www.google.com/patents/US2205177 Schutt, Fokko, Bjorge Westereng, Svein J. Horn, Jurgen Puls, and Bodo Saake. 2012. Steam Refining as an Alternative to Steam Explosion. Bioresource Technology, May 31, 2012, Volume 111, Pages 476-481. Shearon, Will H., W.H. Louviere, and R.M. Laperouse. 1951. Cane sugar refining. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, March, Volume 43, Number 3, Pages 552-563. Stiles, Robin. 1969. The Old Market Sugar Refinery 1684-1908. Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society Journal (BIAS), Volume 2, Number 12. -- (JOURNAL), Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160718214858/http://www.b-i-a-s.org.uk/BIAS_Journal2_OLD_MARKET_SUGAR_REFINERY.pdf The Miami Herald (Miami, Florida), Monday, March 14, 2005, U.S. Sugar Fighting for Survival, by Jane Bussey. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026105735/http://agecon.centers.ufl.edu/documents/sugarMarch14.pdf Thomas H. Quick, of New York, New York. 1866. Patent, May 8, 1866, Improved Machine for Stirring and Dissolving Sugar in Sugar Refineries, US 54597 A. -- Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161026094840/https://www.google.com/patents/US54597 Vorderbrueggen, John B. 2011. Imperial sugar refinery combustible dust explosion investigation. Process Safety Progress, March 2011, Volume 30, Number 1, Pages 66-81. Wills, L.A. 1925. Ten years of sugar refining. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, October, Volume 17, Number 10, Pages 1028-1029. - https://news.google.com/newspapers SUGAR REFINERIES, ARTICLES FROM GOOGLE NEWS ARCHIVE Meriden Weekly Republican, December 5, 1895, The Men Suffocated, Fatal Accident in a Williamsburg Sugar Refinery. -- Mollenhauer Sugar Refinery in Williamsburg, New York. The Milwaukee Journal, February 13, 1897, Still after Sugar Trust. -- George H. Moller, for thirty years a sugar refiner of Williamsburg, New York, as secretary of North River Refining company. John M. Searles, of American Sugar Refining company. The Milwaukee Journal, February 15, 1897, Lexow is Severe. John E. Searles, secretary and treasurer of the American Sugar Refining company, James H. Post of Mollenhauer and B. Howell, refiners. The Maritime Merchant and Commercial Review (Canada), September 29, 1898, American Sugar Refineries. -- American Sugar Refining Co., Mollenhauer Refinery in Brooklyn, National of Yonkers, McCahan in Philadelphia, and Revere in Boston, also independent refineries. The Deseret News, December 13, 1899, To Form Sugar Trust, American Sugar Refining Company to Have a Powerful Competitor. -- also, Doscher sugar refinery in New York, Glucose Sugar Refining in Chicago, Illinois, and E.O. Matthiessen. Boston Evening Transcript, May 31, 1900, May End the Sugar War. -- James H. Post, new corporation for National, Mollenhauer, and Doescher sugar refineries, and Arbuckle Brothers not included. Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, May 31, 1900, New Combine in Sugar. -- National Sugar Refining Company of New Jersey, Mollenhauer sugar refinery of New York, and Doescher refinery, American Sugar Refining Company, and Arbuckle Bros. Boston Evening Transcript, June 2, 1900, A New Sugar Combine. -- National, Mollenhauer, and Doscher sugar refineries. The Deseret News, June 2, 1900, The New Sugar Combine, It is Organized in New Jersey, with Twenty Millions Capital. Boston Evening Transcript, June 4, 1900, Mollenhauer Refinery Starts. -- Mollenhauer Sugar Refinery at Kent Avenue and South Eleventh Street, Williamsburg, New York, resumed operations...had been closed since last October. The Lewiston Daily Sun, May 2, 1902, Cuban Sugar, Henry O. Havemeyer Says the Sugar Trust Has No Control over that Product. -- Henry O. Havemeyer, president, and Arthur Donner, treasurer, and Henry C. Mott, raw sugar buyer, all of American Sugar Refining company (its refineries are 1 in New Jersey, 3 in New York, 2 in Massachusetts, 2 in Philadelphia, and 1 in New Orleans). Boston Evening Transcript, September 26, 1906, Against Sugar Trust, Receiver Earle Wants Federal Assistance. -- Philadelphia refinery built by Adolf Segal, the promoter, whose borrowings...were responsible for the collapse of (the Real Estate Trust Company), (refinery is linked to) American Sugar Refining Company. The Evening Argus, December 16, 1909, by Associated Press, $700,000 Short, Discovered in Duties Evaded by American Sugar Refining Company, Further Indictments. -- James H. Post, president, and Frederick D. Mollenhauer, treasurer, both of National Sugar Refining. Arbuckle Bros. Boston Evening Transcript, June 6, 1910, To Dissolve Sugar Trust, Action to be Instituted by the Government. -- American Sugar Refining company, George H. Earle, Jr., who was receiver of the Real Estate Company of Philadelphia, examination of the corporate history of nearly a hundred corporations. The American Sugar Refining company owns and operates (these refineries) - Mattiessen and Welchers in Jersey City, Standard in Boston, Louisiana and the Chalmette in New Orleans, Havemeyer and Elder in Williamsburg, and Spreckels and Franklin both in Philadelphia, (and other linked refineries), National Sugar Refining company, and the Western Sugar Refining Company of San Francisco. Boston Evening Transcript, November 28, 1910, To Break Up Sugar Trust, Dissolution Suit Filed by Government. -- H.C. Havemeyer of New York and head of sugar trust with John E. Parsons and James H. Post, Alameda Sugar Company of San Francisco, Amalgamated Sugar Company of Ogden, Utah, American Sugar Refining Company formed January 1891 of New York, Billings Sugar Company of Billings, Montana, California and Hawaii Sugar Refinery of San Francisco, Carver County Sugar Company of Chaska, Minnesota, Colonial Sugars Company of New York, Continental Sugar Company of Cleveland, Ohio, Cuban-American Sugar Company of New York, Delaware Sugar House of Philadelphia, E.C. Knight Company of Philadelphia, Franklin Sugar Refining Company of Philadelphia, Great Western Sugar Refining Company of Jersey City, New Jersey, Iowa Sugar Company of Waverly, Iowa, Lewiston Sugar Company of Lewiston, Utah, Menominee River Sugar Company of Menominee, Michigan, Michigan Sugar Company of Saginaw, Mollenhauer Sugar Refining Company of Brooklyn, National Sugar Refining Company of New Jersey, New York Sugar Refining Company of Long Island City, New York, operated by Claus Desher, Pennsylvania Sugar Refining Company, Scottsbluff Sugar Company of Denver, Spreckles Sugar Refining Company of Philadelphia, Sterling Sugar Company of Denver, Union Sugar Company of San Francisco, United States Refinery in 1896 (new) plant in Camden, New Jersey, Utah-Idaho Sugar Company of Salt Lake City, W.J. McCahan Sugar Refining Company of Philadelphia. The Free Lance, December 10, 1910, Must Stand Trial, Supreme Court Decides against Sugar Trust, Ruling Highly Important. -- Directors for the sugar trust, John E. Parsons, Gustav E. Kissel, Thomas R. Harned, Washington D. Thomas, Arthur B. Donner, Charles H. Senff, John Mayer and George H. Frazier. Boston Evening Transcript, January 5, 1912, Sugar Refineries Closed. -- Havemeyer refineries of American Sugar Refining Company, Brooklyn Sugar Refinery. Boston Evening Transcript, February 17, 1912, Sugar Trust Exists, Finding of Special Congress Committee. -- Hardwick Sugar Trust Investigating Committee. Reading Eagle, February 17, 1912, There's a Sugar Trust Committee Finds, After an Investigation Since Last May. -- Hardwick Sugar Trust Investigating Committee, American Sugar Refining company began in 1891, Henry O. Havemeyer, Arbuckle Brothers. Herald-Journal, July 30, 1912, Sugar Refineries Brought to Task, Pennsylvania Concerns Settle Alleged Sugar Frauds by Paying Government Nearly Quarter Million, Excuse Officers of Intentional Fraud. -- W.J. McCahan Sugar Refining, Franking Sugar Refining, Spreckels Sugar Refining, 17-year investigation since 1894. The Deseret News, October 27, 1917, Sugar Refineries Will Resume Business. -- George M. Rolph, chief of the sugar division of the federal food administration. The Montreal Gazette (Canada), October 16, 1920, Sugar Refineries to Remain Closed. The Ellensburg Daily Record, November 20, 1920, Demand Low, Sugar Refineries Close. -- All six refineries of the American Sugar Refining company have been closed as a result of light demand. The Evening Independent, April 6, 1929, Wall Street Briefs. -- joint foreign sales syndicate has been formed by American Sugar producing interests in Cuba. The Glasgow Herald (Glasgow, Scotland), April 8, 1929, American Sugar Syndicate. The Pittsburgh Press, March 16, 1930, Sugar Refineries Closed. -- Prague, Czechoslovakia, in past few years 18 Czechoslovakia sugar refineries...cease(d) operation (and) 40 more refineries must close down in the near future. The Pittsburgh Press, August 20, 1930, Sugar Refineries Post Reductions. -- American Sugar Refining Company, Pennsylvania Sugar Refining Company. Spokane Daily Chronicle, March 31, 1931, by Associated Press, Attack Alleged Sugar Trust. -- American Sugar Refining...and the National Sugar Refining company of New Jersey together produced about 46 per cent of the sugar made in the United States. The Lewiston Daily Sun, March 31, 1931, by Associated Press, Seek to Dissolve Sugar Institute for Price Fixing, Government Charges Violation of Sherman Anti-Trust Law by Maintenance of Comprehensive Scheme to Enforce Oppressive and Uniform Prices - Members Manufacture 85 Per Cent of Sugar Used in U.S. -- James H. Post, president of Sugar Institute. The Southeast Missourian, March 31, 1931, by United Press International, Sugar Firms Are Accused. -- Sugar Institute, comprised of 50 corporations. American Sugar Refining Co., New York, Arbuckle Brothers in New York, California-Hawaii Sugar Corporation, Ltd., in San Francisco, Columbia Sugar Co., New York, Cuban-American Sugar Co. in New York, Henderson Sugar Refining Co., New Orleans, Imperial Sugar Co. in Sugarland, Texas, W.J. McCahan Sugar Refining and Molasses Co., Philadelphia, National Sugar Refining Corporation of New Jersey, Pennsylvania Sugar Co., Philadelphia, Revere Sugar Refinery in Charlestown, Massachusetts, Savannah Sugar Refining Corporation, Savannah, Spreckels Sugar Corporation, New York, Texas Sugar Refining Corporation in Texas City, Texas, J.D. and A.B. Spreckles Securities Corporation doing business under the name of the Western Sugar Refineries in San Francisco, and Godchaux Sugars, Inc., in New Orleans. Reading Eagle, August 1, 1931, by Associated Press, Sugar Institute Denies Price Fixing. -- suit for dissolution brought by the Department of Justice under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The Lewiston Daily Sun, March 8, 1934, by Associated Press, Refuses to Dissolve the Sugar Institute. The Pittsburgh Press, November 2, 1934, 'Sugar Trust' Linked to Earle. -- Harry A. Schleicher, chairman of Sugar Trade Committee, Louis V. Place, Jr., a director of Sugar Institute and vice president and operating head of W.J. McCahan Sugar Refinery and Molasses Company and nephew of Manuel E. Rionda, Manuel E. Rionda, treasurer of the Sugar Institute and president of W.J. McCahan Sugar Refinery. Spokane Daily Chronicle, March 30, 1936, by Associated Press, Supreme Court Rules Sugar Institute Violates Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Opinion Unanimous in Trade Group Test Case. -- one of the most important anti-trust suits in recent years, Sugar Institute formed in 1928 by 15 cane sugar refining companies. In 1931 the government sued for its dissolution, contending the members produced from 70 to 80 per cent of all the refined sugar sold in the United States. The Lewiston Daily Sun, March 31, 1936, by Associated Press, Sugar Institute Loses Court Fight. -- anti-trust law decision. The Deseret News, April 6, 1946, by Associated Press, Strike Threatens Sugar Refineries. -- American, National and Revere sugar refining companies. The Tuscaloosa News, April 7, 1946, by Associated Press, Sugar Refineries Strike Postponed Pending Talks. -- 7 East Coast sugar refineries produce 70 per cent of nation's capacity (1 in New York, 1 in Baltimore, 2 in Boston, 3 in Philadelphia), which include American, National, and Revere Sugar refining companies. Times Daily, April 15, 1946, Some Sugar Refineries Reopened after Walkout. -- Revere Refining in Boston, National and American refineries have plants located in Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia, and Long Island, New York. Reading Eagle, February 24, 1947, by United Press International, Former Capone Gang Linked to Sugar Ring. Schenectady Gazette, February 25, 1947, by United Press International, Multi-Million Dollar Black Market Ring in Sugar Uncovered. Toledo Blade, February 26, 1947, by Associated Press, 'Gigantic Black Market' in Sugar Charged to 26, Indictments Returned in Chicago Accuse Group of Diverting 5,000,000 Pounds. The Bend Bulletin, March 5, 1947, by United Press International, Ten Indicted in Sugar Ring Probe. Spokane Daily Chronicle, March 17, 1947, by United Press International, 13 More Indicted for Sugar Gyps. The Milwaukee Journal, April 15, 1947, Arrest Linked to Sugar Ring, Green Bay Man Seized on Charges of Using Counterfeit Stamps. The Montreal Gazette (Canada), September 16, 1964, Canadian Sugar Refineries Set High Standards. -- (full-page, with sugar advertisements, Page 23, 25). The Montreal Gazette (Canada), September 16, 1964, Chief Consultant Expert in Sugar Technology. -- (full-page, with sugar advertisements, Page 24), Dr. Pieter Honig, chief technical consultant, Cartier Refined Sugars, Ltd., sugar expert, born in the Netherlands, chemical engineer. Ottawa Citizen (Canada), January 22, 1966, (half-page advertisement), The Canadian Sugar Institute, P.O. Box 1684, Station B, Montreal, Canada. The Telegraph, January 27, 1969, by Associated Press, Sugar Refineries Closed by Longshoremen Strike. -- American Sugar Refinery...plants in Baltimore, Philadelphia and Brooklyn, (also), two other sugar refineries in Philadelphia and Yonker, New York. Lakeland Ledger, January 30, 1975, by June Erlick, Ledger Staff Writer, State Sugar Refineries See Increased Demand. -- Savannah Sugar Refinery, Everglades Sugar Refinery Corp. in Clewiston, Florida, C and H in San Francisco, California, world's largest refinery, and Amstar's refinery, New Orleans, Louisiana, world's second largest refinery. The Deseret News, January 30, 1975, by Associated Press/New Orleans, La., Sugar Refineries Shut Down as Market Does Turnaround. -- The world's largest refinery...C and H plant in San Francisco. The second largest...Amstar Corp. (refinery in New Orleans, Louisiana). The Free Lance-Star, March 19, 1992, by Associated Press, Sugar Refineries Working in Russia. -- Russian sugar refineries closed earlier this year (resume) processing. Nine refineries are working again and another 45 are due to reopen soon. Ocala Star-Banner, December 27, 2002, by Kristen Hays, Associated Press Business Writer, A Bitter End, Sugar Refinery Closes -- Duffy Smith, executive vice president of operations, and Bob Peiser, chief executive, of Imperial Sugar, closure of refinery in Sugar Land, Texas, bankruptcy filed a year ago, also still open refineries in Gramercy, Louisiana, and Savannah, Georgia. - PUBLIC LIBRARY NEWS DATABASE The Genius of Liberty (Leesburg, Loudoun County, Virginia), June 20, 1835, Volume 19, Number 25, From the Charleston Patriot, Saturday, June 6. Destructive Fire. -- About half past 12 o'clock last night, fire broke out...until it had destroyed all the buildings the west side of Anson Street, from Market Street to Bement and Milliken's Sugar Refinery, including both sides of Maiden Lane, from Market to Pinckney Street...The time occupied by the conflagration was nearly nine hours...some base miscreant was the originator of this wide spread devastation...The number of dwelling houses and stores destroyed has been estimated at 182...Valuation $190,000, land or lots included. Palm Beach Post, August 26, 2003, by Susan Salisbury, Sugar Co-Op to Close New York. -- 15th of sugar refineries closing in 23 years, Brooklyn, New York, Domino sugar refinery closing in January 2004, after purchase November 2001 by Florida Crystals Corp., West Palm Beach, with Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida, Belle Glade, Florida. Also, Jack Lay, president and chief executive officer, American Sugar Refining Company, with refineries in Yonkers, New York, Baltimore, Maryland, and Chalmette, Louisiana. Also, Jack Roney, of American Sugar Alliance, Arlington, Virginia. - EARLY BRITISH NEWSPAPER DATABASE Northampton Mercury (Northamptonshire, England), Monday, December 23, 1771. -- Sugar Refineries at Dusseldorf...to secure to themselves the Commerce of Rhine. Dublin Evening Post (Dublin, Republic of Ireland), Thursday, August 9, 1781. -- Sugar Refiners of Ireland and Committee of Merchants. London Courier and Evening Gazette (London, England), Wednesday, May 19, 1802. -- (T)he French Government have it contemplation to prohibit the importation of refined sugars. If this prove true, it will give a great check to the English and Dutch refineries. Aberdeen Journal (Aberdeenshire, Scotland), Wednesday, October 26, 1803. -- (T)he sugar refineries at Hamburgh. Dublin Evening Post (Dublin, Republic of Ireland), Tuesday, May 13, 1806. -- Sugar House and Concerns, Waterford, to be sold by auction. Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser (London, England), Wednesday, April 29, 1807. -- Osborn and Little, size yard, Whitechapel, sugar refinery. Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette (East Riding of Yorkshire, England), Saturday, May 18, 1811. -- All that modern and extensive building, situate near the River at Stockton...lately used as Sugar Refinery, together with a...dwellinghouse...wharf or quay...granaries, warehouses. Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser (London, England), Saturday, May 30, 1812. -- Sugar refineries are...established (in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) The Bury and Norwich Post (Bury Saint Edmunds, England), Wednesday, April 7, 1813, Issue 1606, Tuesday's Post. -- A dreadful fire took place on Friday evening at Bristol, on the extensive premises of Mr. Stock, sugar refiner, in Lewin's-mead, which were nearly all destroyed before it could be got under. Saunders's News-Letter (Dublin, Republic of Ireland), Friday, August 25, 1815. -- To be sold by auction...the Mary's Abbey Sugar Refinery in the City of Dublin. Windsor and Eton Express (Berkshire, England), Sunday, August 18, 1816. -- Netherlands...Our beautiful silk manufactories scarcely exist any more. The sugar refineries are for the most part shut up. Our cotton spinneries, which have been more lately established, suffer. Morning Chronicle (London, England), Saturday, February 15, 1817. -- Paris Papers...The sugar refiners of the capital. Evening Mail (London, England), Monday, September 14, 1818. -- We learn from Copenhagen that there were two fires in that city the 26th and 27th of August. In the first a sugar refinery was reduced to ashes. Globe (London, England), Tuesday, January 19, 1819. --(Ruin) of their manufactories. The number of sugar refineries at Amsterdam, is already greatly reduced. The Bury and Norwich Post (Bury Saint Edmunds, England), Wednesday, February 24, 1819, Issue 1913. -- A mansion, and sugar refinery at Ipswich for sale by auction by John King, for sugar refiner Charles Greeves, deceased, mansion 10-years-old, new brick sugar refinery of three stories. Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser (London, England), Monday, September 13, 1819. -- Reed and Henncmann, King street, Saint George's in the East, sugar refinery. The Bury and Norwich Post (Bury Saint Edmunds, England), Wednesday, November 17, 1819, Issue 1951. -- Wednesday morning fire at sugar refinery of Messrs. Severn, King, and Co. sugar brokers, Church lane, Whitechapel, 18-month-old brick sugar refinery building of nine stories on one acre lot, about 75 percent property damage, other properties nearby destroyed also. Evening Mail (London, England), Wednesday, April 12, 1820. -- (I)t appears, that the...Pasha of Egypt has succeeded in establishing refineries of sugar in Alexandria and Grand Cairo. Cambridge Chronicle and Journal (Cambridgeshire, England), Friday, February 23, 1821. -- A sugar refinery discovered last week by the workmen excavating below a floor of the ancient Palace of the Bishop Exeter. Morning Post (London, England), Monday, November 5, 1821. -- Dissolved, H. Trollop and J. James, Saint George's in the East, sugar refinery. Evening Mail (London, England), Friday, January 11, 1822. -- On Tuesday afternoon, the workmen of Messrs. Severn, King, and Co. were employed at their extensive sugar refinery, Church-lane, Whitechapel, craning up sugars into lofts, when one of the hogsheads had arrived the highest tier, suddenly came down with tremendous. Bell's Weekly Messenger (London, England), Sunday, April 4, 1824. -- (T)he manufacture of glass has left London, and established itself on the banks of the Tyne. Even our sugar refineries are daily diminishing amongst us, and deserting the Thames for the Mersey and the Trent. Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette (East Riding of Yorkshire, England), Friday, December 24, 1824. -- Friday night last, the counting-house of Messrs. Thornton, Watson and Co. which is attached the dwelling-house, at their sugar refinery in Lime street, was burglariously entered into, and the various desks and drawers broken open. Morning Advertiser (London, England), Wednesday, January 12, 1825, Dreadful Catastrophe in Whitechapel. -- (From) the coroner - James M. Murdoch, engineer, employed at Mr. Rhode's sugar house, deposed, that Monday morning, between nine and ten o'clock, the deceased and another man, employed in the refinery, were ordered to clean out extensive tank steam boiler. Tyne Mercury, and the Northumberland and Durham and Cumberland Gazette (Tyne and Wear, England), Tuesday, January 31, 1826. -- The Prussian post brings advices of the total destruction by fire of the great new sugar refinery at Breslau. Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser (London, England), Monday, December 24, 1827. -- It appears there are at present in Russia thirty nine sugar refineries, of which seventeen are in the city of St. Petersburg alone. Bristol Mirror (Bristol, England), Saturday, January 17, 1829. -- On Thursday evening, between seven and eight o'clock, fire broke out in Messrs. Guppy's sugar refinery, Merchant street, Bristol,...confined to a small part of the building. Edinburgh Evening Courant (Midlothian, Scotland), Monday, April 27, 1829, Late Fire at Leith. -- (I)n extinguishing the fire at the Sugar refinery (William Macfie and Co.). London Courier and Evening Gazette (London, England), Wednesday, April 29, 1829. -- Sugar refineries have within recent period been established to a great extent at Trieste, Petersburgh, Hamburgh, and Gottenburg. London Courier and Evening Gazette (London, England), Thursday, June 4, 1829, Another Fire in a Sugar House. -- Last evening fire broke out at the northeast corner of the extensive sugar factory of Messrs. Friend and Bowden, Charlotte street, Commercial road. Morning Advertiser (London, England), Tuesday, December 15, 1829. -- A Sugar house burnt. On Sunday morning, shortly after six o'clock, the sugar refinery of Mr. Munn, situate in Gloucester street, Commercial road, was perceived. Morning Advertiser (London, England), Tuesday, February 2, 1830. Destructive Fire. The extensive steam sugar refinery of Mr. D.L. Thomas, at Baltimore, was destroyed by fire on Tuesday night. Morning Post (London, England), Thursday, April 4, 1833. -- (B)efore the Union there were a number of sugar refineries in Ireland. In Dublin alone there were eleven. Morning Post (London, England), Wednesday, June 12, 1833. -- By the restrictions on the refining of sugar the refineries in this country were not only threatened with ruin, but it had absolutely overtaken them. Oxford Journal (Oxfordshire, England), Saturday, June 15, 1833. -- Four-fifths of our sugar refineries were out of work, and...sugar manufacturers on the Continent were enabled to outsell us. London Courier and Evening Gazette (London, England), Tuesday, July 9, 1833. -- (T)he parish of Saint George, Middlesex, complaining of the injury which the parish had sustained by the abandonment of the sugar refineries. Gore's Liverpool General Advertiser (Merseyside, England), Thursday, August 8, 1833, Sugar Refiners. -- (E)xtensive sugar house and warehouses called Guinea Street Sugar, situated in Guinea street, in the City of Bristol. Bristol Mercury (Bristol, England), Saturday, November 23, 1833, Letters on the Trade of Bristol, the Causes of Its Decline, and Means of Its Revival. -- There were in the latter part of the last century, and in the beginning of the present one, twelve or more sugar refineries usually at work in Bristol. Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser (London, England), Tuesday, July 1, 1834. -- (S)ubstantial sugar house built principally by the late Mr. Hornblower, of London, well-known engineer and architect...this refinery about 1,200 tons of raw sugar may be boiled. The Morning Post (London, England), Saturday, September 13, 1834, Issue 19896, Sporting. -- Thursday night fire at Phoenix Sugar Refinery owned by Messrs. Archbolt and Watts, in Ratcliffe-Cross, all destroyed, a sugar boiler overflowed, insurance. Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser (London, England), Monday, December 22, 1834, To Sugar Refiners. -- To be sold by private contract, the extensive and commodious Sugar Refinery House and Works of Messrs. Light Foot and Co., situated in Batchelor street, Dale Street, in Liverpool. The house was erected Messrs. Light Foot in the year 1831. Norfolk Chronicle (Norfolk, England), Saturday, March 7, 1835. -- Sale, Messrs. Archbald, Watson and Co. Phoenix Sugar Refinery, Ratcliffe Cross, at Garraway's. Morning Chronicle (London, England), Friday, March 20, 1835. -- There is but one sugar refinery in Moscow. Perry's Bankrupt Gazette (London, England), Saturday, April 11, 1835. -- Declaration of Insolvency, William Augustus Archbald, filed April 3, of the Phoenix Sugar Refinery, Ratcliffe Cross, and of Back Lane, Saint George's in the East, as a partner in the firm of Archbald, Watson and Co. The Leicester Chronicle (Leicester, England), Saturday, April 18, 1835, Issue 1276, From the London Gazette, Friday, April 10. -- Insolvent, W.A. Archbald, Phoenix Sugar Refinery, Ratcliffe-Cross, and Back Lane, Saint George's in the East. Bell's New Weekly Messenger (London, England), Sunday, April 19, 1835. -- On Wednesday night some miscreant attempted to fire the extensive sugar refinery house Mr. Henry Nibba Browne, in Union Street, Shadwell...between eleven and twelve o'clock. Berrow's Worcester Journal (Worcester, England), Thursday, May 7, 1835, Issue 6904, Bankrupts, from the London Gazette of Tuesday, May 5. -- W.A. Archbald, Phoenix Sugar Refinery, Ratcliffe-Cross, and Back Lane, Saint George's in the East, sugar refiner, May 13, June 16. Bell's Weekly Messenger (London, England), Sunday, January 31, 1836. -- A letter from Berlin states that a fire which broke out on the 17th, between two and three o'clock p.m., in the large sugar refinery situated in Fredericks Strasse was one of the greatest and most alarming that has occurred in that capital. Nottingham Review and General Advertiser for the Midland Counties (Nottinghamshire, England), Friday, February 5, 1836. -- On the 17th of January, 1836, a great fire broke out at Berlin, at a sugar refinery, many houses were burnt, and to save the rest of the city, the adjoining houses were blown with gunpowder. Manchester Times (Greater Manchester, England), Saturday, July 23, 1836. -- Some English men have lately set up a sugar refinery at Matanzas, in the island of Cuba. Bucks Gazette (Buckinghamshire, England), Saturday, July 23, 1836. -- (D)uring many years in the yard of a sugar refinery in Saint Petersburg. The Standard (London, England), Wednesday, September 28, 1836, Issue 2929. -- New sugar refinery at Thames Bank, Chelsea, with plantings in Wandsworth. Caledonian Mercury (Midlothian, Scotland), Saturday, November 12, 1836. -- (U)ntil the house was entirely consumed, and some adjoining ones damaged. At one time fears were entertained that the sugar refinery of Messrs. M'Leish, Kayser and Co. (Greenock, Scotland) would have been destroyed...but fortunately. The Standard (London, England), Monday, April 9, 1838, Issue 4307, Tuesday, May 22, 1838, Issue 4342, Monday, April 9, 1839, Issue 4635, and Wednesday, June 10, 1840, Issue 4984, Public Sales of Sugar Refinery. -- Sale or lease for term of years, sugar refinery and two dwellings, Well-Street, Saint George's in the East, and frontage on Leman street, Goodman's Fields, sale by Mr. Fuller, with brick and timber warehouses, 5 to 6 stories each, close to riverway, docks. The Standard (London, England), Saturday, November 24, 1838, Issue 4502, Accident to a Thief. -- Greenock, Scotland, Sunday morning, a carter at sugar refinery of Messrs. Macfie, in Bogle street, found injured on-site Mr. Stewart, worker with the refinery 10 years, and Stewart was sent to infirmary. The Cornwall Royal Gazette, Falmouth Packet and Plymouth Journal (Truro, England), Tuesday, May 31, 1839, Issue 4383, Devonshire. -- At Plymouth, a London company is about to be formed...for the construction of wet docks at Millbay, for the East and West India trade...This in conjunction with the glass works, sugar refinery, and paint manufactory. The Standard (London, England), Tuesday, June 18, 1839, Issue 4678. -- Royal Sugar Refinery of Greece, investors wanted for company based in Paris, France, which received permission from Greek government to refine beetroot and exotic sugars in Greece. Subscription List agent in London, Mr. G.W. Speth, 37 Fenchurch street, with bankers, Messrs. Willis, Percival, and Co., 76 Lombard street, and the Levant is principal mart for the sugar refineries of Western Europe, also no competition in Greece. Hampshire Chronicle (Hampshire, England), Monday, September 9, 1839. -- The boiler of the steam engine at the sugar refinery at Bas Meudon burst a few days since, with violent explosion. The Blackburn Standard (Blackburn, England), Wednesday, December 11, 1839, Issue 256, Brief Chronicle of the Time. -- Refinery of sugar...erected at Thames Bank, Chelsea. The Cornwall Royal Gazette, Falmouth Packet and Plymouth Journal (Truro, England), Friday, December 20, 1839, Issue 3890, Agricultural, Commercial, and Scientific Notices. -- Refinery of sugar...erected at Thames bank, Chelsea...cultivation...at Wandsworth...A Refinery has lately been established at Belfast. Brighton Gazette (East Sussex, England), Thursday, December 31, 1840. -- London, England, Dec. 26, Early on Saturday morning a fire was discovered on the third floor of Messrs. Goodhart and Son's sugar refinery, in Ratcliffe Highway, and notwithstanding the exertions of the firemen...house was, in less. Belfast Commercial Chronicle (Antrim, Northern Ireland), Wednesday, March 24, 1841. -- In the refining of sugar the Belgians do considerable trade, possessing between sixty and seventy refineries, and exporting largely to Germany and by way of the Mediterranean. Morning Advertiser (London, England), Saturday, April 10, 1841. -- The Antwerp Journal of Commerce mentions no less than twelve sugar refineries that are about to give up business, and also states that two Belgian ships, with cargoes of sugar from Havannah, have gone to Hamburg, instead of coming into Belgian. Western Courier, West of England Conservative, Plymouth and Devonport Advertiser (Devon, England), Wednesday, June 9, 1841. -- On Thursday last a young man named Richard Menhennick was accidentally killed at the Sugar Refinery, Mill Street, Plymouth. The deceased was engaged on an upper floor lowering some bags, when the staple gave way. The Morning Post (London, England), Wednesday, July 28, 1841, Issue 22006, Fire and Narrow Escape. -- Extensive fire damage to a store at 32 New road, Saint George's in the East, and store almost next door to sugar refinery of Messrs. Cook and Thompson, fire did not reach sugar refinery. The Morning Post (London, England), Wednesday, July 31, 1841, Issue 22009, British Association. -- A sugar refinery in Mill lane. Liverpool Mail (Merseyside, England), Saturday, November 20, 1841, Notice or Sale by Auction. -- On the land on the East side of Sir Thomas's buildings stands a very old established Sugar house and other extensive buildings, built for and now used as a Sugar Refinery, as the same is now in the possession of Mr. John Crone as a tenant thereof. Morning Chronicle (London, England), Monday, November 29, 1841. -- In sugar refineries in Hamburg, all work men receive their board and lodging, and about (pay)...a week in addition. Exeter and Plymouth Gazette (Devon, England), Saturday, December 11, 1841. -- Principals to apply at the Counting house of Messrs. Bryant, Burnell and Co., Sugar Refinery, Mill Street, from 10 to 4, Plymouth, December 7, 1841. The Bradford Observer, and Halifax, Huddersfield, and Keighley Reporter (Bradford, England), Thursday, August 4, 1842, Issue 444, Improvements in Steam Boilers. -- Sugar refinery of Messrs. Wainwright and Gadesden, junior, Prince's Place, Saint George's in the East. Morning Advertiser (London, England), Thursday, August 25, 1842. -- Accident. Yesterday morning about six o'clock, Hans Meinken, German, employed in the large sugar refinery in Albert Street, Shadwell, belonging to Mr. Henry Nibba Browne, while assisting taking the refined (sugar) from the ground floor. The Sheffield and Rotherham Independent (Sheffield, England), Saturday, December 30, 1843, Issue 1245, Liverpool. -- The great sugar refinery manufactory, belonging to Thomas Brancker, and his brother, James Brancker, was on Thursday morning, consumed by fire. The Standard (London, England), Saturday, December 30, 1843, Issue 6069, The Great Fire at Liverpool, and Loss of Life. -- Liverpool, extensive fire damage, worker injuries and several deaths, sugar refinery at Harrington street to Mathew street, owner James Brancker (of late sir T. and J. Brancker), several buildings, insurance coverage, ongoing conditions 120 to 130 degrees in sugar refinery. The Standard (London, England), Friday, June 12, 1846, Issue 6814, Alarming Fire and Sacrifice of Property at Bristol, in Bristol, June 11, 1846. -- Extensive fire damage to property and sugar stores of sugar refinery, which is on floating harbor at Counterslip, owners Messrs. Finzell and Son, also insurance. Greenock Advertiser (Renfrewshire, Scotland), Friday, July 18, 1856, Sugar Refinery for Sale. -- To be sold, with immediate possession...Sugar House, No. 93, Oxford Street, Manchester. Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette (Renfrewshire, Scotland), Tuesday, March 29, 1859, Sugar Refinery for Sale. -- The recently erected fire-proof sugar refinery, situated at Cartsburn, Greenock, at present occupied by Messrs. Wrede, Thome, and Co. Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette (Renfrewshire, Scotland), Saturday, March 22, 1862, Destruction of a Sugar Refinery. -- Shortly after twelve o'clock, on Thursday morning, fire was observed from the top flat of Dellingburn Sugar Refinery, the property of Messrs. Tasker. Dundee Advertiser (Angus, Scotland), Friday, March 3, 1865, Fall of a Sugar Refinery, Four Men Killed and Two Injured. -- From the Scotsman. A calamitous occurrence took place on Monday afternoon in the fall of a large new sugar refinery belonging to the Leith Sugar Refining Company. Western Daily Press (Bristol, England), Monday, November 27, 1865, The Explosion at the Sugar Refinery, Another Death. -- On Saturday William Alsop, another of the sufferers from the late explosion at Messrs. Finzel's Sugar Refinery, died at the infirmary from scalds. Sussex Advertiser (East Sussex, England), Tuesday, November 28, 1865, Alarming Explosion a Sugar Refinery at Bristol. -- On Monday, between twelve and one o'clock, an explosion...resulted in the more or less serious injury of ten persons, occurred at the works of Messrs. Einsell and Co. Taunton Courier, and Western Advertiser (Somerset, England), Wednesday, May 30, 1866, Destruction of the West of England Sugar Refinery, Plymouth. -- A fire broke out on Sunday morning at the West of England Sugar Refinery, Flora street, Plymouth. Penny Despatch and Irish Weekly Newspaper (Dublin, Republic of Ireland), Saturday, December 22, 1866, Destructive Fire. -- About ten o'clock on Monday night last a fire broke out in the sugar house of Messrs. Dawson, Martin, and Co., known as the Deer Park Refinery, and situated a short distance to the east side of Baker street, Greenock. Cork Examiner (Cork, Republic of Ireland), Thursday, July 25, 1867, The Cork Sugar Refinery. -- (A)uction, on the 1st of August, of the Crosses Green Sugar Refinery. Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette (Renfrewshire, Scotland), Thursday, December 5, 1867, Baker Street Sugar Refinery Annual Festival. -- On Friday evening last the workmen in the employment of Alex Scott, sugar refiner, Baker Street, held their first annual soiree, concert, and ball. Aberdeen Journal (Aberdeenshire, Scotland), Wednesday, December 8, 1875. -- The Khedive and His Sugar Refineries. According to telegrams from a Paris correspondent, rumour...that the Khedive was trying to negotiate with an English group of financiers the sale of twenty sugar refineries. The Times (Ottawa, Canada), Wednesday, December 29, 1875, American, New York, A Big Loss in Sugar. -- New York, December 28, 1875, By the burning of the sugar refinery at Hastings yesterday, about 5,000 tons of crude sugar, and 5,000 tons of refined sugar, were destroyed. The loss is estimated at $500,000, insurance $30,000. Derry Journal (Londonderry, Northern Ireland), Monday, February 7, 1876. -- Mr. Cave will visit the Khedive's extensive sugar refineries in Upper Egypt. Western Times (Devon, England), Tuesday, August 7, 1877, Finzel's Sugar Refinery. -- The Counterslip Sugar Refinery at Bristol, one of the largest institutions of the kind in the kingdom...and which has been for many years the occupation of Messrs. Fuller, Horsey, Son. Exeter and Plymouth Gazette Daily Telegrams (Devon, England), Wednesday, April 17, 1878, The Counterslip Sugar Refinery. -- The Counterslip Sugar Refinery, Bristol, the largest establishment of its kind in the world, was yesterday bought by Mr. Philip Worsley, of Bristol, on behalf of himself and four others. Sheffield Independent (South Yorkshire, England), Tuesday, January 10, 1882, Great Fire at a Sugar Refinery. -- New York, Monday, A boiling house, belonging to Messrs. Havemeyer and Elder's sugar refinery at Williamsburg, Long Island, has been burnt. Sheffield Evening Telegraph (South Yorkshire, England), Saturday, June 11, 1887, Sugar Refinery Burnt, New York (U.S.A.) June 11. -- The Havermeyer Sugar Refinery...and other buildings at Brooklyn (New York) were destroyed by fire today. The Quebec Daily Telegraph (Quebec, Canada), Saturday, June 11, 1887, Great Fire To-Day, Sugar Refinery, Lumber Yards, Stables, Oil, Glass and Iron Works Burned, Loss Over a Million Dollars. -- New York, June 11, The immense sugar refinery of the Havemeyer Sugar Refining Company, in Williamsburg, was destroyed by fire this morning. London Evening Standard (London, England), Thursday, February 9, 1893. -- The Khedive today visited the Daira Sugar Factory at Rodah...a history of the refinery. Sheffield Evening Telegraph (South Yorkshire, England), Wednesday, January 31, 1894, Sugar Refinery Closed. -- Greenock telegram says that Messrs. John Walker and Co., sugar refiners, Greenock, have decided close their refinery, which is one of the largest Scotland, account of the adverse market. Bluffton Chronicle (Bluffton, Indiana, U.S.A.), Wednesday, January 6, 1909, End of America's Sugar King. -- Claus Spreckels..."sugar king"...recently died of pneumonia is San Francisco...Claus Spreckels was born in Germany in 1828...In 1863 he established his first sugar refinery. Lancashire Evening Post (Lancashire, England), Saturday, October 31, 1925, Fire at Sugar Refinery. -- Several thousand pounds damage was caused by a fire at the Orchard Sugar Refinery, Greenock, yesterday. The Glasgow Herald (Glasgow, Scotland), Tuesday, June 17, 1952, Glebe Sugar Refinery. Glebe Sugar Refinery in Greenock is closing next month because refined sugar purchased from Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, and Yugoslavia has displaced, and will increasingly displace British refined sugar in the home market, (letter to editor by Lilias Y. Thomson). - EARLY DUTCH LANGUAGE NEWSPAPER DATABASE Nieuwe Amsterdamsche Courant, Algemeen Handelsblad (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Monday, September 17, 1866, Issue 10829, Belgian Post, Brussels, Belgium, Saturday, September 15. -- In 1865, the city of Antwerp had 30 sugar refineries. Leeuwarder Courant (Leeuwarden, The Netherlands), February 10, 1829, Issue 12, Netherlands, Amsterdam, February 5, 1829. -- Yesterday evening out here a raging fire erupted in the sugar refinery Paramaribo....with whom the refinery, the warehouses and the residential house are laid in ashes. - NEW YORK DAILY TIMES, TIMES DATABASE New York Daily Times, September 23, 1851, Later from Havana, Arrival of the Empire City at New Orleans - New Orleans, Sunday, Sept. 21. -- The steamer Empire City, from New York, via Havana, with dates from the latter city to the 18th, has arrived (in New Orleans, Louisiana). New York Daily Times, September 30, 1851, Hurd's Centrifugal Sugar Depurator. -- (I)n England and on the Continents, the Deparators are in universal use. One concern in Bristol has 46 machines in operation...A few...in Cuba and...the United States. The agent and manufacturer in New York is Mr. G.B. Hartson, Globe Machine Shop, on Thirty-third street, between Tenth and Eleventh avenues. New York Daily Times, October 6, 1851, New York City, Fire at Stuart's Sugar Refinery. -- (At) Mssrs. R.L. and A. Stuart's Steam Sugar Refinery, corner of Reade and Greenwich streets. New York Daily Times, October 28, 1851, Marine Disasters, Collision and Loss of Life, Boston, Monday, Oct. 27. -- The ship "Massachusetts," from Manilla for Boston came into Nantucket Roads on fire in her hold...chiefly laden with hemp...(only) false alarm, caused by the smoking of the sugar. New York Daily Times, October 29, 1851, New York City, Explosion of a Steam Boiler. -- (T)he steam sugar refinery of Messrs. Booth and Edgar, at Numbers 134 and 140, King street, near the North River...the boiler exploded...(located) corner of West and King streets. New York Daily Times, October 30, 1851, New York City, A Shocking Accident. -- (W)orkman accident in the steam sugar refinery of Mssrs. Howland and Muller, corner of Montgomery and Water streets (severely injuring) John McNammel. New York Daily Times, October 31, 1851, Inquest at the City Hospital. -- Coroner's inquest...at New York Hospital (for) John McNamme, who died (after work accident at) Messrs. Howland and Moller's steam sugar refinery in Water street. New York Daily Times, November 10, 1851, A Horrible and Fatal Occurrence. -- Joseph Amburst, German, worker at Messrs. Howell, King and Co. steam sugar refinery, Duane street, died in work accident, with an inquest. New York Daily Times, November 20, 1851, Schooner Laura Ashore and Most of Her Cargo Lost, Baltimore, Wednesday, Nov. 10. -- Schooner Laura, from the West Indies, for Philadelphia, with a cargo of sugar, sprung a leak, and was run ashore...her cargo, on which there is an insurance, is mostly lost. New York Daily Times, December 30, 1851, New York City, A Sugar Refinery on Fire. -- Fire at Union Steam Sugar Refinery, No. 28 Leonard street, owned by Messrs. Harris and Evans, with damage covered by insurance. New York Daily Times, February 18, 1852, New York City, Crimes, Inquests, Etc., Coroner's Investigation. -- Thomas Cannon, worker at Steam Sugar Refinery, Laight street, owned by Mr. Swift, died in brawl nearby refinery after work. New York Daily Times, April 13, 1852, New York City, Steam Boiler Explosion. Sugar refinery, Duane street, owned by Messrs. Howell, King and Co., boiler explosion, workers critically injured. New York Daily Times, April 14, 1852, New York City, The Late Explosion and Death of Two of the Sufferers. -- Edward Doran, Michael Murphy, and Alexander McBride, workers, Sugar Refinery, Duane street, owned by Messrs. Howell, King and Co., all three workers died during steam boiler explosion, coroner investigation. New York Daily Times, April 15, 1852, New York City, The Steam Boiler Explosion. -- Coroner Ives investigation of sugar refinery steam boiler explosion, Duane street, jurors selected. New York Daily Times, April 16, 1852, New York City, The Sugar House Boiler Explosion, Verdict of Coroner's Jury. -- Coroner Ives jury inquest, Howell, King and Co. Steam Sugar Refinery, Duane Street by Broadway street, refinery's chief engineer, Henry Affleck, questioned. New York Daily Times, April 19, 1852. -- John Kendall sunk in schooner accident while anchored, after arrival from Cardenas, Cuba, and cargo included sugar. New York Daily Times, May 18, 1852, New York City, Destruction of a Steam Sugar Refinery by Fire, Loss Estimated at Four Hundred Thousand Dollars. -- Fire at Steam Sugar Refinery, Laight and West streets, owned by E.H. Swift, building and contents all lost. New York Daily Times, May 28, 1852, Destruction of a Sugar House, Petersburg, Virginia, Thursday, May 27. -- Dr. Perkins's extensive sugar house at Baton Rouge, was entirely consumed by fire, on the night of the 18th inst. Loss about $200,000, and insured for $70,000. New York Daily Times, June 8, 1852, Wreck of Bark Fairmount, of Philadelphia, and Loss of Life. -- Fairmount, sailing from Cienfuegos, Cuba, to Philadelphia, cargo of sugar, run into by another ship in Gulf, loss of almost all crew. New York Daily Times, June 17, 1852, New York City, Death from Excessive Heat. -- John Roach, Irish, 38-years-old, worker at Havemeyer's sugar refinery, Vandam street by Hudson street, work exposure of heat from furnace, died in hospital, Coroner Ives, jury inquest. New York Daily Times, July 14, 1852, New York City, To Be Restored. -- Commissioner of Repairs and Supplies to notify the Messrs. Stuart that they must restore the grade of the east side of Greenwich street, in front of their Sugar Refinery, to its former level. (If not restored, charge to owners for repair costs). New York Daily Times, August 10, 1852, New York City, Serious Accident at Stuarts' Steam Sugar Refinery. -- Worker accident, Steam Sugar Refinery, Chambers street, owned by Messrs. R.L. and A. Stuart, with critical injuries. New York Daily Times, August 20, 1852, New York City, Hazardous. -- (Prior) fire of the sugar house on the corner of West and Laight streets, (concern that remaining chimney may fall). New York Daily Times, September 8, 1852, New York City, Board of Aldermen, Tuesday, Resolutions Adopted. -- (Remove) chimney (from damaged) sugar house in Laight street. New York Daily Times, September 21, 1852, New York City, Fall of a Large Brick Chimney. -- (T)he large brick chimney of Mr. Swift's old sugar house, foot of Laight street, that was recently destroyed by fire, fell...The vessels lying in the slips opposite were all removed, and the families residing in the immediate vicinity were compelled to leave their houses...The ruins have completely blocaded West street and it will take several days to remove them. New York Daily Times, January 17, 1853, New York City, Superior Court, General Term. -- (A general discussion of first city planners, layout of streets and boundaries). (A)s to all streets laid out under the Dutch rule, the ownership of the street was entirely in the public authority. It is needless to inquire whether this authority was the city of Amsterdam, the West India Company, or the Municipal Government of New Amsterdam...The Dutch brought with them the laws of Holland. New York Daily Times, February 7, 1853, New York City, Arrest of the Captain and Mate of a Bark. -- (Ship arrived from New Orleans), Loretto Fish. (Arrested on charges of theft, six hundred weight of sugar of ship's cargo, Captain Edward Close, second mate Robert Sanders, and cabin boy Carbo Arnold.) New York Daily Times, February 15, 1853, New York City, Fires. -- Fire at steam Sugar Refinery, corner South and Montgomery streets, owned by Peter Maller and Co., lesser building damage, large sugar losses. New York Daily Times, March 2, 1853, New York City, Sad and Fatal Accidents. -- Henry Grote, German, worker, steam Sugar Refinery, owned by Messrs. R.L. and A. Stuart, died after an accident at work, Coroner Hilton, inquest. New York Daily Times, July 8, 1853, New York Legislature, Extra Session, Senate, Albany, Thursday, July 7, Bills Passed. -- To authorize the Grocers' Steam Sugar Refining Company to borrow money. (New York Grocers' Steam Sugar Refining Company). New York Daily Times, August 30, 1853, New York City, Grand Larceny on Shipboard. -- Ephraim Smith, mate, and William Richards, charges of larceny, 16 bags of sugar from onboard ship George W. Russell. New York Daily Times, September 7, 1853, New York City, Accident at a Sugar Mill. -- A boy crushed his hand at sugar mill, corner of Avenue D and Sixth street, and a local police officer freed boy, who received doctor's help and sent home. New York Daily Times, November 5, 1853, New York City, Alarming Fire. -- (A) fire broke out in the old church, on Vandewater street, near Pearl...the upper portion (of the church was) occupied for storage rooms by Mr. Ochershausen, whose Sugar Refinery extends through from the church to Rose street...loss of the church and the rear part of the sugar refinery...Loss...about $3,000. New York Daily Times, November 29, 1853, Marine Disasters, Philadelphia, Monday, Nov. 28. -- The ship Delhi, from Porto Rico, with sugar and molasses for New York, (ship accident, sinking by shore). New York Daily Times, December 31, 1853, New York City, Fires. -- Sugar Refinery...of Mesers. Stewart, corner of Greenwich and Chamber streets...alarm was given, and several Engine Companies were quickly on the spot, but found no appearance of fire. The alarm was caused by some persons mistaking the unusual escape of steam for a volume of smoke. New York Daily Times, January 4, 1854, Arrival of the Steamship United States at New Orleans, Sinking of a Steamer and Loss of Eighteen Lives, New Orleans, Monday, Jan. 2. -- The river steamer Pearl, bound to New Orleans with a cargo of sugar, sunk on Saturday night, and it is supposed eighteen lives were lost. New York Daily Times, March 31, 1854, New York City, A Dangerous Sugar Chimney. -- (T)he dangerous condition of the chimney of the Grocers' Sugar house, at the corner of West and Hubert streets. The chimney is one hundred and fifty feet high, and has a large crack in it. (City alderman, builders, engineers, local neighbors, all concerned, and further measures needed). New York Daily Times, April 7, 1854, New York City, Fatal Accident at a Sugar House. -- New York Steam Sugar Refinery, corner of South and Montgomery street, owned by Peter Moller, Moller and Co., worker death, and other workers critically injured in fall from sixth floor of refinery. Frederick Newman, 34, German, died, Coroner O'Donnell, jury inquest, and workers John Pearle, John Strausberg, and Augustus Boorman, all German, all hospitalized with severe injuries. New York Daily Times, April 8, 1854, Sinking of a Schooner, Baltimore, Friday, April 7. -- British schooner Exchange, from Nassau, loaded with salt, iron and sugar (sunk after damage by steamboat Hugh Jenkins, all survived). New York Daily Times, May 19, 1854, Disasters at Sea, Vessels in Distress. -- The ship George Leslie from Thomaston, was traveling from Mantanzas to Falmouth, England, sugar cargo, stopover in New York City, as bad leak. New York Daily Times, May 24, 1854, New York City, Killed in a Steam Sugar Refinery. -- Grocer's Steam Sugar Refinery, corner of Laight and Washington streets, worker death from accident on May 19, 1854. George Miller, 25, German, death, Coroner Hilton, jury inquest. Refinery foreman Burton Thomas, company held culpable. New York Daily Times, June 17, 1854, New York City, Fire in the Fifth Ward. -- Fire at store building, northeast corner of Duane and Washington streets, and fire also burned nearby No. 199 Duane street, with stored sugar of Messrs. R.L. and A. Stuart in six-story building owned by Wm. H. Curtis. About 100 hogsheads of sugar stored, light loss. New York Daily Times, July 10, 1854, New York City, The Peverelly Arson Case. -- Goods stored in the warehouse of (Charles A. Peverelly), and the amounts missing - J.E. Woodruff and Co. had 69 hogsheads of sugar, of which 37 are missing. Meyer and Stacker, No. 76 Beaver street, 73 hogsheads sugar - about 50 missing. Possible charges. New York Daily Times, July 11, 1854, New York City, The Peverelly Arson Case. -- Arraigned, Theodore L. Peverelly and Charles A. Peverelly, brothers, building owners. Testimony, Messrs. Meyer and Stacker, of No. 76 Beaver street, receipt for, New York, Feb. 20, 1854, received on storage in the warehouse, No. 147 Front street, from Messrs. Meyer and Stacker, seventy-three hogsheads of sugar, marked A., signed, Charles A. Peverelly, also Peverelly family bio. New York Daily Times, August 9, 1854, Destructive Fire at St. Louis - Loss $175,000, St. Louis, Tuesday, Aug. 7. -- The large warehouse of Mr. Fitzpatrick, in this city, was entirely destroyed by fire...together with its contents...of 4,500 bales of hemp, and a large quantity of sugar and coffee. The loss amounts to $175,000, and is understood to be covered by insurance. New York Daily Times, October 26, 1854, New York City, Accident at Stuart's Sugar Manufactory. -- Stuart's sugar house, corner of Greenwich and Chambers streets, worker accident, Henry Snydecker, ninth-story pull-rope work injury, and hospitalized. New York Daily Times, November 13, 1854, The Peverelly Arson Case, Court of General Sessions. -- Theodore L. Peverelly and Charles A. Peverelly, and some court testimonies. Abraham E. Dubois, cartman for Woodruff and Co., 69 hogsheads of sugar, with receipt. Emil Ruger, clerk, Myers and Stuken's, 73 hogsheads of sugar, stored. New York Daily Times, December 11, 1854, New York City, Horrible Death in a Sugar Vat. -- Howell and Co., Duane street, worker death after accident, William Wilson, vat cleaner, hospitalized, Coroner Gamble, jury inquest. New York Daily Times, December 18, 1854, New York City, Alleged Fraud of $10,000. -- Two arrested for defrauding Messrs. Booth and Edgar, steam sugar refiners, of sugar and other, $10,000 to $12,000. Jerome B. Fellows and William R. Taylor arrested, and R. Finley and Oscar F. Wainwright also charged. New York Daily Times, December 19, 1854, New York City, The Alleged $10,000 Fraud. -- Defrauded Messrs. Booth and Edgar, steam sugar refiners, two arrests in case, and affidavit of names of other sugar refiners with similar losses, prosecution by Alderman Lord. New York Daily Times, December 26, 1854, New York City, The Swindle upon Sugar Dealers. -- Defrauded, Messrs. Booth and Edgar, steam sugar refiners, prosecution by Alderman Daniel Lord. New York Daily Times, January 5, 1855, New York City, Alleged Fraud of $10,000. -- No appearance by complainants Booth and Edgar sugar refiners, so dismissal of fraud case. New York Daily Times, February 15, 1855, New York City, Death from Scalds. -- Grocers' Steam Sugar Refinery, worker scald, accident and death of Archibald Thompson, hospital jury inquest. New York Daily Times, May 2, 1855, New York City, The Sugar House Frauds - Indictments. -- Prior case dismissed for non-appearance, new fraud accusations by Messrs. Booth and Edgar, Davenport and Co., and other sugar refineries, to public prosecutor, followed by six indictments and several arrests. New York Daily Times, May 15, 1855, New York City. -- Fraud accusations by Messrs. Booth and Edgar, and Davenport and Co., sugar refiners, accused held on bail. New York Daily Times, August 22, 1855, New York City, Accident by Machinery. -- Howell's sugar house, Duane street, worker accident, Michael Gordon, assistant engineer, machine accident, amputation at hospital. New York Daily Times, October 10, 1855, New York City, The Value of Dead Horse. -- (I)n the City of New York...22 horses per day (die)...his bones are burned and sold to the sugar refiners for refining purposes. New York Daily Times, January 26, 1856, New York City, Sugar Making Machinery. -- Sugar making machinery, begass furnace, Stillman brothers sales. New York Daily Times, June 2, 1856, New York City, Fires, In Duane Street. -- Fire, old sugar house, Duane street between William and Rose streets, now brass foundry owned by George Durno, some fire loss, insured. New York Daily Times, July 2, 1856, New York City, Miscellaneous, Dreadful Accident - One Man Killed, and Two More Badly Injured. -- Sugar house, No. 28 Leonard street, owned by Harris Evans, workmen accident, by three who went up on supply hoist with goods to sixth story, and then hoist dropped, faulty rope, James Cozens dead, and Joseph Nazeran, James Maloney, both critically injured, and an inquest. - NEWSWEEK Newsweek (JOURNAL). 1933- . New York, New York, Newsweek. ISSN 0028-9604. Newsweek, April 4, 1936, Volume 7, Number 14, Page 38, Sugar, The Institute's Object May Be Admirable, but Its Means Are Illegal, Rules the Supreme Court. -- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Charles Evans Hughes, Sr., 7-to-0 vote, (T)he court held that the trade association (Sugar Institute) had violated the Sherman Act and must cease its illegal practices (anti-trust action by court)...Fifteen leading companies, handling some 90 per cent of the country's cane sugar refining, formed the Sugar Institute in 1927...Three years later...the government first brought suit. - SAN FRANCISCO (JOURNAL). 1957- . San Francisco, California, San Francisco Magazine, Inc. ISSN 0036-4088. San Francisco, January 1973, Volume 15, Number 1, Pages 15-17, 34, 35, Tourists, Key to Prosperity in '73. -- Bob Sullivan, general manager of the Visitors and Convention Bureau...ride the gravy train...San Francisco Bay Area Council, the region's chamber of commerce, conducted an executive poll...(Their) poll results were made public in late November at an Outlook Conference...much of the conference's attention focused on the future of Bay Area business and its decaying cities...The executive poll had uncovered a rising negative image of the area as a place to do business...(including) the center city disease of economic decay and middle class exodus...San Francisco-Oakland area (five counties)...Bank of America...quoted the City Planning Department, If present trends are allowed to continue, San Francisco may become an economic and racial ghetto...San Francisco Magazine asked Walter E. Hoadley, (Bank of America's executive vice president and chief economist), what would be the upshot if the trend continued...Nothing until crisis. The ultimate crisis is complete segregation, a boarded up city, army-controlled...the City's population drain...(author Thomas B. Carter aside), Provided it doesn't turn into an armed camp, San Francisco might be a nice place to visit. San Francisco, February 1973, Volume 15, Number 2, Pages 22-25, 40, 42-44, The Hawaiian Invasion. -- For more than a decade now, San Francisco has been infiltrated by an almost indiscernible army...the invasion from Hawaii...One day they start selling their wares in the City's most prestigious store, the next thing you know, they'll be flying the Hawaiian flag from the top of the tallest hotel on Nob Hill...Hawaii-based companies are rapidly acquiring businesses and land around the Bay Area. Together, they account for a surprising amount of Northern California's economic activity. This new activity is only partially due to the traditional economic ties between Honolulu and San Francisco - ties which extend back to the days of the clipper ships...Shortages suffered during the Civil War generated a heavy demand for Hawaiian sugar. After the Reciprocity Treaty, signed by the kingdom of Hawaii and the United States in 1878, exempted island sugar from import duties, the industry grew rapidly. The companies shipped through San Francisco. Together with some Californian investors, the five major sugar companies established a co-operative refinery in Crockett, California. The Big Five still markets its sugar under the familiar C&H (California & Hawaiian) label...Capt. William Matson, a San Franciscan, started a shipping line which prospered by carrying that trade. All of the Big Five maintained offices in San Francisco, laying the basis for the personal relationships which still, in spirit, tie Honolulu more closely to San Francisco than any other city...This invasion of Hawaii-based companies has generated financial support for local firms and this new revival of the traditional economic ties will give San Francisco a greater role in the burgeoning economic future of the Pacific Basin...Amfac (shortened from American Factors) is the fastest growing and most aggressive of the Hawaiian giants...which began as a small general store, opened in the islands by a German sea-captain in 1849...Like Amfac, Castle & Cooke also began as a small general store (Boston)...The...partnership of Samuel N. Castle and Amos Starr Cooke later became a prominent sugar company and one of Hawaii's leading corporations. San Francisco, April 1973, Volume 15, Number 4, Page 37, The Alcatraz Casino, Governor Alioto's (Joseph Lawrence Alioto, S.F. mayor) dream of converting Alcatraz into a gambling casino, to rival Monte Carlo. San Francisco, May 1973, Volume 15, Number 5, Page 32, The City's Embattled Mansions, bombed, terrorized and picketed in recent years, Pacific Heights residents are now fighting halfway houses for ex-convicts and ex-addicts. - TIME MAGAZINE Time Magazine (JOURNAL). 1923- . New York, New York, Time, Inc. ISSN 0040-781X. Time, March 31, 1923, Volume 1, Number 5, Page 2, Sugar. -- Four Federal agencies and one non-partisan political organization (Department of Commerce, Department of Justice, Federal Trade Commission, Federal Tariff Commission, and People's Legislative Service)...expect to find monopoly..."sugar steal" (by Sugar Trust). Time, April 7, 1923, Volume 1, Number 6, Page 4, Sugar, Axes to Grind. -- (F)our Federal agencies are carrying on their four separate investigations of the (Sugar Trust)...President (Warren Gamaliel) Harding (also)..ordered an investigation of the situation. Time, April 14, 1923, Volume 1, Number 7, Page 4, Sugar, Wicked Refiners. -- (I)nvestigations, (as well as)...charges...(by) Senator Reed Smoot of Utah against sugar refiners. Time, April 21, 1923, Volume 1, Number 8, Page 4, Sugar, The Hunt Continues. -- (F)our Federal investigations of the sugar scandal (sugar brokers)...Department of Justice (United States Attorney's office)...(Federal) Tariff Commission's investigation (includes) three classes of investigators...commodity experts...cost accountants...economists...(and) Department of Commerce and the Federal Trade Commission, (Also, President Warren Gamaliel Harding concern). Time, May 5, 1923, Volume 1, Number 10, Page 2, Sugar, J'Accuse. -- Six separate government agencies are now investigating the sugar situation, the Departments of Justice, Commerce, Agriculture and Treasury, the Federal Trade Commission, the U. S. Tariff Commission. (Possible monopoly of sugar refiners) American Sugar Refining, Federal Sugar Refining, Arbuckle Bros., Revere, National, Warner and Pennsylvania. Time, September 24, 1923, Volume 2, Number 4, Page 19, Medicine, McCann's Warning. -- Alfred W. McCann, dietetic expert...pleads for the use of natural sugars, such as honey, as the best dietetic aid to forestall diabetes. It is the artificial confections and syrups of civilized life that are raising the diabetes rate, he says. Time, October 1, 1923, Volume 2, Number 5, Page 13, Art, In San Francisco. -- Mrs. Adolph Bernard Spreckels, wife of one of the sugar-gas-transit-charity dispensers of San Francisco, was Alma De Bretteville, great-grand-daughter of a French Marquis, Colonel in Louis XVI's Swiss Hundred. (Donations to city of San Francisco, California). Time, April 28, 1924, Volume 3, Number 17, Page 2, The Cabinet, Navy, Some Sugar. -- Federal Sugar Refining Co., delivered 420,000 pounds of granulated sugar under Navy Order 6,273 (price dispute over higher charges to Navy). Time, July 7, 1924, Volume 4, Number 1, Page 31, Milestones. -- Adolph Bernard Spreckels, 67, son of Claus Spreckels who founded the big sugar industries of California and the Hawaiian Islands, (died) at San Francisco, after a short illness. He was Vice President of the J.D. Spreckels and Bros. Co., and was connected with the Spreckels Sugar Co. of California and Hawaii...sportsman...owned fine yachts...racehorses. Time, August 4, 1924, Volume 4, Number 5, Pages 1, 2, The Campaign, Laying the Keel. -- Rudolph Spreckels of San Francisco...a millionaire. He is the eleventh son of the late Claus Spreckels, Sugar King. He is President of the First National Bank of San Francisco, the First Federal Trust Co., the Real Property Investment Corp. and Vice President of the Universal Electric and Gas Co. Time, September 22, 1924, Volume 4, Number 12, Page 3, Bob Jr. vs. Butler. -- "There is no coal trust, no sugar trust, no oil trust, no beef trust, or any other kind of trust...All the trusts are gone. Harry Daugherty smashed them." Time, January 19, 1925, Volume 5, Number 3, Page 26, Business and Finance, Sugar Merger. -- Prior to 1911 American Sugar Refining had owned National Sugar Refining (of New Jersey), but was compelled by the courts to dispose of its holdings. The two companies control about a third of the world's sugar refining facilities, a merger of the two would constitute the largest refining concern in the world (possible monopoly). Time, February 23, 1925, Volume 5, Number 8, Page 3, Delay. -- Charles Beecher Warren of Michigan, former Ambassador to Japan and to Mexico, was nominated to succeed (Attorney General) Stone, (but opposed because he was)...involved with the sugar trust...for the American Sugar Refining Co....(and) he was (past) president of the Michigan Sugar Co. and of the Toledo Sugar Co. Time, March 23, 1925, Volume 5, Number 12, Pages 1, 2, Too Late. -- Charles Beecher Warren, from Michigan, defeated as Attorney General nominee, ties to Sugar Trust, once an agent for American Sugar Refining Co., also president of the Michigan Sugar Refining Co. Time, May 4, 1925, Volume 5, Number 18, Page 2, Tariff, Fiction. -- Silas Bent, journalist, supplied to a syndicate headed by The New York World a series of articles on sugar...(and) sugar men...From Colorado, The President (William L. Petriken) and the General Counsel (Charles W. Waterman) of the Great Western Sugar Co., the General Counsel (William V. Hodges) of the Holly Sugar Corporation, who became Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. From California, John D. Spreckels, owner of the biggest beet sugar factory in the world, H.C. Giese, manager of one of Mr. Spreckels' companies. From Michigan, Charles B. Warren, onetime President of the Michigan Sugar Co., William H. Wallace, now President of the same, Gerrit J. Diekema, President of the Holland, St. Louis Sugar Co. From Utah, Senator Reed Smoot, a leader of the Mormon Church, which owns three-fourths of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Co., E.O. Howard, a Director of this concern. Time, June 21, 1926, Volume 7, Number 25, Pages 29, 30, Milestones. -- Miss Carlotta Havemeyer, eldest daughter of Henry Osborne Havemeyer, purse-potent director of coal, copper, fruit, sugar and (minor) railway companies (married) to one Anson Alexander Bigelow of Philadelphia and Newport. (Milestones) John Diedrich Spreckels, 72, after week of illness (died) at Coronado, Calif. He was the eldest son of the late Claus Spreckels, who expanded his Philadelphia grocery business to control much of the U.S. sugar trade. The sons - John Diedrich, Adolph Barnard (died 1924), Claus August (president, Federal Sugar Refining Co.) and Rudolph...all went into the sugar business. Time, January 17, 1927, Volume 9, Number 3, Page 24, Religion, Nun. -- (T)he will...of Levis W. Minford, rich New Jersey sugar broker, that daughter (Grace Minford) should forfeit all inheritance of Mr. Minford's $2,000,000 estate. Time, January 17, 1927, Volume 9, Number 3, Page 29, Milestones. -- George R. Bunker, 82, Chairman of Board, National Sugar Refining Co. of New Jersey (died) in Yonkers, N.Y., of pneumonia following operation. Time, February 7, 1927, Volume 9, Number 6, Page 24, Medicine, Dentists. -- Chicago dental convention...This nation today is consuming sugar at the rate of 100 pounds a person a year, as against 30 pounds before the Revolutionary War..." -- Professor John A. Marshall, University of California. Time, February 14, 1927, Volume 9, Number 7, Page 20, Medicine, Indoor Teeth. -- (S)aid German scientist K.F. Hoffman last week...dusts discolor teeth, sugar and flour ferment to form enamel-destroying acids. Time, December 26, 1927, Volume 10, Number 26, Page 28, Sugar Institute. -- With the institutes of the steel, oil, leather, textile, copper and other industries before them as examples, executives of U.S. sugar refining companies, and their lawyers, met in Manhattan last week and decided to form a similar institute for the sugar industry. Time, February 13, 1928, Volume 11, Number 7, Pages 16, 17, Hungary, Jew Plucked. -- Baron Ludwig Havatny, onetime Hungarian Minister of Finance, retired sugar merchant (sentenced and fined in Budapest, Hungary). Time, April 9, 1928, Volume 11, Number 15, Pages 41, 42, Art, Sold. -- Sugar merchant Charles H. Senff, art collection sold for $580,375, also his Frans Hals's Portrait of a Dutch Lady sold for $55,000 to Mr. Knoedler and Co. And 35 pictures by members of the Dutch School, Velazquez, and Corot sold for $346,150, same sale. Time, June 18, 1928, Volume 11, Number 25, Page 22, Education, Kudos. -- James Howell Post, president of National Sugar Refining Co. Time, July 9, 1928, Volume 12, Number 2, Page 30, Milestones. -- William Arbuckle Jamison, 64, directing partner of Arbuckle Brothers (coffee and sugar) (died) of heart disease, in Manhattan. Time, August 13, 1928, Volume 12, Number 7, Page 8, Territories, Hawaii. -- Hawaii...Frank Atherton, banker, sugar and shipping man, Alexander Budge, director in pineapple, sugar, shipping and hotel firms. Time, October 8, 1928, Volume 12, Number 15, Page 34, Milestones. -- Florence Hildegard Havemeyer, daughter of Henry O. Havemeyer (railways, copper, sugar) of Mahwah, N.J., and George Foreman Robinson, son of Richard H.M. Robinson, Manhattan shipping tycoon and naval architect, (married) in Mahwah, N.J. Time, November 5, 1928, Volume 12, Number 19, Pages 46, 48, 49, Business and Finance, Anaconda's Troubles. -- Rudolph Spreckels, San Francisco sugar and gas tycoon, organized the Carson Investment Co. to (loan to chemist George Campbell Carson, "Desert Rat"). Time, November 12, 1928, Volume 12, Number 20, Page 37, Milestones. -- Alicia Calles, 18, daughter of Plutarco Elias Calles, President of Mexico, and Jorge Almada, 22, scion of sugar planters in the State of Sinaloa (married) in Mexico City. Time, November 19, 1928, Volume 12, Number 21, Pages 46, 48, 49, Business and Finance, Sugar and Spreckels. -- Sugar Institute (research interests)...possible uses of sugar are in the manufacture of shoe polish, soap, explosives, fuel, essential oils...(and Germany-to-San Francisco-California Claus Spreckels sugar refining family of California, company and family story, also ties to Hawaii)...built the world's largest sugar refinery at Philadelphia. Time, February 4, 1929, Volume 13, Number 5, Page 23, Sugar Swindle. -- Last week the last (Leon) Pollier corporation (La Societe Francaise de Sucrerie) was found to possess only a rented office, some hired furniture and not a sou in the bank (in a Sugar Swindle of reparations between France and Germany). (Some think) that he is innocent, the mere dupe of a master swindler in London, one "Michael Neutski, a Russian." Time, February 4, 1929, Volume 13, Number 5, Page 30, Art, Havemeyer Collection. -- In 1883, Louisine Waldron Elder married Henry Osborne Havemeyer (American Sugar Refining Co.) (The Henry Osborne Havemeyer collection, worth millions, was bequeathed to the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Manhattan) after she died January 6, 1929)...Persian potteries...were given to her son, Horace Havemeyer. Time, February 4, 1929, Volume 13, Number 5, Page 44, Business and Finance, Spreckels Sugar. -- Rudolph Spreckels...president of Federal Sugar Refining Co....announced the formation of Spreckels Sugar Corp., capitalized at $20,000,000, to take over the business of Federal Sugar Refining...Consumption of sugar has declined steadily. Time, March 11, 1929, Volume 13, Number 10, Pages 11, 12, 13, 14, The Cabinet, Eight New, Two Old. -- U.S. District Attorney in Manhattan (Henry Lewis) Stimson destroyed the sugar fraud ring. Time, April 15, 1929, Volume 13, Number 15, Pages 60, 61, Business and Finance, Babst Demand. -- (I)n Havana, Chairman Earl D. Babst (age 59) of American Sugar Refining Co. called...at the...palace of (Gen. Gerardo Machado y Morales of Cuba). Time, June 10, 1929, Volume 13, Number 23, Page 38, Science, Merlins. -- Some 500 members...of the Society of American Magicians...held their annual convention last week in Manhattan. Samuel Cox Hooker (of Brooklyn) is 65...born in Brenchley, England, studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science in London and the University of Munich. In 1885 he came to the U.S. Two years later he married Mary Elizabeth Owens of Cincinnati, by whom he has two daughters, two sons. For 30 years sugar refining was his interest. He was director of the American and Spreckels Sugar Refining Companies, of Great Western Sugar Co. Time, July 1, 1929, Volume 14, Number 1, Page 39, People. -- Ramon Cantarrana, young Cuban, onetime sugar broker, last week honeymooning in Cuba. Time, July 8, 1929, Volume 14, Number 2, Page 9, The Presidency, Dam. -- Sugarman Rudolph Spreckels of California. Time, July 8, 1929, Volume 14, Number 2, Page 32, Milestones. -- Louis Spreckels, 62, of Yonkers, N.Y., General Manager of Federal Sugar Refining Co. (died) at Yonkers. Time, October 14, 1929, Volume 14, Number 16, Pages 14, 15, Shearer's Party, page footnote. -- (T)he great furor of 1913 when...the Sugar Lobby was investigated with Lobbyist Martin Michael Mulhall of the National Manufacturer's Association as star witness. Time, October 28, 1929, Volume 14, Number 18, Page 43, Business and Finance, World's Wrapper, page footnote. -- Christopher Smiles and Co., importers of jute and burlap, Hanson and Orth, hemp dealers, Czarnikow Rionda Co., biggest U.S. sugar baggers, Ralli Bros. of London...raw jute. Time, December 2, 1929, Volume 14, Number 23, Pages 12, 13, Great Lobby Hunt, Cont. -- Colonel John Haydock Carroll...hired by the U.S. Sugar Association to go to Cuba. Time, January 27, 1930, Volume 15, Number 4, Milestones. -- Rudolph Spreckels, President of Federal Sugar Refining Co., (elected) to be President of Sugar Institute Inc., in Manhattan. Time, February 17, 1930, Volume 15, Number 7, Letters, February 17, 1930. -- Senator Hiram Bingham of Connecticut, born in Honolulu, Hawaii, November 19, 1875, graduated Yale 1898, in Hawaii worked as chemist at Molokai for American Sugar Co., father Hiram Bingham. Time, March 24, 1930, Volume 15, Number 12, Art, Great Bequest. -- Bequest to Metropolitan Museum of Art, Henry Osborne Havemeyer Collection, Louisine Waldron Elder of Philadelphia married Henry Osborne Havemeyer, President of American Sugar Refining Co., their residence Sixty-Sixth Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, their son Horace Havemeyer, and daughters Peter H.B. (Adaline) Frelinghuysen of New Jersey and James Watson (Electra) Webb. Family friend, Mary Cassatt, sister of President A.J. Cassatt of the Pennsylvania Railroad, born in Pittsburgh 1855, died in Paris 1926. Time, July 7, 1930, Volume 16, Number 1, Nation, Gutenberg Bible. -- Dr. Otto H.F. Vollbehr, (German tycoon) onetime chemist, onetime China sugar trader, injured in a Turkish railroad accident. Time, September 15, 1930, Volume 16, Number 11, Nation, Husbandry, New Freedom. -- Reno, Nevada, Judge George A. Bartlett of the Washoe County District Court, divorce judge, divorces allowed in last four years included Sidi Wirt Spreckels (sugar). Time, November 3, 1930, Volume 16, Number 18, Medicine, Burdock Cookies. -- Medicine has long used burdock roots to regulate body functions (and) diabetics needed to take less insulin. Time, December 15, 1930, Volume 16, Number 24, Business, World Sugar Talks. -- (I)n Amsterdam were representatives of Visp (Vereenigde Javasuiker Producenten) the Dutch sugar trust which controls 90 percent of Java's sugar industry. Time, January 5, 1931, Volume 17, Number 1, Page 11, Women, Mothers and Daughters, San Francisco. -- Mrs. Adolph B. Spreckels (sugar)...daughter Dorothy's debut. Time, February 2, 1931, Volume 17, Number 5, Pages 46, 48, Business and Finance, Black Hawk Trader. -- Belvidere, Illinois...Albert William Benham, (age 46, his) Black Hawk Finance Co. Some rumorers say that he has made money in the sugar market, others say that he finances Chicago bootleggers and narcotic dealers. Time, April 6, 1931, Volume 17, Number 14, Page 14, Industry, Anti-Trust Reform. -- No Federal law weighs more heavily or constantly on the mind of corporate business than the Act of July 2, 1890 which bluntly begins - Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. This law is known as the Sherman Anti-Trust Act because its chief sponsor was John Sherman, Ohio's Republican Senator (1861-77, 1881-97), younger brother of General William Tecumseh ("War is Hell") Sherman....Last week it was the sugar and steel industries upon which Attorney General (William DeWitt) Mitchell opened fire...far more spectacular was his suit in the U.S. District Court, New York City, to dissolve the Sugar Institute, whose 50 member-corporations refine more than 85 percent of the nation's granulated sugar. Time, April 27, 1931, Volume 17, Number 17, Page 45, Milestones. -- Joseph Bodine Terbell, 68, board chairman of American Brake Shoe and Foundry Co., director of Guaranty Trust Co., American Sugar Refining Co....(died) in Manhattan. Time, May 18, 1931, Volume 17, Number 20, Page 20, Foreign News, Unique Expedition. -- (I)n Brussels, (Belgium),...Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Hungary, Java, Cuba signed and put into effect the Chadbourne Plan (Thomas Lincoln Chadbourne, Manhattan lawyer) to limit production and export of sugar, restore sugar prices to a profitable basis. Time, June 1, 1931, Volume 17, Number 22, Page 44, Business and Finance, Father and Son, page footnote. -- Sugarman Rudolph Spreckels of San Francisco (sugar and utilities), his father, Claus Spreckels. Time, July 13, 1931, Volume 18, Number 2, Page 37, Business and Finance, Nabisco. -- New Nabisco president is Frank Clifford Lowry, chiefly known as a sugarman...about (age) 50...He heads the sugar-broking firm of Lowry and Co., one of whose partners is Horace Havemeyer. Partner Havemeyer's father was once president of American Sugar Refining Co., a company which in 1925 was reported to have offered Sugarman Lowry $100,000 a year to become its president...Lowry declined, the position was filled by Earl D. Babst who left his job as general counsel and first vice president of National Biscuit. Retiring as president (of Nabisco) is Frederick Beers. Time, November 9, 1931, Volume 18, Number 19, Page 48, Medicine, Nobel Prize. -- Dr. Otto H. Warburg (age 48) of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin...last week...won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Dr. Warburg has studied tumor cells...cancerous cells. Time, December 21, 1931, Volume 18, Number 25, Page 36, Milestones. -- Charles Wilson Nibley, 82, Second Counsellor in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons), (died) of pneumonia, in Salt Lake City. For 18 years Presiding Bishop of his church, Bishop Nibley was chosen Second Counsellor in 1925, thus becoming a member of the highest Mormon body. A lumber and sugar tycoon, he was rated Mormonism's wealthiest man. Bishop Nibley had three wives, espoused in 1869, 1880, 1885. Time, December 28, 1931, Volume 18, Number 26, Page 15, Foreign News, Cuba, Rooster, Bomb, Sugar. -- International Sugar Council meeting in Paris, France, with Dutch and Cuban differences. Time, February 1, 1932, Volume 19, Number 5, Page 42, Business and Finance, Broken Caneheart. -- Company and family history for sugarman Claus Spreckels (d. 1908) family, his son Rudolph Spreckels was board chairman of Kolster Radio, which failed, also Spreckels Sugar recent receivership, (five paragraphs). Time, February 15, 1932, Volume 19, Number 7, Page 47, Business and Finance, Index. -- January business failures, receivership or petitions, included Cuban Dominican Sugar Corp., and Spreckels Sugar Corp. Time, February 22, 1932, Volume 19, Number 8, Pages 49, 50, Business and Finance, The U.S. Attacks. -- Manhattan Federal District Court, Judge Julian William Mack, United States v. Sugar Institute, Inc., in a suit to dissolve and forever discontinue, United States prosecuting attorneys, James Lawrence Fly, 33, and Walter Lyman Rice, 28, Harvard Law School graduates, who were under the direction of Attorney General William DeWitt Mitchell and U.S. District Attorney George Z. Medalie, anti-trust lawsuit, Sugar Institute, with 16 companies and 27 individuals, formed in 1927, and in March 1931, President Hoover's Attorney General William Mitchell filed suit, also Earl D. Babst first president of American Sugar Refining Co., Rudolph Spreckels past president of American Sugar Refining Co., James Howell Post who had been president since 1900 of National Sugar Refining of New Jersey is president of American Sugar Refining Co., Henry O. Havemeyer, deceased, was head of the sugar trust dissolved in 1922. Time, March 28, 1932, Volume 19, Number 13, Pages 23, 24, Japan, Blunder of Magnitude. -- Sugar scandal, Tokyo (Japan)...evasion of taxes by Meiji Sugar Co. amounting to 10,000,000 (yen) ($5,000,000)...bribes...blackmailing. Time, April 4, 1932, Volume 19, Number 14, Page 44, Milestones. -- Bror Gustave Dahlberg, 51, Swedish-born U.S. sugar tycoon, president of Celotex Co. (divorcing) from Mary Alexander Dahlberg. Time, April 18, 1932, Volume 19, Number 16, Page 41, Medicine, Insulin for Tuberculosis. -- The originator of physiatric hospitals, Dr. Frederick Madison Allen of Morristown, New Jersey, last week suggested...that insulin be used to treat tuberculosis. Time, July 18, 1932, Volume 20, Number 3, Page 17, Cuba, Socialites to Jail. -- American Sugar Refining ties to Cuban Igacio Mendoza family, some who were sentenced on military charges in a bombing attempt on Cuban president, General Gerardo Machado y Morales. Time, July 25, 1932, Volume 20, Number 4, Page 38, Milestones. -- Adolph B. Spreckels, 21, sugar scion, and Mrs. Lois Quantrain Clarke de Ruyter, 21, daughter of Manhattan Banker Lewis Latham Clarke, divorced wife of John Louis de Ruyter, Manhattan socialite (the two were married) in San Francisco. Time, August 1, 1932, Volume 20, Number 5, Pages 32, 33, Milestones. -- George Morrison Rolph, 59, one-time president of California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corporation, Ltd., brother of Governor James Rolph Jr. of California, (died) of apoplexy, in San Francisco...(also past director), Sugar Equalization Board. Time, August 15, 1932, Volume 20, Number 7, Pages 35, 36, Business and Finance, Steel Tsar. -- Anti-trust suit, currently against the Sugar Institute. Time, October 3, 1932, Volume 20, Number 14, Pages 44, 46, Business and Finance, Deals and Developments, Sugar on Trial. -- (Anti-trust) case of United States v. Sugar Institute, Inc., its 16 member firms and 27 individuals...before famed Judge Julian William Mack who is trying the case without a jury...(with) James Lawrence Fly, special assistant to the Attorney General. Time, February 13, 1933, Volume 21, Number 7, Page 46, Business and Finance, Personnel. -- Frank Clifford Lowry, sugar tycoon who stepped down...to a vice-presidency of National Biscuit Co...resigned to devote full time to his sugar-broking firm of Lowry and Co. Time, March 6, 1933, Volume 21, Number 10, Page 30, Milestones. -- Thomas James Walsh, 73, Montana's senior U.S. Senator, Attorney General in the Roosevelt Cabinet, and Mina Perez Chaumont Truffin, wealthy relict of a Havana sugar broker (married) in Marianao, suburb of Havana, Cuba. Time, May 1, 1933, Volume 21, Number 18, Page 45, Business and Finance, Hearts and Prices. -- William Donald Lippitt, president, Great Western Sugar Co. Time, July 31, 1933, Volume 22, Number 5, Pages 10, 11, Foreign Service, Careering and Proteges. -- George Hansell Earle Jr...Philadelphia socialite...vice president of Pennsylvania Sugar Co...(married with) four children ( residing at) Haverford on the swank Main Line. Time, July 31, 1933, Volume 22, Number 5, Page 21, People. -- Sugar Heiress Dorothy Spreckels in a tourist group touring Russia. Time, September 4, 1933, Volume 22, Number 10, Page 23, Milestones. -- Oroville Dore Spreckels, 61, Paris and Riviera socialite, wife of Claus August Spreckels, retired sugar refiner, daughter-in-law of the late...sugarman Claus August Spreckels Sr. (died) in Paris. She made news in 1926 by exposing dishonesty among the croupiers at Monte Carlo, forcing the discharge of five. Time, October 30, 1933, Volume 22, Number 18, Pages 43, 44, 46, Business and Finance, Senate Revelations 5,1. -- How to Retire Rich, Albert Henry Wiggin (retirement in 1933 includes salary of)...$300 a month from American Sugar Refining. Time, March 19, 1934, Volume 23, Number 12, Pages 57, 58, Business and Finance, U.S. v. Sugar Institute. -- The action was brought in 1931...no jury...Concluded last year, U.S. v. Sugar Institute, Inc. et al. was the most important anti-trust case since the dissolution of Standard Oil Co. in 1911...Federal Judge Julian William Mack in Manhattan....The decision - the Sugar Institute, a trade association representing 99 percent of the sugar refined in the U. S., operated in violation of the anti-trust laws and was guilty of conspiracy in restraint of trade....(and) the (Sugar) Institute was founded in 1927. Time, March 26, 1934, Volume 23, Number 13, Pages 57, 58, Business and Finance, New York's Oldest. -- 1784, Manhattan Island, New York, Bank of New York started by Alexander Hamilton, age 27, of West Indies, sugar refiner Isaac Roosevelt, and others, their first bank president was Gen. Alexander Macdougall, the 150-year history of the bank printed by Allan Nevins. Time, March 26, 1934, Volume 23, Number 13, Page 23, Advertisement, full page. -- In the United States, tuberculosis is today the principal cause of death of persons between fifteen and forty-five years of age...It is frequently difficult to diagnose tuberculosis in the early stages when the usual symptoms, loss of weight, lack of appetite, indigestion, fatigue and a persistent cough...The sooner the diagnosis is made, the greater is the opportunity...to bring about recovery. Of the four factors in modern treatment, rest, sunshine, fresh air and proper nourishment, the chief one is rest. Time, May 28, 1934, Volume 23, Number 22, Pages 58, 60, Business and Finance, Snatch and Sugar. -- Charles Boettcher, established Great Western Sugar Co., born 1852 in Thuringia, Germany, his son, Claude Kedzie Boettcher, director, Great Western Sugar Co., whose son, Charles Boettcher II, of Denver, Colorado, was kidnapped February 1933 for 17 days held in South Dakota for ransom, incarcerated kidnapper Verne Sankey hanged himself in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, before entering plea. Time, February 25, 1935, Volume 25, Number 8, Page 67, Milestones. -- William Donald Lippitt, 49, of Denver, Colorado, president, Great Western Sugar Company, died. Time, March 25, 1935, Volume 25, Number 12, Pages 71, 72, Earnings. -- Complaining that recently built cane sugar refineries in Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines had cut down his volume of business, Chairman Earl D. Babst of American Sugar Refining Co. Time, April 29, 1935, Volume 25, Number 17, Pages 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, Wirephoto War. -- (Lawsuit involving) H. Hackfeld and Co., German sugar growers in Hawaii. Time, May 20, 1935, Volume 25, Number 20, Pages 14, 15, Requiescat. -- Bronson Murray Cutting...born on Long Island (New York), son of a sugar-refining and railroad-building father, (has died)...(He) bought...the Santa Fe New Mexican. Time, December 2, 1935, Volume 26, Number 23, Page 14, Political Note, Moneymen. -- Wallace McKinney Alexander, San Francisco sugar and shipping man. Time, December 9, 1935, Volume 26, Number 24, Pages 67, 68, War and Rewards, Staff Work. -- James Lawrence Fly, Anti-Trust prosecutor of Sugar Institute. Time, February 10, 1936, Volume 27, Number 6, Page 50, Milestones. -- Charles Beecher Warren, 65, onetime U.S. Ambassador to Japan (1921-23) and Mexico (1924), Coolidge choice for Attorney General twice rejected by the Senate because of his legal work for U.S. sugar interests, (died) of heart disease, in Detroit. Time, June 22, 1936, Volume 27, Number 25, Page 38, People. -- Adolph Spreckels, grandson of John Diedrich Spreckels, California sugar tycoon, (motorboat race accident with severe injuries, Green Lake, Seattle). Time, November 30, 1936, Volume 28, Number 22, Pages 12, 13, Molasses Man, Treacle. -- (B)rand new sugar refinery in Brooklyn...(of American Molasses Co.), its subsidiary Sucrest Corp. refines and sells sugar. Time, November 30, 1936, Volume 28, Number 22, Page 61, Institute's End. -- After spending five of its nine years in litigation the Sugar Institute was officially closing its doors, (was) founded in 1927, antitrust proceedings (began) in 1931. Time, February 1, 1937, Volume 29, Number 5, Page 39, No. 1 Amateur. -- Gustavus Wynne Cook of Philadelphia...director of...a sugar refinery...Born in Philadelphia nearly 70 years ago as a bank president's son. Time, February 22, 1937, Volume 29, Number 8, Page 85, Milestones. -- Count Francisco Matarazzo, 86, "Brazil's richest man," (sugarman, died in Rio de Janeiro). Time, March 22, 1937, Volume 29, Number 12, Pages 82, 84, Sweet Squawk. -- (I)n 1915...(Earl D. Babst) was made president of American Sugar Refining Co. (largest U.S. refinery). Three U.S. refineries have been closed...and most of the rest are operating far short of capacity. Time, April 19, 1937, Volume 29, Number 16, Page 19, International, Important for Democracy. -- Sugar section of the World Economic Conference of 1933. Time, July 5, 1937, Volume 30, Number 1, Pages 12, 13, Political Note, Labor Governor, The Sawdust Trail. -- George Howard Earle, III, sugarman, married Huberta Potter, of Kentucky. Time, August 16, 1937, Volume 30, Number 7, Page 9, Much Ado about Sugar. -- Ellsworth Bunker, vice president and treasurer, National Sugar Refining Co. of New Jersey. Time, November 22, 1937, Volume 30, Number 21, Page 50, People. -- Geraldine Spreckels Spreckels, 21-year-old great-granddaughter of the late rich Sugar Tycoon Claus Spreckels...Spreckels is currently separated from her cousin-husband Adolph Bernard Spreckels Jr., whose third wife she is...she will act under the name of Anna Johns (for Warner Brothers contract). Time, January 24, 1938, Volume 31, Number 4, Page 39, Milestones. -- Lois Clarke de Ruyter Spreckels Clinton, 26, daughter of retired Manhattan Banker Lewis Latham Clarke, (divorced in Reno), from Frank C. Clinton of Boise, Idaho, whom she married day after her 1935 divorce from sugar heir Adolph B. Spreckels Jr. Time, March 7, 1938, Volume 31, Number 10, Page 54, People. -- In Reno...Lois Clarke de Ruyter Spreckels Clinton, her divorced sugar-heir husband, Adolph Bernard Spreckels Jr., and two friends...boarded Mr. Spreckels' private plane to fly to San Francisco. (Plane crash with injuries, pilot died). Time, March 14, 1938, Volume 31, Number 11, Page 70, Milestones. -- James Howell Post, 78, board chairman, National Sugar Refining Co. of New Jersey, died in Brooklyn, New York. Time, June 13, 1938, Volume 31, Number 24, Pages 59, 60, 63, Alcoa Forest. -- (Trustbusters) Walter Lyman Rice...and James Lawrence Fly...broke the Sugar Institute in 1933 (antitrust case). Time, July 3, 1939, Volume 34, Number 1, Page 49, The Government, Halfway Mark. -- (T)he 50-day prosecution of the Sugar Institute in 1933. Time, September 18, 1939, Volume 34, Number 12, Page 15, World War, At Sea, Angry Athenians. -- British sugar freighter Olivegrove (torpedoed, sank), 200 miles southwest of Brantry, Ireland. Time, May 6, 1940, Volume 35, Number 19, Pages 8, 11, Letters, Sugar. -- Chas. A. Farwell, Chairman Educational Committee, American Sugar Cane League, New Orleans, Louisiana. Time, September 16, 1940, Volume 36, Number 12, Page 52, Milestones. -- Adolph Bernard Spreckels Jr., 28, four-times-married sportsman and sugar tycoon, (divorce petition) by Emily Hall von Romberg Spreckels, 28...in Santa Barbara, California, (and wife accusations of husband ties to Germany). Time, September 16, 1940, Volume 36, Number 12, Page 60, Cripples' School. -- The man who made Denver's school (for disabled children) possible was...88-year-old...Charles Boettcher (beet, sugar, cement), whose grandson, Charles II, was kidnapped seven years ago, ransomed for $60,000. The Boettcher family put up $193,000 (toward the Denver children's school). Time, October 14, 1940, Volume 36, Number 16, Page 67, Milestones. -- Angel Elizalde...Manila...sugar magnate, (divorced) by Marie Spreckels Elizalde, California sugar heiress (after 16 years). Time, August 25, 1941, Volume 38, Number 8, Pages 30, 32, 34, 36, Army, Secretary of War. -- Henry Lewis Stimson, trustbuster, former U.S. Attorney in New York City, sugar trust record, current United States Secretary of War (also served 1911-1913). Time, March 2, 1942, Volume 39, Number 9, Page 10, The Administration, Why the U.S. Can't Fight, a footnote, p. 10. -- California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corp.'s Crockett refinery, largest in the world, closed down last week for lack of Hawaiian sugar. Time, June 1, 1942, Volume 39, Number 22, Page 56, Milestones. -- Nancy Oakes, 17, daughter of Sir Harry Oakes, Canadian multimillionaire (gold mines)...(married) sugar-wealthy Count Alfred de Marigny, 31, he for the second time...His first wife was Ruth Fahnestock, Manhattan banker's daughter. Time, June 22, 1942, Volume 39, Number 25, Pages 74, 76, Sugar, Confusion. -- The only people really scared by sugar rationing are sugar producers. Time, October 12, 1942, Volume 40, Number 15, Page 56, Dentists' Nightmare. -- Sugar rationing may well cut down "the rampant decay of American teeth." Time, December 21, 1942, Volume 40, Number 25, Page 95, Government, Black Sugar. -- U.S. Treasury Alcohol Tax Unit sleuths help it track down illegal sugar traffic. Time, February 8, 1943, Volume 41, Number 6, Page 17, The Steer Hangs High. -- Sugar is effectively controlled through 17 refineries (in the United States). Time, August 30, 1943, Volume 42, Number 9, Page 22, The Administration, OPA Shift. -- James F. Brownlee, American Sugar Refinery. Time, March 13, 1944, Volume 43, Number 11, Page 13, Florida, Refugees. -- Sugar heiress Geraldine Spreckels (sighted traveling) from Miami to Palm Beach, (Florida). Time, September 4, 1944, Volume 44, Number 10, Page 52, People, Traces of Sugar. -- John D. Spreckels III, 35-year-old California sugar heir, who was divorced by his first wife in 1936...his second wife...sued for separate maintenance. Time, September 18, 1944, Volume 44, Number 12, Pages 29, 30, West, Battle of Mons (Cont'd). -- Time Correspondent Jack Beldon cabled the following account of the Battle of Mons (Belgium). (In Mons), the sugar refinery. Time, July 16, 1945, Volume 46, Number 3, Pages 29, 30, Germany, City of Death. -- The U.S. took over its section of occupied Berlin...(the British found that) the Russians had exacted "reparations in kind" on a large scale (from Germany)...Key equipment from (Berlin) textile mills, sugar refineries and other factories had also made the long trip to Russia. Said a German manager appointed by the Russians, "There is no question of our producing anything. Our productive capacity is absolutely nil." Time, September 17, 1945, Volume 46, Number 12, Page 92, Milestones. -- Adolph Bernard Spreckels Jr., 33, California...sugar heir (married in Wickenburg, Arizona)...Kay Williams, 26,...Hollywood starlet, he for the fifth time, she for the second. (footnote), (His) second cousin Adolph B. Spreckels (has a) sister, Geraldine, (who) was (Jr.'s) third wife. Time, October 1, 1945, Volume 46, Number 14, Page 1, full-page advertisement (engineering and development), with photograph of holding area, machinery. -- Pass the sugar - a ton at a time. A typical example of B.F. Goodrich development in rubber. That's raw sugar, being distributed in the hold of a ship, the new way. It used to be loaded in jute bags, carried onto cargo ships in the Hawaiian Islands, carried off again on the mainland. It was a slow and costly method. When war in the Orient cut off the supply of jute bags, sugar refiners and ship lines sought another - and cheaper - method of handling the sugar. A rubber belt, to carry sugar direct from warehouse to ship's hold, would do it, but. Where the belt method had been tried, sugar dust settled on the rollers on which the belt rode. In damp weather this dust turned into a molasses-like gum. When the belt stopped the gum gripped it firmly. And when it started again, great strips of rubber were torn off the bottom of the belt. B.F. Goodrich belting experts studied the problem and found the answer in a special B.F. Goodrich belt which incorporated a breaker strip at top and bottom of the belt - plies of loosely woven fabric which distribute the strain of the sticky starts through the entire length of the belt instead of letting it concentrate at the rollers. The new belts work perfectly, and load sugar at the rate of 400 tons an hour instead of 80 tons an hour when handled in bags. A serious problem was solved, and work is now done better, easier, at less cost - typical results of B.F. Goodrich research (which may be able to help you, too). For help or information, call or write your B.F. Goodrich distributor. The B.F. Goodrich Company, Industrial Products Division, Akron, Ohio. B.F. Goodrich rubber and synthetic products (logo). Time, October 1, 1945, Volume 46, Number 14, Page 45, People, Showfolk. -- Kay Williams...was sued...by her ex-husband Martin de Alzaga Unzue (of Argentina)...after...she...married sugar heir Adolph B. Spreckels Jr. Time, December 17, 1945, Volume 46, Number 25, Page 83, Commodities, Ah, Sweet Mystery of Sugar. -- (M)any U.S. sugar refineries have stopped making sugar...to make cane syrup...four Louisiana sugar refineries, Vermillion Sugar, Abbeville, Erath Sugar, Erath, Ruth Sugars, St. Martinville, D. Moresi's Sons, Jeanerette. Time, January 28, 1946, Volume 47, Number 4, Page 78, Commodities, The Sugar Situation. -- American Sugar Refining Co., biggest U.S. cane refiner. Time, September 23, 1946, Volume 48, Number 13, Page 37, Cuba, Crime Wave. -- (Havana, Cuba, suburb) of Miramar, sugar merchant Julio Lobo Olavarria, one of Cuba's richest men, was wounded (by gunmen. After more Cuban incidents), Enrique Sanchez del Monte, 47, a wealthy sugar(man), confessed (to financing of several incidents). Time, February 3, 1947, Volume 49, Number 5, Pages 86, 88, Commodities, Please, with Sugar on It. -- Earl Boden Wilson, president, California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corp. Time, August 11, 1947, Volume 50, Number 6, Pages 44, 47, Tate's Treat. -- Lancashire-born sugar baron...Henry Tate (U.K.) Time, September 1, 1947, Volume 50, Number 9, Page 30, People, Old, Sweet Song. -- John D. Spreckels III, 38,...Spreckels sugar fortune, and his...third wife, (Lou Dell Breese Spreckels), 37, (were arrested, jailed, for street brawl, Los Angeles, California, also their divorce March 1948 in Los Angeles.). Time, February 2, 1948, Volume 51, Number 5, Page 26, Cuba, At Manzanillo Station. -- Jesus Menendez, leader of Cuban union Sugar Workers' Federation, shot dead. Time, July 12, 1948, Volume 52, Number 2, Page 15, Colorado, Leadville's Last. -- Charles Boettcher (obituary), age 96, died in Denver, Colorado, born in Germany, emigrated to United States in 1869, established Great Western Sugar Co., company later assumed by son, Claude. Separated from wife in 1920, their grandson, Charles Boettcher II, 1933, $60,000 ransom, South Dakota ranch kidnapping. Time, October 25, 1948, Volume 52, Number 17, Page 26, Seeing Adolf Home. -- Adolf (Anna Gosko) Balaban, worker for Brooklyn, New York, sugar refinery in 1919, Polish family with ties to Poland. Time, March 7, 1949, Volume 53, Number 10, Page 40, Central America, Rest in Peace. -- Largest sugar refinery in Nicaragua, in Montelimar, on Pacific coast, owned by "Tacho" Somoza, dictator. Time, June 27, 1949, Volume 53, Number 26, Pages 82, 83, Corporations, Sugar Plum. -- Spreckels sugar holdings. Charles Edouard de Bretteville (bought) J.D. and A.B. Spreckels companies...founded by...Claus Spreckels in 1863 (and holdings include Spreckels sugar interests). Adolph B. Spreckels, son of Claus Spreckels. (Charles de Bretteville, 36, prior Spreckels business interests also with Alma Spreckels Rosekrans and Dorothy C. Spreckels, sisters.) Time, August 29, 1949, Volume 54, Number 9, Page 70, Advertising, Sugar Slogan. -- (The British) Labor government's plan to take over the sugar industry (impacts) Great Britain's biggest sugar company, Tate and Lyle. Time, December 19, 1949, Volume 54, Number 25, Page 21, Tate v. State. -- In...fight against nationalization of their industry, Britain's leading sugar refiners, Tate and Lyle.... Time, January 2, 1950, Volume 55, Number 1, Page 44, People, That Old Feeling. -- Thrice-married Count Alfred de Marigny, 39, (sugar man), acquitted in 1943 of the...Bahamas murder of his father-in-law, Sir Harry Oakes, announced a new business venture in Hollywood. The count, whose wife, Nancy Oakes, got an annulment of their marriage last October, said that he plans to be a branch manager of a matrimonial agency. Time, January 23, 1950, Volume 55, Number 4, Page 19, Great Britain, No More Slogans. -- Tate and Lyle, biggest British sugar refinery, owned by Baron Lyle of Westbourne, 67, whose coat of arms has sugar canes with a rooster, also possible British government nationalization, sugar industry. Time, January 30, 1950, Volume 55, Number 5, Page 27, Great Britain, Red and White. -- British welfare state, general, possible nationalization of sugar industry privately held. Time, February 6, 1950, Volume 55, Number 6, Page is Cover of Time. -- (Great Britain Prime Minister) Labor's Clement Attlee, In the balance, a welfare state. Time, April 10, 1950, Volume 55, Number 15, Page 23, Crime, Sweet Memories. -- Stanley Klinger, of Long Island, New York, (was indicted by) a federal grand jury (with) 3 other(s)...for conspiracy (involving black-market sugar kickbacks). Time, August 13, 1951, Volume 58, Number 7, Page 22, Crime, End of the Line. -- Irving Wexler, black market sugar, drugs, 7-year sentence for income tax evasion with prosecution by United States District Attorney Tom Dewey. Time, November 26, 1951, Volume 58, Number 22, Pages 22, 23, The Administration, My Heart is Broken. -- Frank Nathan, Pittsburgh gambler and racketeer, who was arrested in a 1946 sugar black market case. Time, December 10, 1951, Volume 58, Number 24, Page 22, The Industrial South, sidebar. -- (Southern industry includes) sugar refining in New Orleans, Louisville and Savannah. Time, March 3, 1952, Volume 59, Number 9, Page 18, Foreign Relations, Shifts. -- Ellsworth Bunker, 57, (of) Manhattan...board chairman, National Sugar Refining Co. Time, August 11, 1952, Volume 60, Number 6, Page 86, Milestones. -- Adolph Bernard Spreckels Jr., 39, California...sugar heir (divorced in Los Angeles, California) by Kay Williams, 35,...his fifth wife, after seven years of marriage...two children. Time, August 18, 1952, Volume 60, Number 7, Page 83, Sugar, Undynamic. -- World sugar demand sharp decreases, fluctuating sugar markets. Time, March 9, 1953, Volume 61, Number 10, Pages 37, 38, Cuba, Emperor of Sugar. -- Julio Lobo, Havana, Cuba, largest sugar trader in world, $70 million fortune, deals with U.S. sugar refineries, education in sugar-mill engineering at Louisiana State University. Time, February 1, 1954, Volume 63, Number 5, Page 28, Dominican Republic, Getting the Business. -- Dominican Republic sugar policies impact U.S. Time, May 2, 1955, Volume 65, Number 18, Pages 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, Fashion, The American Look. -- Irving Drought Harris...two children by his earlier marriage (to the late Jean Ferris, granddaughter of California's sugar king Claus Spreckels), (he then married Claire McCardell in 1943). Time, June 11, 1956, Volume 67, Number 24, Page 44, People. -- Judy Spreckels, 24, ex-wife of...Adolph B. Spreckels Jr. (sugar). Time, July 14, 1958, Volume 72, Number 2, Pages 30-37, The St. Lawrence Seaway, Geographical Surgery Gives the U.S. and Canada a New Artery. -- Toronto (Canada) is watching a new $10 million sugar refinery rise on its waterfront to process raw sugar from the Caribbean. Time, July 28, 1958, Volume 72, Number 4, Pages 62, 63, 64, Business Abroad, Sugar King. -- Julio Lobo, world's biggest sugar trader, fortune between $70 million to $100 million, degree in sugar engineering from Louisiana State University, investments in Hershey properties and from 1946 in Cuban Atlantic Sugar Co. Time, June 1, 1959, Volume 73, Number 22, Pages 34, 37, Cuba, Confiscation. -- Cuban sugar policies impact U.S. Time, July 18, 1960, Volume 76, Number 3, Pages 70, 71, Commodities, Plenty of Sugar. -- International Sugar Council. Russia...the world's biggest sugar producer. Time, August 1, 1960, Volume 76, Number 5, Pages 31, 33, The Americas, Cutting Trujillo Out. -- International Sugar Council meeting in London, U.K. Time, October 24, 1960, Volume 76, Number 17, Page 104, Milestones. -- James F. Brownlee, 69, American Sugar Refining, died at home, Fairfield, Connecticut. Time, January 27, 1961, Volume 77, Number 5, Page 69, Sugar Fever. -- President Harry T. Vaughn of Florida's biggest producer, United States Sugar Corp. The corporation is going to...put $20 million into a new mill and refinery...Cuba and Russia...(are) the two largest sugar producers. Time, January 5, 1962, Volume 79, Number 1, Pages 18, 19, South Viet Nam, Plan and Counterplan. -- Duc Hoa village, only 18 miles from...(Saigon, seaport capital of South Viet Nam) and the site of the nation's largest sugar refinery. Time, July 27, 1962, Volume 80, Number 4, Pages 20, 23, After a Decade, At the Dam. -- Aswan, Egypt, has modern sugar refinery, other construction Aswan Dam area. Time, November 23, 1962, Volume 80, Number 21, Page 62, From the Dwindling Supply. -- H.O. Havemeyer, of Manhattan, sugarman, and wife, art collection, their daughter, Mrs. Peter H.B. Frelinghuysen, of Morristown, New Jersey. Time, April 9, 1965, Volume 85, Number 15, Pages 28, 29, Morocco, The Voice of the Mob. -- King Hassan II has managed...to start a sugar refinery at Sidi Slimane, a dam on the Moulouya River (in Morocco). Time, July 30, 1965, Volume 86, Number 5, Page 60, Milestones. -- Lord Charles George William Colin Spencer-Churchill, 25, London insurance broker...(married in London, U.K. to) Gillian Spreckels Fuller, 18, daughter of...Andrew Fuller, and great-granddaughter of California sugar king John D. Spreckels. Time, May 20, 1966, Volume 87, Number 20, Page 88, Collections, A Rare Twosome. -- Harry Waldron Havemeyer and Horace Havemeyer Jr...their father, the late Horace Havemeyer of the sugar-refining family. Time, July 7, 1967, Volume 90, Number 1, Pages 56-63, Americana, Electra's Hobby. -- J. Watson Webb Jr., son of J. Watson (Electra Havemeyer) Webb, the couple married in 1910, both died in 1960, Electra Webb was daughter of Henry O. Havemeyer, sugar refiner. Time, August 16, 1968, Volume 92, Number 7, Page 58, Milestones. -- Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, 87, (died, as the) widow of the West Coast sugar heir. Time, August 16, 1968, Volume 92, Number 7, Page 65, Banking, Young Bill's Battle. -- William Mathews White Jr., 29, of Denver, Colorado, acquired Great Western Sugar Co., son of William White Sr., who died 1966. Time, October 10, 1977, Volume 110, Number 15, Pages 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, Now, the Revolt of the Old. -- Ellsworth Bunker, 83...retired as director of the National Sugar Refining Co. at 56 and since then (served as ambassador, including to Viet Nam). Time, October 8, 1984, Volume 124, Number 15, Page 74, Milestones. -- Ellsworth Bunker, 90, of Vermont, died, sugarman, short obituary. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Amsterdam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Pensionaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_pensionary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Pensionaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_East_India_Company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Founders_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_West_India_Company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_van_Tienhoven https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_accountants https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:17th-century_Dutch_physicians https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_biographical_dictionaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:News_agencies_based_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Library_for_Dutch_Literature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens_Institute_for_the_History_of_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_wall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dikes_in_the_United_States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flood_control https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flood_control_infrastructure_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flood_control_infrastructure_in_the_United_States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flood_control_in_the_United_States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Netherland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_infrastructure_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_management_authorities_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_resource_management_in_the_Netherlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaan ------from 1600, hemp mills for extracting fibers from flax and hemp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_York https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_New_Netherland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_bond WIKIPEDIA, AMERICAN - HARVEST SEARCH WORDS IN DUTCH LANGUAGE Select a link URL in English, such as one Wikipedia link in English. Open two computer windows. In one computer window, look at English Wikipedia page for search terms. In the second computer window, open Google Translate, to translate the same English Wikipedia link to Dutch language. Click back and forth between the two computer windows, one in English, one translated to Dutch, to look back and forth between the two computer windows to harvest English or Dutch terms for additional search words. GOOGLE TRANSLATE, https://translate.google.com Select (HIGHLIGHT), Copy (CONTROL C) or Cut (CONTROL X), then Paste (CONTROL V), one Wikipedia URL link into LEFT WHITE BOX. On the LEFT SIDE, click on LANGUAGE or click on little arrow, to select language used in the link pasted in box (example, ENGLISH). On the RIGHT SIDE, click on target LANGUAGE, or click on little arrow to select a target LANGUAGE, (example, DUTCH). Click the BLUE ICON TRANSLATE. (GOOGLE TRANSLATE IS FREE). - https://www.wikipedia.org https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofdpagina WIKIPEDIA NETHERLANDS (NL) To Search, type in a word or phrase in Dutch language or type in name of Dutch person in history EXAMPLE, Search, type in search term, amsterdam EXAMPLE Webpage, https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam Harvest a link or links for articles written in Dutch, then open a new window for GOOGLE TRANSLATE to translate webpages for FREE, https://translate.google.com In GOOGLE TRANSLATE, with LITTLE ARROW, SELECT DUTCH Copy and paste ONE link into LEFT TRANSLATE BOX (FREE), EXAMPLE, https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam In RIGHT SIDE, to translate in to English, click on ENGLISH Then click on BLUE ICON TRANSLATE . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nederlands_bedrijf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012516/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nederlands_bedrijf Category: Dutch business also, click on BLUE TEXT, NEXT PAGE . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamsche_Stoom-Suikerraffinaderij Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012605/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamsche_Stoom-Suikerraffinaderij Amsterdamsche Steam Sugar Refinery . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurantiebelasting Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808032808/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurantiebelasting Assurance tax . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografie_van_de_geschiedenis_der_Nederlanden Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808010513/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografie_van_de_geschiedenis_der_Nederlanden Bibliography of the history of the Netherlands (Dutch authors, Dutch language book bibliography) . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808010605/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Amsterdam Category: Amsterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Amsterdams_havengebied Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808032850/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Amsterdams_havengebied Category: Amsterdam harbor area . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Kustverdediging Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808213943/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Kustverdediging Category: Coastal defense . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Criminaliteit Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808032926/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Criminaliteit Category: Crime . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Criminele_organisatie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808032959/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Criminele_organisatie Category: Criminal organization . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dikes Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808210308/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dikes https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Dijk Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808213908/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Dijk Category: Dike . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Dijk_in_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808211333/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Dijk_in_Amsterdam Category: Dike in Amsterdam . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dikes_in_the_Netherlands Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808210905/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dikes_in_the_Netherlands https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Dijk_in_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808211232/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Dijk_in_Nederland Category: Dike in the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Drugs Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012647/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Drugs Category: Drugs . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nederlandse_rederij Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012721/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nederlandse_rederij Category: Dutch shipping company . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economische_geschiedenis_van_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012802/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economische_geschiedenis_van_Nederland Category: Economic history of the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economie_in_Rotterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033027/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economie_in_Rotterdam Category: Economics in Rotterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economie_van_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033100/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economie_van_Nederland Category: Economics of the Netherlands . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_Netherlands Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808211131/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_Netherlands https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economie_van_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012845/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economie_van_Nederland Category: Economy of the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Financi�le_crisis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033130/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Financi%C3%ABle_crisis Category: Financial crisis . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Overstroming_in_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808052141/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Overstroming_in_Nederland Category: Flooding in the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Vestingwerk_in_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808214235/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Vestingwerk_in_Nederland Category: Fortifications in the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Fraude Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033206/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Fraude Category: Fraud . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geografie_van_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033238/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geografie_van_Amsterdam Category: Geography of Amsterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Historisch_scheepstype Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033314/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Historisch_scheepstype Category: Historic ship type . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013036/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Amsterdam Category: History of Amsterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Holland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808010721/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Holland Category: History of Holland . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013114/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Nederland Category: History of Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Rotterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808011709/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Rotterdam Category: History of Rotterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_de_Nederlandse_marine Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033344/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_de_Nederlandse_marine Category: History of the Dutch Navy . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_de_Nederlanden_in_de_17e_eeuw Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033441/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_de_Nederlanden_in_de_17e_eeuw Category: History of the Netherlands in the 17th century . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Verzekeren Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033507/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Verzekeren Category: Insure . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Maffia Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033540/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Maffia Category: Maffia . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Maritieme_geschiedenis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033607/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Maritieme_geschiedenis Category: Maritime History . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Burgemeester_van_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170803002610/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Burgemeester_van_Amsterdam Category: Mayor of Amsterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Hooft_(1687-1767) Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20151217215123/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Hooft_(1687-1767) Gerrit Hooft (May 1684 to November 1767), Mayor of Amsterdam seven times between 1752 to 1767, good friend of Peter the Great http://www.genealogics.org/index.php Searches for -Bicker -Hooft -Trip -van Loon (and more) . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Koopvaardij Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033642/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Koopvaardij Category: Merchant . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Militaire_geschiedenis_van_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808214305/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Militaire_geschiedenis_van_Nederland Category: Military history of the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012920/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nederland Category: Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nieuwe_Hollandse_Waterlinie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808214825/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Nieuwe_Hollandse_Waterlinie Category: New Holland Waterline . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Pensionaris Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808011338/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Pensionaris Category: Pensioners . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Pensionaris_van_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808010822/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Pensionaris_van_Amsterdam Category: Pensioners of Amsterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Pensionaris_van_Rotterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808011415/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Pensionaris_van_Rotterdam Category: Pensioners of Rotterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Persoon_uit_de_scheepvaart Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033710/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Persoon_uit_de_scheepvaart Category: Person from shipping . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Haven_in_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033734/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Haven_in_Nederland Category: Port in the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Rotterdams_havengebied Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033802/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Rotterdams_havengebied Category: Rotterdam port area . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsnavigatie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033833/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsnavigatie Category: Ship Navigation . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsbouw Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033904/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsbouw Category: Shipbuilding . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsbouwkunde Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033938/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsbouwkunde Category: Shipbuilding . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsconstructie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034010/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepsconstructie Category: Shipbuilding . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaart Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034119/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaart Category: Shipping . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaartgeschiedenis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034150/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaartgeschiedenis Category: Shipping History . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaartinfrastructuur_in_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034222/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaartinfrastructuur_in_Nederland Category: Shipping infrastructure in the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaartterminologie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034251/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Scheepvaartterminologie Category: Shipping terminology . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Suiker Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017012958/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Suiker Category: Sugar . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Belastingfraude Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034326/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Belastingfraude Category: Tax Fraud . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Water_in_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808052219/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Water_in_Nederland Category: Water in the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustverdediging Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808214012/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustverdediging Coastal defense . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Sleeswijk Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034353/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Sleeswijk Cornelis Schleswig . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijken_in_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808211402/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijken_in_Amsterdam Dikes in Amsterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsche_Suikerraffinaderij Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013200/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsche_Suikerraffinaderij Dutch Central Sugar Refinery . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013238/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie Dutch East India Company (VOC), Category: Dutch East India Company . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOC-Kamer_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013400/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOC-Kamer_Amsterdam Dutch East India Company (VOC), VOC Amsterdam Chamber . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013315/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie Dutch East India Company (VOC) . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:West-Indische_Compagnie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013434/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:West-Indische_Compagnie Dutch West India Company (WIC), Category: West Indian Company . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overstroming Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808052101/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overstroming Flood . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_van_Rotterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034424/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_van_Rotterdam Harbor of Rotterdam . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170806011835/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170806011731/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave Herman Boerhaave, (December 1668 to September 1738), Dutch physician. When Peter the Great went to Holland in 1716 (he was in Holland before in 1697 to instruct himself in maritime affairs), he also took lessons from Boerhaave. . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Amsterdam Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808010913/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Amsterdam History of Amsterdam . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808010959/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Nederland History of the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJssellinie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808214206/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJssellinie Ice Cream Line . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hoeufft Archive (English), https://web.archive.org/web/20170803162206/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hoeufft https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hoeufft Archive (Dutch), https://web.archive.org/web/20170803162303/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hoeufft Jean Hoeufft (Liege, The Netherlands, 1578 to September 1651, Paris, France), French banker, wealthy, munitions. Jean Hoeufft delt (in arms) with Axel Oxenstierna, Johan Adler Salvius, Hugo Grotius, Abraham de Wicquefort and Adriaen Pauw on the French support for the Swedish army. . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_ter_voorkoming_van_witwassen_en_financieren_van_terrorisme Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034500/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_ter_voorkoming_van_witwassen_en_financieren_van_terrorisme Law on the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_liberum Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034528/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_liberum Mare liberum . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritieme_geschiedenis_van_Nederland Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034602/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritieme_geschiedenis_van_Nederland Maritime history of the Netherlands . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwassen Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034635/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwassen Money laundering . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strijd_tegen_het_water Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808214110/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strijd_tegen_het_water Netherlands, Fight against the water . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Hollandse_Waterlinie Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808214039/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Hollandse_Waterlinie New Holland Waterline . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bidloo Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170806012042/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bidloo https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bidloo Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170806012125/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bidloo Nicolaas Bidloo, (c.1674 to March 1735), a Dutch physician who served as the personal physician of Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great). Bidloo was the director of the first hospital in Russia as well as the first medical school in Russia, and is considered one of the founders of Russian medicine. . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsche_Handel-Maatschappij Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034705/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsche_Handel-Maatschappij NV Dutch Trade Society or Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij, the successor to the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Georganiseerde_misdaad Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034741/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Georganiseerde_misdaad Portal: Organized crime . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(misdaad) Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034812/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(misdaad) Racket (crime) . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeverzekering Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034842/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeverzekering Sea insurance . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplichting Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034915/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplichting Scam or Obligation . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepsbouw Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034948/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepsbouw Ship building . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepsstabiliteit Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035022/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepsstabiliteit Ship stability . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepvaart Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035104/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepvaart Shipping . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepvaart_van_A_tot_Z Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035129/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheepvaart_van_A_tot_Z Shipping from A to Z . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikermuseum Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161030233607/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikermuseum Sugar Museum, in Tienen, Belgium . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikerraffinaderij Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013508/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikerraffinaderij Sugar refinery . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_Nederlandse_geschiedenis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013542/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_de_Nederlandse_geschiedenis Timeline of Dutch history . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportverzekering Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035152/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportverzekering Transport insurance . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wester_Suikerraffinaderij Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161017013634/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wester_Suikerraffinaderij Wester Sugar Refinery . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Embassy_of_Peter_the_Great Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170806012203/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Embassy_of_Peter_the_Great https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Ambassade Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170806012239/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Ambassade Grand Embassy of Peter the Great . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/AnnaPaulowna https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Paulowna_van_Rusland Anna Pavlovna of Russia (Dutch: Anna Paulowna, January 1795 to March 1865) was a queen consort of the Netherlands. On February 21, 1816, at the Chapel of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, she married the Prince of Orange, who would later become King William II of the Netherlands. . https://kalden.home.xs4all.nl/auth/zandvliet250rijksten.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133253/https://kalden.home.xs4all.nl/auth/zandvliet250rijksten.html The 250 Richest People of the Golden Age, from Amsterdam, The Netherlands . Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160402010511/http://www.rijksvastgoedbedrijf.nl/vastgoed/projecten-in-aanbesteding/amsterdam-trippenhuis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104212024/http://www.amsterdamoudestad.nl/bezienswaardigheden/trippenhuis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104212109/http://amsterdamhv.nl/kloveniersburgwal29.html Trippenhuis, Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, owners brothers Louis Tripp (1605-1684) and Hendrick Tripp (1607-1666) . Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104225936/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelvinck_Hinlopen_Huis Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20161104215412/https://www.geni.com/projects/West-Indische-Compagnie-1621-1791/5477 Dutch West India Company (WIC) 1621-1791, LIST OF WIC DIRECTORS . Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170802155857/http://tacotichelaar.nl/wordpress/huisonderzoeken/de-amsterdamse-familie-trip-2 The Amsterdam and Dordtse Family Trip (munitions) . https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_(geslacht) Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170802162738/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_(geslacht) Trip Family of Amsterdam (munitions) . http://www.biografischportaal.nl http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en BIOGRAPHY PORTAL OF THE NETHERLANDS click on English Search box example searches for family names, type in bicker or type in hooft, or type in six, or trip click on TAN TEXT NEXT, for more pages For individual Internet webpage with one biography, harvest URL link (Select (HIGHLIGHT), Copy (CONTROL C) or Cut (CONTROL X) GOOGLE TRANSLATE, https://translate.google.com Then in GOOGLE TRANSLATE, PASTE (CONTROL V) the URL link into LEFT box In the Left box, use little arrow to SELECT DUTCH For the Right box, click on ENGLISH Then click on BLUE ICON TRANSLATE . http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn/index_html_en BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE NETHERLANDS (URL link is en, which is for ENGLISH language) Search Box example searches for family names, type in bicker or type in hooft, or type in six, or trip Then click on BLACK TEXT NAME For individual Internet webpage with one biography, harvest URL link (Select (HIGHLIGHT), Copy (CONTROL C) or Cut (CONTROL X) GOOGLE TRANSLATE, https://translate.google.com Then in GOOGLE TRANSLATE, PASTE (CONTROL V) the URL link into LEFT box In the Left box, use little arrow to SELECT DUTCH For the Right box, click on ENGLISH Then click on BLUE ICON TRANSLATE SPACE SPACE SPACE STATES ADMITTED, AND TERRITORIES, BY YEAR Archived, https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161423/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_history_timelines Archived, https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161508/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union Archived, https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161604/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions Archived, https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161640/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood Wikipedia, Canada-Netherlands relationship, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Netherlands Banta, Richard Elwell. 1949. The Ohio. New York, New York, Rinehart and Company, Inc. OCLC 8932921. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 976.9, BANTA. (Page 270) Bates, Joseph Clement. 1912. History of the Bench and Bar of California. San Francisco, California, Bench and Bar Publishing Company. OCLC 3563765. PUBLIC LIBRARY 979.4, BATES. De Jong, Gerald Francis. 1975. The Dutch in America, 1609-1974. Boston, Massachusetts, Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-3214-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY 917.306, DEJONG. (Pages iii, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 266, 267) Donahue, M. Patricia. 2011. Nursing, The Finest Art, An Illustrated History. Maryland Heights, Missouri, Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-05305-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY 610.73, DONAHUE. -- Chronology tables throughout. Kane, Joseph Nathan. 1983. The American Counties, Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation and Organization, Area, Population Including 1980 Census Figures, Historical Data, and Published Sources. Metuchen, New Jersey, The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 9780810815582. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 973, KANE. Raggett, Dave, Jenny Lam, and Ian Alexander. 1996. HTML 3, Electronic Publishing on the World Wide Web. Harlow, England, Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-87693-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY 005.72, RAGGETT. (History of Internet, British perspective) The Netherlands. 2003. New York, New York, DK Publishing/DK Eyewitness Travel Guides. ISBN 978-0-75667-024-5. PUBLIC LIBRARY 914.9204, NETHERLANDS. (Pages 48, 50, 54, 65, 101, 132, 133, 174, 237, also chronological timelines) Van Doren, Charles Lincoln, and Robert McHenry. 1971. Webster's Guide to American History, A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium. Springfield, Massachusetts, G. and C. Merriam Co. ISBN 0877790817. PUBLIC LIBRARY 973.03, WEBSTER'S. (Pages 8, 10, 11, 18, 345, 379, 671, 677, 718 (U.S. population), 721 (Am. Indian Tribes, map) 1602, Dutch East India Company (VOC) established, with worldwide trade. Today, in modern Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Europoort - a main international merchant seaport, and also today Europe's busiest seaport, employing 300,000. 1609, Henry Hudson, of Dutch East India Company, exploration Hudson River. 1621, Dutch West India Company established. 1625, Manhattan Island post, renamed New Amsterdam, then renamed New York, after British struggle with Dutch, 1660s. 1629, Elaborate scheme, the patroon system established in New Netherland. To qualify as a patroon, a person had to have been a major stockholder since the time the West India Company was founded. 1637, New Sweden Company was founded...About half the capital invested in the New Sweden Company...was Dutch. 1646, The village of Breuckelen - now called Brooklyn - was established (by the Dutch). 1648, (Pieter) Stuyvesant (governor of New Netherland) ordered the construction of Fort Beversreede, located within the limits of present-day Philadelphia. c.1650, (T)he directors of the West India Company suggested to the States General that permission be obtained from officials of various provinces and cities to transport about three or four hundred boys and girls there (to New Netherland) from the country's poorhouses and orphan asylums (in The Netherlands). According to the plan, after the children had fulfilled their contractual obligations in America, they would be free to choose their own future. 1655, Plans for Nederlands Scheepvaart Museum in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, which today has a room display for the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and Dutch mariner history. 1656, (T)he government/burgomasters of Amsterdam (acquired from the declining West India Company)...land on the west bank of the lower Delaware River...which was called New Amstel. In 1663, (Amsterdam) city magistrates (acquired additional) land on the Delaware from the West India Company. 1660s, New York City (today) was (prior) known as New Amsterdam, and during the colonial period persons of Dutch descent were the dominant ethnic group in various communities in the Hudson Valley and northern New Jersey. 1664, The total white population of New Netherland...has been estimated at between eight and ten thousand, about two-thirds of whom were Hollanders. 1697, 1698, and 1716, Peter the Great of Russia, in Amsterdam and Zaandam, The Netherlands, and tsar Peter's house, at Krimp 23, Zaandam, The Netherlands. 1783, the 13 colonies 1787, Delaware 1787, New Jersey 1787, Pennsylvania 1788, Connecticut 1788, Georgia 1788, Maryland 1788, Massachusetts 1788, New Hampshire 1788, New York 1788, South Carolina 1788, Virginia 1789, North Carolina 1790, Rhode Island 1791, Vermont 1792, Kentucky 1796, Tennessee 1798, Closure of Dutch East India Company 1803, Louisiana Purchase from France 1803, Ohio 1812, Louisiana 1816, Indiana 1817, Mississippi 1818, Illinois 1819, Alabama 1819, Florida, purchased from Spain 1820, Maine 1821, Missouri 1836, Arkansas 1837, Michigan 1845, Florida 1845, Texas 1845, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, established. 1846, Iowa 1846, Oregon Territory, from Great Britain 1848, Mexican Cession 1848, Wisconsin 1850, California 1850-1970, Highest numbers of Dutch in New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Washington (state), and Wisconsin. (table in De Jong, G.) 1853, Gadsden Purchase, from Mexico 1858, Johnston and Sand Islands in the Pacific, from Guano Island Act 1858, Minnesota 1859, Oregon 1861, Kansas 1862, Palmyra Island, Hawaii annexation 1863, Swan Islands in Caribbean, from Guano Island Act 1863, West Virginia 1864, Nevada 1865, Navassa in Caribbean, from Guano Island Act 1867, Alaska, purchased from Russia 1867, Midway Islands 1867, Nebraska 1871, John Albert (Anna A. Smith) Percy, b. February 4, 1871, in Illinois. Son of John Albert and Hannah Mary (Miller) Percy. Moved to California in 1875. (Law) office, 1113 Claus Spreckels Building, San Francisco. 1874-1880, Mennonites from Russia, settled around Altona, Manitoba, Canada, just North of U.S.-Canada border. 1876, Colorado 1889, Montana 1889, North Dakota 1889, South Dakota 1889, Washington 1890, Idaho 1890, Wyoming 1890, Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1896, Utah 1898, Guam 1898, Hawaii, annexation 1898, Wake Island 1899, American Samoa, from Germany and Great Britain 1903, Canal Zone, Panama agreement 1903, A new Department of Commerce and Labor with Bureau of Corporations, for investigating interstate commerce 1907, Oklahoma 1912, Arizona 1912, New Mexico 1914, Corn Islands, Nicaragua agreement 1914, Federal Trade Commission (FTC) established (to replace Bureau of Corporations) 1916, Virgin Islands, purchased from Denmark 1919, Quita Sueno Bank, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank in Caribbean, from Guano Island Act 1922, Kingman Reef in Pacific 1925, Swains Island in Pacific 1930s, Dutch Queen Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, world's richest woman. 1934, Howland, Baker, and Jarvis islands in Pacific, from Guano Island Act 1939, Canton and Enderbury islands, held with Great Britain 1940, Dutch royals sought asylum in the United Kingdom, with Princess Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina continuing to Ottawa, Canada, where her daughter, Margriet, was born, and the family resided in Rockcliffe Park, Ontario, Canada. 1947, United Nations Trust Territory 1959, Alaska 1959, Hawaii 1968, Part of Cordova Island in Rio Grande, from Mexico 1989, Timothy Berners-Lee, British computer scientist, invented World Wide Web, at Centre Europeen de Recherche Nucleaire (CERN), in Geneva Switzerland. 1994, More than 1,500 web servers for computers, internationally 1998, The Google Internet search engine goes online 1999, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) established at NIH (National Institutes of Health, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services) SPACE SPACE SPACE http://www.relfe.com/history_1.html http://www.relfe.com/history_2.html http://www.relfe.com/history_3.html Archive, page 1: https://web.archive.org/web/20010622112527/http://www.relfe.com/history_1.html Archive, page 2: https://web.archive.org/web/20010717204728/http://www.relfe.com/history_2.html Archive, page 3: https://web.archive.org/web/20010717204639/http://www.relfe.com/history_3.html HISTORY OF SUGAR TRADE (no references) Archive, A Chronology of Fluoridation: https://web.archive.org/web/20021217185156/http://www.curezone.org/dental/fluoride.asp . http://www.worldcat.org http://www.worldcat.org/advancedsearch http://web.archive.org/web/20160404103045/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/01/19/1-in-5-americans-suffer-from-mental-illness/ https://web.archive.org/web/20150508190221/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240539.php https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml https://web.archive.org/web/20130204213000/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml https://web.archive.org/web/20060514062329/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/autoimmune/documents/adccfinal.pdf SUGAR HISTORY, AND CHRONOLOGIES, MILESTONES, TIMELINES, TRENDS, THEMES, GOVERNMENT STATISTICS, DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY --sugar acts and duties, sugar adulterants, tribute payments/protection monies to pirates, agricultural colony, sugar and coffee, diabetes, Fair Labor Standards Act, ponzi cycle collapses in history or bank runs, interstate monopolies and anti-trust legislation, legal and spiritual remedies and interventions, also interest in libraries, journalism, education, military enlistment and new jobs, food sources, and other social services, as well as decreasing market/demand in U.S. for drugs-sugar with improved nutrition and health --Amsterdam, The Netherlands, vice and drug tourism, red light, smart shop, harm reduction, international seaport . HATHITRUST, COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009599769