RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, AUTISM, BIPOLAR, DEPRESSION, OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER, AND POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER The Immune System / Autoimmune Disease Connection Healing Immune System / Autoimmune Disorder with Diet and Food Nutrition HOME PAGE, HeartSpace Inner Healing: http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com SITE MAP, HeartSpace Inner Healing: http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/sitemap.shtml BIBLIOGRAPHY, HeartSpace Inner Healing: http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/research/nutrition3.txt MEDICINE SEARCH TERMS, http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/research/nutrition4.txt WEB REFERENCES, http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/research/nutrition5.txt Contents RESOURCE GUIDE AND PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION: ADHD, AUTISM, BIPOLAR, DEPRESSION, OCD, AND POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER by Jennifer Harris Copyright 2004-2019. This information is intended only to help others in their own research, consult with appropriate practitioners and/or physicians, who can diagnose, help determine individual nutritional requirements, dosage and frequency of supplements, and supervise treatment. Orthomolecular Medicine/Psychiatry physicians can address underlying nutritional issues in mental illness. Clinical molecular medicine (which includes applied immunology, applied toxicology, chemical sensitivities, clinical ecology, environmental illness (EI), environmental medicine, free-radical medicine, multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS), nutritional biochemistry), as well as naturopathic, chiropractic, osteopathic, homeopathic, and herbal practitioners can be helpful. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM / AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CONNECTION Introduction Prevalence Of Immune System Disorder/Autoimmune Disease Immune System Diseases / Disorders Linked to Nutrition and Environmental Toxins (with a List of Mental and Physical Conditions Linked with Immune System Disorder) PART 2: HEALING IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDER WITH DIET AND FOOD NUTRITION Check For Allergies, Food And Chemical Sensitivities, Candida, Heavy Metal Toxicity, Parasites, Infections, And Nutritional Deficiencies Tests Available Check For Hypoglycemia And Sugar Sensitivity: Balance Sugar Levels Improve Digestive (Gut) Health (Colon/Gastrointestinal Tract) Check For Hypo- Or Hyper-Thyroidism Deacidification: Balance pH (Alkaline/Acid) Detoxification, Hydration, Flushing, and Cell Physiology Boost The Immune System Psychiatric Drug Side Effects Recommended Reading Commercial Formulas Advertised for Nutritional Brain Support, 2006 SPACE SPACE INTRODUCTION During an MSW internship in community mental health, I began to investigate and research nutritional alternatives to psychiatric medications with the intention of putting together a resource guide. After a year of hunt-and-peck looking for individual supplements or vitamins on the Internet, I began to access more solid sources and a picture began to emerge. Several reoccurring themes involving both mental and physical illness were offered by a variety of reliable health practitioners, physicians, and researchers. These themes fell into roughly six categories: -check for sensitivities, infections, and toxicities -check for hypoglycemia -balance the gut -balance the thyroid -balance pH -detoxify and hydrate/flush, and boost the immune system This resource guide is still a work in progress and will continue to be expanded, but the basic ideas are included here. SPACE SPACE PREVALENCE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDER / AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE "The incidence of neurotoxic or immune reactive conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), dyslexia, learning disabilities, etc. have been increasing rapidly in recent years...A recent report by the National Research Council found that 50 percent of all pregnancies in the U.S. are now resulting in prenatal or postnatal mortality, significant birth defects, developmental neurological problems, or otherwise chronically unhealthy babies...There has been a similar sharp increase in developmental conditions in Canadian children..., including increases in learning disabilities and behavioral problems, asthma and allergies, and childhood cancer. Exposure to toxic chemicals or environmental factors appear to be a factor in at least 28 percent of the 4 million U.S. children born each year..., with at least 1 in 6 having one of the neurological conditions previously listed according to the U.S. Census Bureau...U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) estimates that over 3 million of these are related to lead or mercury toxicity, with approximately 25 percent of U.S. kids getting mercury exposure at dangerous levels.... Evidence indicates that over 60,000 children are born each year with neurodevelopmental impairment due to methyl mercury..., with even higher levels of exposure and impairment from two other sources, vaccines and mother's amalgam dental fillings.... The largest increase in neurological problems has been in infants..., with an increase in autism cases to over 500,000, an over 500 percent increase to a level of almost 1 per 300 infants in the last decade..., making it the third most common chronic childhood condition, along with similar increases in ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder).... According to the American Academy of Pediatrics between 4 to 12 percent of all school age children are affected by ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)... and a similar number have some degree of dyslexia.... However large surveys of elementary level student records finds much higher levels - with over 20 percent of elementary school boys in some areas being treated for ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder).... Similar levels of children have been found to have mood or anxiety disorders. Studies have found that long term use of stimulant drugs commonly causes significant adverse neurological and health effects..., and options are available to deal with such conditions without such adverse effects including dealing with the underlying causes." http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html --Retrieved 5/5/04 Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html Archive 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040623035700/http://home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/indexa.html Archive 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040606160116/http://home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/indexa.html SPACE SPACE IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES / DISORDERS LINKED TO NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS Heavy metals, vaccinations (some containing mercury), food additives, food allergies, chemicals, fluoridation, yeast (fungal) infections, parasites, sugar consumption, and stress appear to be linked to immune system disorders, which include both mental and physical ailments. "Overload can lead to an almost infinite variety of disease symptoms. Mental breakdown, heart disease, ulcers and cancer are just some of the possibilities. Which symptoms arise from which stressor comes under the consideration of so-called target...organs. Something will break down and usually it is the inherent weak link that snaps first. If the overload is prolonged or severe, more and more end-organs will fail and symptoms and complications will multiply." (Mumby, 1993, 29). "Yes, I would say there is a connection of immune function with just about all nervous system disorders." (Singh, 2004). "...I believe that heavy metal and/or chemical toxicity is a causative factor in nearly every, if not all, autoimmune disorders." (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 186). "Three types of overlap occur among the disease states chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia (FM), multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...Evidence supporting the role of elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite in these four disease states is summarized...This theory appears to be the first to provide a mechanistic explanation for the multiple overlaps of these disease states and it also explains the origin of many of their common symptoms and similarity to both Gulf War Syndrome and chronic sequalae of carbon monoxide toxicity." (Pall, 2001, 139). Some of the ailments that appear to be linked to immune system disorder include: Addison's disease Allergies Alzheimer's disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), (Lou Gehrig's disease) Ankylosing spondylitis Anorexia nervosa Anxiety Asthma Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Autism Bell's Palsy Bipolar disorder (manic depression) Borderline personality disorder Bulimia Candidiasis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Colitis Crohn's disease Depression Diabetes Endocrine disorders Environmental Illness (EI) Epstein-Barr Fibromyalgia Food allergies Gastritis Guillain-Barre Gulf War Syndrome Infertility Insomnia Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Juvenile arthritis Learning disabilities Lupus Medical mimics Mixed connective tissue disease Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (MCS) Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Panic attacks Panic Disorder Parkinson's disease Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Psychosis Raynaud's disease Rett Syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis Schizophrenia Sciatica Seizure Sjogren's Syndrome Sleep disorders . SOURCES Abrams, Karl J. 1996. Algae to the Rescue, Everything You Need to Know about Nutritional Blue-Green Algae. Studio City, California, Logan House. ISBN 1889152005. PUBLIC LIBRARY 579.8, ABRAMS, Page 68 (sugar). Cutler, Andrew Hall. 1999. Amalgam Illness, Diagnosis and Treatment. Irvine, California, Andrew Hall Cutler. ISBN 0967616808. PUBLIC LIBRARY 363.194, CUTLER, Pages 26, 76, 124-129 (Mercury, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead). http://www.noamalgam.com --4/28/04 (mercury) --Archive, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040410125137/http://www.noamalgam.com http://www.thorne.com/townsend/oct/mercury.html --4/28/04 (mercury) --Archive, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040401194325/http://www.thorne.com/townsend/oct/mercury.html http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html --5/5/04 (mercury) --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html http://www.whale.to/vaccines/diseases.html --5/6/04 (vaccinations) http://whale.to/index.html --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://whale.to/index.html --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html --Archive, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040405113859/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/tmlbn.html http://www.cdlsaus.org/docs/nutritional.pdf --4/2/04 (nutrition, antibiotics, vaccines, chemicals) --Archive, 2015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150807183931/http://www.cdlsaus.org/docs/nutritional.pdf http://www.add-fibromyalgia.com/page19.html --5/6/04 (overlapping conditions) --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.add-fibromyalgia.com/page19.html --Archive, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040611015533/http://add-fibromyalgia.com/page19.html http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/comcare/docs/me0015.txt --5/6/04 (overlapping conditions) --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/comcare/docs/me0015.txt --Archive, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20030502095458/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/comcare/docs/me0015.txt http://www.haciendapub.com/article24.html --5/6/04 (overlapping conditions) --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.haciendapub.com/article24.html --Archive, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040411220029/http://www.haciendapub.com/article24.html Pall, Martin Lawrence, (2001), http://molecular.biosciences.wsu.edu/Faculty/pall.html --5/6/04 (overlapping conditions) http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:GcM8t4o6ttcJ:www.elc.org.uk/papers/2003Martin_Pall.doc+martin+pall+posttraumatic+stress&hl=en --5/6/04 (overlapping conditions) http://www.nel.edu/pdf_w/23_3/NEL230302R02_Esch_rw.pdf --5/6/04 (stress) http://groups.msn.com/AftermathofwarcopingwithPTSDtoo/ptsdbiology.msnw?action=get_message&mview=0&ID_Message=3808&LastModified=4675451662510561573 --5/6/04 (stress) http://www.unl.edu/stress/255N/part3.html --5/6/04 (stress) http://www.nature.com/nsu/990527/990527-7.html --5/6/04 (psychoneuroimmunology, stress, neurodegeneration, cytokines) SPACE SPACE CHECK FOR ALLERGIES, FOOD AND CHEMICAL SENSITIVITIES, CANDIDA, HEAVY METAL TOXICITY, PARASITES, INFECTIONS, AND NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES Food Allergies Food allergies are linked with many physical and mental conditions, including hyperactivity, chronic fatigue syndrome, schizophrenia, bedwetting, and liver and thyroid functioning. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 142, 148, 150,161), (Murray, 1994, 15), (Pfeiffer, 1987, 10, 48). Common food allergies include: dairy, wheat, yeast, soy, corn, chocolate, eggs, citrus. Foods with gluten include wheat (semolina and durum), rye, barley, farina, kamut, spelt, oats, and triticale. Derivatives of gluten are soy sauce, malt, brown rice syrup, flavorings, caramel coloring, grain vinegar, grain alcohol, grain starches, textured vegetable proteins, mono- and di-glyerides (in substances that are dry), and hydrolyzed vegetable proteins. (Dr. Lisa Lewis in Shaw, 1998, 201). www.gluten.net/diet.html --11/17/05 --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.gluten.net/diet.html --Archive 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20051104030148/http://www.gluten.net/diet.html Fermented yeast products or those with fungi/algae, include barley malt (or malt), chocolate beans, peanuts, and vinegar. (Dr. B. Semon in Shaw, 1998, 158). Casein products include cow's milk, goat's milk, and soy products. (Dr. Lisa Lewis and Pamela Scott in Shaw, 1998, 202, 259). . Food Additives Dyes (i.e., FD&C yellow No. 5, a.k.a. tartrazine), flavorings, and preservatives (Cutler, 1999, 69). . Heavy Metals Heavy metals include: mercury, lead, aluminum, cobalt, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, and tin. (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 237-238). Mercury toxicity can include "irritability, excitability, fearfulness, restlessness, melancholy, depression, weakness, timidity, fatigue, indecisiveness and headache." "Mercury poisoning can cause schizophrenia spectrum disorders, anxiety with agitation and panic, and depression with suicidal ideation." Foods to try eliminating include those with sulfite or tyramine, spices, sulfur foods, seasonings, foods with pesticides, oils and fats that are partially hydrogenated, and cooking in polyunsaturated oils. (Cutler, 1999, 26, 69, 76, 124-129). Also try eliminating food containing hormones, steroids, antibiotics. (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 286-287). Problems resulting from heavy metal toxicity can include anorexia, apathy, depression, emotional instability, fatigue, headaches, insomnia, irritability, psychosis, tremors, restlessness. (Werbach, 1996, Appendix F, 679-680). . Chemicals Chemicals can include pesticides like DDT, as well as toluene, chloroform, formaldehyde, and benzene. (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 238-239). . Household Products . Candida, Yeast, and Fungal Infections Candida can result in "depression, anxiety, unnatural irritability, digestive symptoms such as diarrhoea, constipation, bloating and heartburn, extreme fatigue and a sense of hopelessness, an inability to concentrate ("brain-fog"), allergies, acne, migraine, widespread muscular pain, cystitis,... (and women's), as well as sensitivity to perfumes, fumes, chemical odours and tobacco smoke...poor memory, (and) feelings of unreality." (Chaitow, 1998, 2, 33). A compromised immune system, ear infections, antibiotic use, and fungal infections appear to be frequently linked in autistic conditions. (Shaw, 1998, 96). Candida is also linked with leaky gut, hypoglycemia, food allergies, colitis, Crohn's Disease, and asthma. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 194, 196, 197), (Lipski, 1998, 20), (Shaw, 1998, 130). Candida in children is linked to "hyperactivity, learning disorders, repeated ear infections, diaper rashes and abdominal discomfort to diarrhea or constipation, poor appetite and erratic sleep patterns." (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 195). Sugar intake, antibiotics, steroids, pills, other drugs/prescriptions, and diabetes can all contribute to candida. (Chaitow, 1998b, 3, 28). http://www.add-fibromyalgia.com/page20.html --Retrieved 5/6/04 --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.add-fibromyalgia.com/page20.html --Archive 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20040611022817/http://add-fibromyalgia.com/page20.html Take online quiz: Dr. Crook's Yeast Connection Quiz http://www.mall-net.com/cgibin/quiz4.cgi?quiz=crook.qa http://www.yeastconnection.com/pdf/yeastfullsurv.pdf --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.yeastconnection.com/pdf/yeastfullsurv.pdf --Archive 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140702140237/http://yeastconnection.com/pdf/yeastfullsurv.pdf . Candida and fungal Bennington, James L., M.D., editor. 1984. Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-1714-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY 616.07560321, SAUNDERS. Page 10, acetic acid, a component of vinegar...when sugar is fermented in air, acetic acid is produced by the oxidation of acetaldehyde, (and) in the absence of air, fermentation yields ethanol, produced by the reduction of acetaldehyde. Also called ethanoic acid and vinegar acid. Page 11, acetyl- (Latin acetum for vinegar plus Greek hyle for matter), a prefix word element in organic chemistry to denote the acetyl group. Page 11, acetyl CoA, the active form of coenzyme A, composed of the acetyl group joined through a thiol ester linkage to coenzyme A. It is an important reactant in the citrate synthase reaction, the initial step in the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle. Page 16, acidity, the quality of being acid and sour. Page 16, acidophilic, growing in highly acid media, said of microorganisms. Page 26, adelomycetes, (Greek adelos invisible, obscure plus myketes fungi). Page 35, aflatoxin, (acronym from Aspergillus FLAvus TOXIN), a highly toxic and carcinogenic factor produced by mold contamination of soil-contacted foodstuffs (e.g., peanuts). Page 40, albicans, white. Page 43, aldolase (ALD), an enzyme of the lyase class...(involved in) one of the reactions in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, which is then converted either to acetyl-CoA or lactate. Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle in the aerobic utilization of glucose as fuel. The conversion of glucose to lactate (glycolysis) is anaerobic and is important in skeletal muscles. The enzyme (aldolase) is present in all cells and in high concentration in skeletal muscle. Three forms of ALD (aldolase) are recognized, A, B, and C...A is found primarily in skeletal muscle...B occurs in the liver, kidneys, and leukocytes, and...C is found in the brain...ALD (aldolase) activity is elevated in a number of conditions associated with muscle wastage...The activity ratio of the A to B form has been used in the differential diagnosis and detection of cancer. The ratio is about 2.8 in healthy individuals...(and about) 12 for cancer. Page 55, alveolitis, an inflammation of the respiratory alveoli, most commonly due to a hypersensitivity...to an inhaled antigen, e.g., hypersensitivity to moldy hay or vegetable matter in persons with farmer's lung...Clinically, the disorder is manifested acutely by shortness of breath, fever and chills, coughing, and nausea...Other antigens that may provoke an allergic alveolitis in sensitive individuals are the molds found in air conditioners and those on sugar cane, tree bark, and mushrooms. Page 58, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), a long-standing organization originally established as a central depository for reference cultures of bacteria and fungi. Pages 76, 77, 78, anaerobe, (from Greek aer air plus bios life) a microorganism that can multiply only in the absence of oxygen...(A)naerobes are classic opportunistic pathogens...More often, the predisposing factor (in clinical infection) is trauma, surgical or accidental, which removes the natural barrier and allows access to deep tissues, such an event introduces large numbers of these bacteria into previously sterile areas that provide the low oxygen tension and rich pablum conducive to their rapid multiplication...The toxicity of oxygen for anaerobes is due to the absence of the cytochromes needed for electron transport to oxygen. Instead, they have flavoprotein enzymes that reduce oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, but most strains do not produce the catalase, peroxidases, and superoxide dismutase needed to break down these toxic products. Consequently, oxygen is inhibitory or lethal. Page 78, anaerobic, lacking molecular oxygen (or) growing in the absence of molecular oxygen. Pages 139, 140, aspergillosis, Any disease of humans...that is caused by species of the genus aspergillus. Of the very many species recognized, only seven or eight are pathogenic for humans...Generally, human contact occurs by inhalation of airborne spores...Symptoms of pulmonary aspergillosis resemble pneumonia, with fever, cough, leukocytosis, and respiratory distress. Pages 140, 141, aspergillus, a genus of monomorphic molds, containing many species of saprophytes...Primary contact of humans with aspergillus is by inhalation. Therefore, when a disease state results, the organ first and most often involved is the lung. About 90 percent of the cases of human aspergillus are due to one species, aspergillus fumigatus. Page 237, budding, a form of cell division in which the parent cell divides unequally...e.g., the process of multiplication in one-celled fungi or in spores. Page 248, candidal, pertaining to or caused by candida. Page 249, candidemia, the presence of candida. Page 249, candidiasis, any fungal infection involving the genus candida. The clinical manifestations range from acute to chronic and may be localized or systemic. Page 264, castellania, from Aldo Castellani, an obsolete name for the genus candida. Page 302, cholesterol, synthesized by all cells from acetyl CoA...Its concentration in the serum (plasma) of healthy young persons in on the order of 140-225 mg/dl, although the reference range in the United States is generally given as 140-250 mg/dl...Serum cholesterol is associated with the high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoprotein fractions in a ratio of 1:3. High-serum total cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol concentrations are considered high-risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Page 430, dermatomycosis, (dermato plus Greek mykes, fungus plus osis condition), a general term for any fungal infection of the skin. Dermatomycosis may be caused by infection with a dermatophyte, by a cutaneous infection with species of candida, or by a secondary spread of a systemic mycosis to the epidermis. Page 432, dermatophytid, a secondary skin vesicle containing clear fluid that appears symmetrically on the hands as an allergic reaction to a fungal infection. Dermatophytid and bacterid reactions are generally called id reactions. Pages 461, 545, diuretic, (dehydrating) agent that increases the rate of formation of urine in the body, (and) some common examples of substances having diuretic action are coffee, tea, ethanol, and water. Page 504, Embden-Meyerhof pathway, (from Gustav George Embden, 1874-1933, German biochemist, Otto Fritz Meyerhof, 1884-1951, German biochemist), a series of chemical reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes that convert glucose to pyruvate, yielding high-energy phosphate (e.g., ATP) in the process. The reactions occur in muscle...Also known as glycolysis. Page 520, entoloma, a genus of fungi...which...causes mycetismus gastrointestinalis (from mushrooms). The onset of symptoms may occur within a few minutes and last up to 72 hours. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, water loss, electrolyte imbalance, dizziness, hallucination, and various cerebral manifestations. Page 535, ergot, fungus that attacks rye...and other grains. It contains alkaloids related to lysergic acid, some of which directly stimulate smooth muscle...(and) others block stimulation by epinephrine...and thus produce vasoconstriction...Acute ergot...causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, dizziness...peripheral vasoconstriction...spasms and convulsions. Page 541, esophagitis, an acute or chronic inflammation of the esophagus, which may be due to gastric reflux, corrosive substances, or infectious agents. Page 541, infectious esophagitis, an inflammation of the esophagus commonly due to overgrowth of candida albicans. Page 545, ethanoic acid, the systematic name for acetic acid. Page 568, farmer's lung, a form of pulmonary hypersensitivity to a variety of plant antigens or spores and molds growing on stored grain, wood, or hay...(suffering) cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and fever. Page 573, ferment, (Latin fermentare, to cause to rise or ferment), to carry out fermentation, especially the decomposition of carbohydrates. Page 574, fermentation, the energy-yielding enzymatic decomposition of organic substrates, primarily carbohydrates, in the absence of oxygen (or) the microbial conversion of sugars to particular products in anaerobic cultures. The best known is the fermentation of glucose by certain yeasts, producing ethanol and CO2. Page 574, mixed acid fermentation, anaerobic decomposition by a bacterial culture that results in the formation of several acids (e.g., acetic, lactic, succinic, and formic) instead of a single acid (e.g., lactic) as a product of metabolism of sugars. Page 615, fungal, pertaining to or caused by fungus. Page 615, fungicide, antifungal agent. Page 615, fungiform, shaped like a fungus or mushroom. Page 615, fungus, plural fungi, a general term for a type of organism that is eukaryotic and thallus-forming and requires an external carbon source...Fungi may exist as saprophytes or parasites, invading nonliving organic substances of living organisms...The single cell form of fungi is known as a yeast, whereas the multinuclear filamentous form is a mold. Page 618, fusarium roseum, a fungus that produces a mycotoxin when growing on grain used for flour. When ingested, this toxin produces a syndrome known as drunken bread eater. The fungus is also isolated from burned skin. Page 618, fusarium solanae, a fungus that produces mycotic keratitis often known to infect the cornea of the eye and producing satellite lesions. Most individuals infected with this fungus have been identified as agricultural workers from southern Florida. Page 618, fusarium sporotrichoides, a fungus that produces the mycotoxin fusariogenin when grown in grain under certain conditions. If this toxin is ingested, alimentary aleukia results, characterized by necrotic rashes on the skin, leukopenia, vertigo, and...lesions, (and)...the condition can produce aphasia. Page 644, geotrichosis, a rare, opportunistic fungal infection of oral, intestinal, bronchial, or pulmonary tissues caused by geotrichum candidum. Page 663, glycolysis, often known as fermentation, literally, the splitting of glucose into smaller fragments. Glycolysis is nothing more than the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (named after two biochemists who completed the elucidation of glycolytic reactions in the 1930s) for the conversion of glucose residues to pyruvate, with the added action of lactate dehydrogenase to form lactate from pyruvate. By this series of reactions, 1 mol of glucose yields 2 mol of lactate, anaerobically, with the concomitant transformation of energy as ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell. Page 673, granuloma, a nodular aggregate of macrophages and lymphocytes. Page 675, granulomatus, composed of or containing granulomas. Page 682, hallucination, a sensory perception that does not correspond to any external stimulus. Pages 682, 1272, hallucinogen, heightened sensations, synesthesia, alteration of body image, hallucinations, delusions, depersonalization, and the attachment of significance to trivial objects...acute anxiety...rarely, persistent psychotic states are precipitated. In some individuals there are spontaneous recurrences, called flashbacks, of hallucinations or altered perceptions. Many hallucinogens are structurally related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Among these are lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),...psilocybin (in mushrooms, may produce anxiety attacks or panic states), and psilocin (toxin in mushrooms). Page 682, halo- (from Greek hals for salt), a prefix word element to denote a relationship to salt. Page 682, halogen (from Greek hals for salt plus gennan, to produce), a group VII element (of) fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine. Pages 778, 1497, 1498, id reaction or dermatophytid reaction, an allergic reaction to a fungal infection anywhere on the body distal to the infected site...The id reaction may occur in tinea capitis (fungal infection of scalp) and, less commonly, tinea pedis (fungal infection of feet). Pages 805, 806, 738, 1107, inflammation, the process by which reaction to injury occurs within the tissues of the body...The result can be complete tissue restoration, destruction, or scarring, or it can be combinations of these results. Injury can be produced by both replicating and nonreplicating agents. Viruses...bacteria, (and) fungi...are microorganisms making up the replicating category. Chemical agents such as acids, bases, and...enzymes, and physical agents such as...heat and cold, and trauma constitute nonreplicating agents. The inflammatory process is characterized by a complex interplay of vascular, humoral (molecules in solution in body fluids), and cellular factors, and can be further defined in two broad categories, acute and chronic inflammation. Acute Inflammation. The acute inflammatory process is basically exudative, i.e., the elements of which it consists arise from the circulating bl. and exude into the tissues. This form of inflammation is characterized by the classic signs of redness, heat, (and) swelling...These signs are primarily the result of vascular changes, alterations in bl. flow, and permeability of bl. vessels. If the injury is not severe, an arteriolar dilation occurs and bl. flow is increased, producing heat and redness...An alteration in vascular permeability leads to an extravasation of plasma through the bl. vessel walls into the extravascular space, forming edema or swelling...(and) different patterns of vascular leakage have been described...Neutrophils and particularly mononuclear phagocytes have the capacity to phagocytize foreign substances, destroy certain microorganisms, and degrade and digest foreign materials. Aiding in phagocytosis are substances called opsonins (that render microorganisms susceptible to phagocytosis), which enhance adherence to the cell surface...The processes of cellular digestion involve a burst of energy, a fall in pH, and activation of enzyme systems...At times phagocytosis is incomplete and...enzymes are released external to the cell, causing tissue destruction, primarily because of collagenase and elastase activities. Cellular motility, phagocytosis, and degranulation all involve membrane movement of the cell...Chronic Inflammation. This process occurs if the agents producing inflammation persist. It is both an exudation and a cellular proliferation, comprising both the cells involved in immune mechanisms and cells of the repair process...Depending on the stimulus, the cells of immunity and repair occur simultaneously in varying numbers. If tissue destruction is present, the cells of the repair process eventually appear. These include proliferating fibroblasts and endothelial cells, together making up granulation tissue. Page 821, intertrigo, a skin rash and erythematous eruption that occurs on surfaces of the body...The condition may lead to itching, maceration, and even erosion. Page 858, lactate, any salt or ester of lactic acid. Page 859, lactic acid, L-lactic acid occurs in body tissue and body fluids in the anionic form known as lactate, the D form is produced by certain bacteria, and the DL racemic mixture occurs in sour milk, in the stomach, and in fermentation products such as sauerkraut and silage. Lactate is an end product of anaerobic glucose metabolism. It can be synthesized by most tissues in the body, however, the skin, muscles, erythrocytes, brain, and intestinal mucosa are most active in its production...Abnormal, persistent elevations of lactate are known as lactic acidoses. Page 859, lactic acidosis, a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess lactic acid...It may also be associated with...systemic infection...Alkalinization therapy is required immediately to raise the bl. pH to greater than 7.2. Pages 968, 969, microbiology, the science that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses...(and) yeasts. Page 988, mold, a general term for filamentous fungi. Page 989, moniliid, a secondary, sterile, vascular, or papular skin lesion caused by an immunologic response to candida elsewhere in the body. Also called levurid or candidad...candidiasis. Page 1000, mucormycosis, a fungal infection...This kind of mycosis is most commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and other diseases that result in a state of acidosis. Page 1014, mushroom, the fruiting body of any of a variety of basidiomycetous, fleshy fungi. Page 1017, mycelium, a mass of fungal hyphae. Filaments that grow into the medium are called basal or vegetative hyphae, those protruding into the air are aerial hyphae. Page 1017, -myces, a suffix word element to denote a fungus. Page 1017, mycet/o, a word element used in combining form to denote relationship to fungi. Page 1017, mycetismus, a disease caused by the ingestion of fungi, often (toxic)...Side-effects range from gastrointestinal disorders to hallucination...Mycetismus is categorized into five types, (cerebralis, choleriformis, gastrointestinalis, nervosus, and sanguinarius). Page 1023, mycologist, one who has a knowledge of fungi. Page 1023, mycology, the science and study of fungi. Microbiologically, fungi are a lower form of eukaryotes...Medically, fungi cause morbidity and mortality in various cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic diseases. Moreover, certain fungi are a cause of toxic food poisoning. Page 1023, mycomyringitis, a fungal infection of the eardrum, with a predominant inflammatory component. Page 1028, mycosis, any disease caused by fungi. Page 1028, mycotic, pertaining to a mycosis. Page 1028, mycotic keratitis, a fungal infection of the cornea. The infection is often initiated by trauma to the cornea by any object containing fungal spores. Moniliaceae, nonpigmented filamentary fungi, account for most corneal infections...Dematiaceae, pigmented filamentary fungi, are next in frequency, and yeasts are the least often involved. Page 1036, myositis, inflammation in voluntary muscle...Known causes include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, physical agents (heat and cold), and trauma. Pages 1038, 1542, myringomycosis, fungal infection and disease of the tympanic (middle ear) membrane. Page 1095, ochratoxin, a mycotoxin (of fungal origin) produced...while growing in grain. Page 1095, oculomycosis, a general term used to describe any disease of the eye or its parts that is caused by a fungus. Page 1103, onychomycosis, any fungal infection of the nail. Page 1104, ophthalmomycosis, a general term used to describe any disease of the eye caused by a fungus. Page 1119, otomycosis, any fungal infection of the pinna, external auditory meatus, or ear canal...Symptoms include scaling, pruritus, pain, and a feeling of fullness of the ear. Page 1133, paecilomyces, paecilomycosis, a fungal infection caused by the genus paecilomyces. This organism has been isolated from the bl., thrombi, and emboli of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery...Paecilomyces lilacinus has been reported as one of the causal agents of keratomycosis and endophthalmitis. Page 1142, paracoccidioides, a genus of imperfect fungi that causes the systemic mycosis paracoccidioidomycosis. Page 1152, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), the portion of the pressure of a mixture of gases that is contributed by carbon dioxide...An increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in bl. (hypercapnia) is observed in respiratory acidosis. Page 1154, Pautrier microabscess, Lucien Marius Adolphe Pautrier, French dermatologist, 1876-1959, a collection of mycosis cells...and nonspecific inflammatory cells, usually located in the lower epidermis but occasionally present in the upper portions of hair follicles, (often)...mycosis fungoides. Page 1165, fungal pericarditis, an uncommon form of pericardial (pertaining to the pericardium, or the sac that encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels) inflammation induced by a fungal infection...The most frequent causative agents are...candida and aspergillus. Page 1165, infectious pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium due to viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection. Page 1169, pernicious, fatal, very destructive, severe, (or) that which is noxious or deleterious to physical or mental health. Page 1193, phycomycosis, a general term frequently used for mucormycosis. Page 1195, pichia, a genus of fungi, species of candida. Page 1197, piedra, a fungal infection of the hair shaft. Page 1280, pyruvate, a salt, ester, or dissociated form of pyruvic acid. Page 1281, pyruvic acid, in fermentation (yeasts), it is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde and then reduced to alcohol. Also called pyroracemic acid. Pages 1321, 1322, respiration, anaerobic, is unique to bacteria that can carry on respiratory metabolism (anaerobic respiration) under anaerobic conditions by using inorganic compounds such as nitrate, sulfate, and carbonate as the terminal electron acceptor...(or) an ATP-generating metabolic process in which inorganic compounds other than oxygen serve as the ultimate electron acceptor and therefore become reduced. Such inorganic compounds, including nitrates, sulfates, and carbonates, are used by various bacteria...capable of anaerobic respiration. Page 1331, rhinitis, a common upper respiratory tract infection characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosal membranes, airway obstruction, and nasal discharge...(and) chronic forms are due to granulomatous infections (e.g., tuberculosis, fungi) and are characterized by tissue destruction. Page 1331, allergic rhinitis, a seasonal (hay fever) or nonseasonal (perennial) form of upper respiratory tract infection that results from the contact of a sensitized individual with a particular antigen...Offending allergens are varied and include pollen and fungi. Pages 1351, 1397, salt (from Latin sal, Greek hals), sodium chloride (or NaCl, an antifungal agent). Page 1352, saprophyte, an organism, such as a bacterium, that lives upon dead or decaying organic matter. Page 1389, silo-filler's disease, pulmonary (of lungs) inflammation, often with acute pulmonary edema, due to inhalation of the irritant gases (especially oxides of nitrogen) that collect in recently filled silos. (Farm grain silos, hazardous and dangerous to access). Page 1419, sporotrichosis, a chronic, subcutaneous lymphatic...mycosis caused by...fungus...and taking three forms, lymphatic, disseminated, and respiratory...The respiratory form is a result of the inhalation of fungal spores, and presents as a chronic granulomatous mycosis. Page 1497, tinea, a term used to describe various cutaneous fungal infections. Page 1497, tinea capitis, a dermatophyte fungal infection of the scalp. Page 1497, tinea unguium, a disease of the nails of the fingers and toes. Pages 1498, 571, tinea favosa or favus, a severe form of dermatophytosis (or fungal infection), a clinical term for a severe form of dermatophytosis...of the scalp. Page 1498, tinea pedis, a dermatophyte infection of the feet. Tinea pedis is the most common fungal disease of humans. Page 1505, torulopsis, a genus of fungi that is synonymous with candida. Page 1561, urticaria, or hives, a disorder affecting the upper layer of the dermis...(Causes can include) drugs, insect bites...heat, cold, sunlight, and pressure...(and) molds...foods...vaccines, and chemicals...may evoke episodes of urticaria. Page 1586, vinegar acid, or acetic acid. . https://web.archive.org/web/20201001191743/https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/6055.00.pdf American Cancer Society. 2014- . The History of Cancer. Page 2, Origin of the word cancer...is credited to the Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC), who...used the terms carcinos and carcinoma to describe non-ulcer forming and ulcer-forming tumors...The Roman physician, Celsus (28-50 BC), later translated the Greek term into cancer, (Latin)...Galen (130-200 AD), another Greek physician, used the word oncos (Greek for swelling) to describe tumors. . Asimov, Isaac. 1989. Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. New York, New York, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-06-015612-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 509, ASIMOV. Page 459, Glycolysis, The German biochemist Otto Meyerhof, 1884-1951, independently demonstrated (that)...while (a) muscle is contracting, glycogen disappears and lactic acid appears. Six-carbon units, in other words, are split into three-carbon units without the consumption of oxygen or the development of heat. Eventually, accumulating lactic acid prevents further muscular contractions...After the contraction, lactic acid is oxidized (consuming oxygen and developing heat), thus paying off the oxygen debt that piled up during the preceding reaction (anaerobic glycolysis, Greek for sugar-splitting without air). . Lagowski, Joseph J., editor. 1997. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry (four volume set). New York, New York, Macmillan Library Reference USA, Simon and Schuster Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-897225-2 (set). PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 540.3, LAGOWSKI. Pages 589, 590, Ethanol, Fermentation is the conversion of glucose (a carbohydrate) into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2) that is performed by yeast under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions. This process has been the subject of scientific study since the days of the ancient Greeks...(I)n 1897...Hans and Eduard Buchner demonstrated that glucose could be converted to ethanol outside of a living cell, and thus established that fermentation is a chemical process. Pages 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, Fermentation, is generally defined as the anaerobic microbial modification of a carbon source with an accompanying release of carbon dioxide...The major products of the fermentation (e.g., ethanol, glycerol, or lactic acid) are usually one of the principal end products of the cell's metabolism...Table 1 is a list of some of the biological and pharmaceutical products of commercial significance that are produced by either yeast, filament-forming fungi, or bacteria. . Mosby, Inc. 2013. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions. Saint Louis, Missouri, Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-07403-2. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 610.3, MOSBY. Page 216, blastomyces, (Greek blastos, and mykes for fungus), a genus of yeastlike fungi, usually including the species blastomyces dermatitidis, which causes North American blastomycosis. Page 216, blastomycosis, an infectious disease caused by a yeastlike fungus, blastomyces dermatitidis. It usually affects only the skin but may cause acute pneumonitis or disseminated disease and invade the lungs, kidneys, central nervous system, and bones. The disease is most common in river valleys of North America...Lung infection is caused by inhalation of airborne conidia...The person usually has a cough, dyspnea, chest pain, chills, and a fever with heavy sweating. Page 514, dermatomycosis, a superficial fungal infection of the skin. Page 514, dermatophyte, any of several fungi that cause parasitic skin disease in humans. Pages 514, 515, dermatophytosis, a superficial fungus infection involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails, caused by microsporum, epidermophyton, or trichophyton species of dermatophyte...On the feet...commonly called athlete's foot. Page 576, dyspnea, a distressful subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing that may be caused by many disorders, including certain heart and respiratory conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety. Page 734, fungus, a eukaryotic, thallus-forming organism that feeds by absorbing organic molecules from its surroundings. Fungi lack chlorophyll and therefore are not capable of photosynthesis. They may be saprophytes or parasites. Unicellular fungi (yeasts) reproduce by budding, (and) multicellular fungi, such as molds, reproduce by spore formation. Fungi may invade living organisms, including humans, as well as nonliving organic substances. Of the 100,000 identified species of fungi, 100 are common in humans and 10 are pathogenic. Page 776, glycolysis, a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions by which glucose and other sugars are broken down to yield lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis) or pyruvic acid (aerobic glycolysis). The breakdown releases energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Pages 888, 889, hypoxia, inadequate oxygen tension at the cellular level, characterized by tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion. If the availability of oxygen is inadequate for aerobic cellular metabolism, energy is provided by less efficient anaerobic pathways that produce metabolites other than carbon dioxide and water. The tissues most sensitive to hypoxia are the brain, heart, pulmonary vessels, and liver. Page 1004, lactic acidosis, a disorder characterized by an accumulation of lactic acid in the bl., resulting in a lowered pH in muscle and serum. The condition occurs most commonly in tissue hypoxia. Page 1268, onychomycosis, any fungal infection of the nails. Page 1698, stress, any emotional, physical, social, economic, or other factor that requires a response or change. Examples include dehydration, which can cause an increase in body temperature. . Rippon, John Willard. 1982. Medical Mycology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-7586-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY 616.9, RIPPON. Pages 487, 488, 527, Candidiasis, History, Hippocrates in his Epidemics (c.460-377 B.C., translated from Greek by Francis Adams, The Genuine Work of Hippocrates, 1939, Baltimore, Maryland, Williams and Wilkins) describes aphthae or thrush (white patches) in debilitated patients, and the presence of this clinical condition has been recognized for centuries. . United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (Washington, D.C.), and Nancy E. Masters, forensic latent print analyst, Master Consultations, Saint Helens, Oregon. 1999. Aspergillus threat. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, November, Volume 68, Number 11, Page 5. ISSN 0014-5688. -- HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000503376 Aspergillus is a group of molds that may pose pathogenic problems. Found throughout the world, they grow in decaying vegetation, including marijuana. Decay occurs from placing harvested green plant material, not adequately dried, in plastic bags. Residual moisture in the marij. encourages bacterial development, which facilitates the growth of molds. Aspergillus may create health hazards for individuals who work with decaying plant material. Aspergillus fumigatus is diagnosed in 90 percent of all aspergillus infections. Initially a thread-like, flat, white growth, Aspergillus fumigatus becomes a powdery, blue-green mold from the production of spores. Individuals who handle the decaying material may inhale the spores. Physicians have found these spores in the ears, nose, and lungs of humans. Most people are naturally immune to, and do not develop, the aspergillus-related disease, aspergillosis. The severity of aspergillosis involves various factors, including the state of an individual's immune system or the presence of a predisposed condition. Therefore, individuals with compromised immune systems have a greater risk of infection. Aspergillosis can range from sinusitis conditions to pulmonary infections as severe as pneumonia. Individuals with low immune defenses resulting from medical conditions - such as bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy, aids, or major burns - have a moderate risk of infection. In extreme cases, a transfer of the fungus from the lungs through the bl.stream to the brain and other organs can result in death. Law enforcement agencies should mandate necessary procedures to ensure proper handling and packaging of marij. Evidence storage facilities must have adequate ventilation and should store only the amount of marij. required by law for case adjudication. . Upshall, Michael, editor. 1993. Hutchinson Dictionary of Chemistry. London, U.K., Brockhampton Press, Ltd. ISBN 1-86019-568-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 540, UPSHALL. Page 79, ethanol or ethyl alcohol, alcohol found in beer, wine, cider, spirits, and other alcoholic drinks (from)...the fermentation of carbohydrates by yeast cells. Pages 78, 79, ethanoic acid or acetic acid, one of the simplest carboxylic acids. In the pure state it is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant pungent odour, it solidifies to an icelike mass of crystals...and hence is often called glacial ethanoic acid. Vinegar is 3-6 percent ethanoic acid. Page 175, salicylic acid, an intermediate in the preparation of acetylsalicylic acid, the active chemical constituent of aspirin. The acid and its salts (salicylates) occur naturally in many plants, (and) concentrated sources include willow bark and oil of wintergreen. . Parasites . Bacterial Infections . Viral Infections . Nutritional Deficiencies Identify individual nutritional deficiencies or imbalances. "Each patient may have very different nutrient requirements from those of other patients. (Pfeiffer, 1987, 6). Food allergies can also be associated with pyroluria. "Most patients with food allergies also tend to have pyroluria, a stress phenomenon associated with excess pyrroles in the urine which bind vitamin B6 and zinc." (Pfeiffer, 1987, 51-52). Areas to explore include supplements and remedies, such as: --General recommendations, "Optimum Nutrition for Mental Health" and "Nutrition Programs for Specific Diseases" (including mental illness). (Pfeiffer, 1987, 93-103). --Alcoholism Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, kudzu, antioxidants, diet, food intolerances, hypoglycemia. (Werbach, 1999, 31-69), (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 43, 45). L-Glutamine. (Levy & Lehr, 1992, 102). --Anxiety Vitamins, minerals, 5-HTP, omega 3 & 6, ashwagandha, kava, lemongrass, suanzaorentang, panax ginseng, diet, food intolerances, hypoglycemia. (Werbach, 1999, 70-82), (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 51-53). --Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Vitamins, minerals, diet, decrease/eliminate sugar intake, omega fatty acids, food intolerance, hypoglycemia, heavy metal toxins. (Werbach, 1999, 83-110). --Autism Zinc and B6 have been helpful for autistic children. (Pfeiffer, 1987, 45). Vitamin B, magnesium, and DMG. (Shaw, 1998, 176-195). Vitamins, minerals, other supplements, food intolerances, heavy metal toxicity. (Werbach, 1999, 111-123). --Bipolar Not enough full-spectrum light, sleep, or exercise, food allergies and additives, hypoglycemia, imbalance in bacteria in intestines, stress, nutritional deficiencies, heavy metal and chemical toxicity. (Marohn, 2003, 23-55). Zinc, B6, copper imbalance, seasonal and hormonal changes, food allergies, and hypoglycemia can be involved with bipolar disorder. (Pfeiffer, 1987, 67). Vitamins, minerals, other supplements, omega 3 and 6, food intolerances. (Werbach, 1999, 124-142). --Depression 5-HTP/5-Hydroxytryptophan (Murray, 1999) Vitamins, minerals, other supplements, omega 3 and 6, 5-HTP, fiber, diet, food intolerances, hypoglycemia, heavy metal toxicity, and eliminate/decrease alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, simple sugars. (Werbach, 1999, 221-273). Ginko biloba, St. John's wort (may interfere with MAOs), Siberian ginseng. (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 135-137). Tyrosine. Other amino acids that "facilitate brain and emotional function include L-Glutamine...L-Aspartate, GABA." (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 102). --Insomnia 5-HTP/5-Hydroxytryptophan (Murray, 1999). Vitamins, minerals, other supplements, 5-HTP, diet, eliminate/decrease caffeine, alcohol, sucrose, and also food intolerances. (Werbach, 1999, 316-325). Passion flower, suanzaorentang, valerian. (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 226-229). --Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Vitamins and other supplements. (Werbach, 1999, 350-353). --Schizophrenia Common imbalances in schizophrenia include copper, zinc, and B6. (Pfeiffer, 1987, 10). Vitamins, minerals, other supplements, omega fatty acids, diet, food intolerances, lead toxicity. (Werbach, 1999, 396-440). --Omega-3 and Omega-6 (Cutler, 1999, 100). --Vitamin Bs --Amino acids --Homeopathic remedies --Commercial formulas geared toward brain support, or for stress. --St. John's Wort. (Murray, 1994, 166-167). --Supplements and nutrition (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 258, 266-269, 280-285, 287-289, 295). --Detoxification, hydration, flushing, fasting and prayer (Warburg, Otto, Bragg, Paul C.) . Other General Sources for this Section: ADHD Parents Support Project. 50 Conditions Mimicking ADHD. http://adhdparentssupportgroup.homestead.com/50conditionsmimicingADHD.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://adhdparentssupportgroup.homestead.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://adhdparentssupportgroup.homestead.com/50conditionsmimicingADHD.html Archive 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050613084324/http://adhdparentssupportgroup.homestead.com/50conditionsmimicingADHD.html - The Feingold Association of the United States. Many Learning and Behavior Problems Begin in Your Grocery Cart. http://www.feingold.org http://www.feingold.org/overview.php http://www.feingold.org/program.pg.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.feingold.org Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.feingold.org/overview.php - Pincott, Ingrid, N.D. ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - or - Allergy, Deficiency, Hypoglycemia Disorder (fungal). http://www.drpincott.com/Publications/publishedarticles/Articles/article1.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.drpincott.com/Publications/publishedarticles/Articles/article1.htm Archive 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20061101040206/http://www.drpincott.com/Publications/publishedarticles/Articles/article1.htm http://www.drpincott.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.drpincott.com - Taylor, John. (1997) SPACE SPACE TESTS AVAILABLE Tests for Stress Levels, Applied Kinesiology or Muscle Testing, and Food Allergy Elimination Diets Cutler, 1999, 15, 55-66, 92-94. Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 36-56. Pfeiffer, 1987, 51-52. Werbach, 1996, 681-682. Hair Mineral Analysis Bate, Phil. http://www.alternate-health.com/hair.html Social Readjustment Rating Scale developed by Holmes and Rahe, which was "originally designed to predict the likelihood of a person getting a serious disease due to stress." (Murray, 1994, 19-21). Applied Kinesiology, Clinical Kinesiology, or Muscle Testing--This is a method of testing muscle strength or weakness as a way of asking the body for information about imbalances in the body, such as in organs, nutritional deficiencies, or toxic reactions to foods or chemicals. "Muscle testing can (also) determine if almost any natural or chemical substance is energetically compatible with your specific body energy." (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 164), (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 19), (Mumby, 1993, 26). Kinesiology Network. Research studies, training, description of kinesiology, muscle database, and related websites. http://www.kinesiology.net/ak.asp --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.kinesiology.net/ak.asp Kinesiology Self-Testing http://www.goodhealthinfo.net/herbalists/muscle_testing.htm SPACE SPACE CHECK FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA AND SUGAR SENSITIVITY: BALANCE SUGAR LEVELS "Hypoglycemia is a condition in which the glucose level...is low, and is otherwise known as low...sugar. The symptoms are restlessness, irritability, and when severe, mental disturbances." (Marohn, 2003, 45). Hypoglycemia has been linked to many physical and mental conditions, including schizophrenia, depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome. (Murray, 1994, 15, 62), (Pfeiffer, 1987, 10). Ongoing stress and depletion of the adrenals can lead to hypoglycemia. (Pfeiffer, 1987, 62). Caffeine may aggravate hypoglycemia. (Werbach, 1999, 88). Reduce or eliminate sugar and sugar substitutes. Sugar substitutes include beet sugar, barley malt, brown rice syrup, dextrose, fructose, fruit juice, high-fructose corn syrup, honey, corn syrup, malted barley, molasses, raisin syrup, sucrose. (Feingold, 1979, 14), (Lark, 1984). Reduce sugar cravings. Generous amount of whole grains within diet. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 203). "Whole grain bread spread with sesame butter...eating mildly salty food (miso, for example), bitter food (like burdock or dandelion root), or pickled food (like umeboshi plums)." (Lark, 1984, 92). Nutritional Supplements to Help Stabilize Glucose Levels: Zinc, B3 with chromium, B6, a multivitamin without copper, and manganese (as gluconate). Deficient minerals can also include: calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and potassium. (Pfeiffer, 1987, 6, 58, 65). Chromium polynicotinate or chromium picolinate. (Murray, 1994, 39). Fenugreek or milk thistle may help decrease glucose levels. (Rubin, 2004, 182), (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 144). Vitamins, minerals, Omega-6 fatty acid, other supplements, diet, food intolerances, decrease/eliminate alcohol and refined carbohydrates, and also use fructose instead of sucrose or glucose. (Werbach, 1996, 350-353). Chromium, vitamin C, and biotin supplements may be helpful for glycoregulation. Also check for mineral deficiencies. (Werbach, 1996, 229). Herbs useful in diabetes treatment. (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 138-149). Tests Glucose tolerance tests are available. (Murray, 1994, 38-39), (Pfeiffer, 1987, 60). . Flight or fright, adrenals Bennington, James L., M.D., editor. 1984. Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-1714-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY 616.07560321, SAUNDERS. Pages 30, 31, adrenal glands, cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells and sympathetic ganglion cells. The former produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin), (and) their release is controlled by sympathetic nerves that synapse on the medullary cells. The hormones act similarly, aiding the body in coping with emergency situations by increasing cardiac output, elevating bl. pressure, stimulating respiration, and accelerating glycogenolysis with a resulting increase in bl. glucose and lactic acid. Page 456, disaccharide, any of a class of sugars that yields two monosaccharides on hydrolysis. The most common disaccharides are maltose (glucose plus glucose), lactose (glucose plus glucose), and sucrose (glucose plus fructose). Page 530, epinephrine, is stored in chromaffin granules and is released predominantly in response to hypoglycemia, fear, anger, or stress. Page 1079, norepinephrine, its effects include vasoconstriction of arterioles in the skin and splanchnic area (causing a rise in bl. pressure), pupil dilation, and relaxation of the gut. SPACE SPACE IMPROVE DIGESTIVE (GUT) HEALTH (COLON/GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT) "...virtually every state of health is affected by the GI tract. Even if you break a bone or undergo a surgical procedure, the time required to heal is directly affected by how well your gut is able to process nutrients and detoxify toxins." (Rubin, 2004, 57). The colon has beneficial bacteria as well as toxic bacteria. Antibiotics, alcohol, stress, and sugar can all lead to a build-up of toxic bacteria in the colon. An overabundance of toxic bacteria can weaken and compromise the colon, causing fungal infections and interfering with proper nutrient absorption. Eliminating foods that cause allergies can help heal the gut. Enzymes can aid digestion, and reduce flatulence and bloating. Probiotics, as well as "live,...probiotic-rich food," such as natural ginger ale, yogurt, kefir, grape cooler, kvass, and sauerkraut can help restore proper balance of bacteria in the colon. (Rubin, 2004, 73-74, 154). Acidophilus and bifidus formulas that need to be refrigerated may be superior to other formulas because the bacteria should still be alive. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 205). Psyllium husks can help with regularity. (Abrams, 1996, 120-122), (Cutler, 1999, 104), (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 243, 253-254, 259-260, 269-274), (Lipski, 2003). Additional, somewhat newer information, also lends importance to the importance of the gut in relation to health. The nervous system has classically been divided into two areas of functioning, the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which comprises the rest of the nervous system. (Gershon, 1998, 16). A third area of the nervous system, the enteric nervous system, also called "a second brain," has been rediscovered. "The smooth muscle and glands of the gut are not supplied by a chain of two nerve cells but by complex intrinsic enteric neural circuits that may involve many nerve cells. In fact, since reflexes occur when the gut is actually cut off from the Central Nervous System, the vagus nerves and the sacral nerves may be totally irrelevant to many of the behaviors of the bowel." (Gershon, 1998, 19). Serotonin is manufactured in the enteric nervous system of the gut and serotonin receptors are located there as well. (Gershon, 1998, 163). Digestion remedies For constipation: castor oil, citrus seed extract, psyllium. (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 128-130). For diarrhea: barberry bark, carob pod powder, citrus seed extract, goldenseal, Oregon grape root. (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 150-153). For irritable bowel syndrome: peppermint oil, psyllium. (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 230-231). Supplements that help "restore digestive integrity" and in "rebuilding intestinal mucosa": Vitamin A, vitamin B5, vitamin C, deglycyrrhized licorice, folic acid, gamma-oryzalol, glutamine, milk immunoglobin concentrates, schizandra, seacure, zinc. (Lipski, 2003, 50-52). Brain-Gut Connection, Enteric Nervous System, Gastrointestinal Innervation, Second Brain, Neurogastroenterology Gershon, Michael D., M.D., Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Professor and Chairman, Organization and Development of the Enteric Nervous System http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/gsas/anatomy/Faculty/Gershon/ http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/neurobeh/Gershon.html Gershon, Michael. (1999). The Enteric Nervous System: A Second Brain. Hospital Practice (Minneapolis). July 15, Volume 34, Number 7, Pages 31-2, 35-8, 41-2 passim. Wikipedia. Enteric Nervous System. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system Butlin, June. Enteric Nervous System, http://www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/Regular/butlin42.htm Lucak, Susan, M.D. (2005). Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Psychiatric Factors and Therapies. Psychiatric Times, July, Volume 22, Number 8. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleId=167100519 . Bennington, James L., M.D., editor. 1984. Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-1714-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY 616.07560321, SAUNDERS. Pages 630, 631, GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, OR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, OR ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, the system of the body concerned with the ingestion and absorption of food. It comprises the alimentary canal and its accessory glands...The alimentary canal commences at the mouth and...uncoiled, it would be more than 6 meters long. The alimentary canal comprises the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine or colon (which includes the sigmoid)...The epithelial lining of the GI (gastrointestinal) tract is supported by a layer of connective tissue termed the lamina propria, which in turn lies on a thin sheet of muscle, the muscularis mucosae. These three structures are collectively referred to as the mucosa. An underlying layer of connective tissue, the submucosa, contains vessels and nerves and is surrounded by the muscular coat. Some areas of the gut are partially clothed by a thin layer of connective tissue covered by mesothelium, the serosa. In the digestive process, when food is taken into the oral cavity, it is broken down...through the chewing actions of the teeth and the movements of the tongue. Firmer foods are softened by the secretions of the salivary glands, and carbohydrates are broken down by ptyalin, an enzyme in the saliva. Saliva is produced by the three paired major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) and by many small aggregates of salivary tissue, the minor salivary glands, which are located in the submucosal connective tissue of the lips, cheeks, and palate. Food is then passed down the esophagus by the act of swallowing (deglutination). The esophagus is a muscular tube lying on the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity close to the midline. Like the oropharynx, it is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Most of its muscle is smooth muscle arranged in an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer, but the upper portion is also enveloped in skeletal muscle that is continuous with that of the pharynx. At the lower end of the esophagus, at the level of the diaphragm, a functional sphincter relaxes to allow food to pass into the stomach. The stomach, the widest portion of the alimentary canal, is suspended across the upper abdomen by a fold of peritoneum (the lesser omentum) and is flattened so that it has an anterior and posterior wall that meet at borders termed the curvatures (greater and lesser) of the stomach... Several anatomic regions of the stomach are given names for descriptive purposes. The area close to the esophagus is the cardia, and the bulge upward and to the left of the cardia is the fundus. The major portion of the stomach is its body, which leads into the pyloric antrum and canal. Between the stomach and duodenum, there is a thickening of the smooth muscle, the pyloric sphincter. The mucosa of the stomach is thrown into a series of more or less longitudinal folds termed rugae, its surface area is further increased by the presence of many tubelike glands into which the epithelium is continuous. The epithelia cells of the stomach form the components of the gastric juice, including hydrochloric acid and the protein digesting enzyme pepsin, together with mucin that serves to protect the surface of the stomach from the action of the acidic gastric juice. The smooth muscle in the gastric wall is arranged in three concentric layers. The duodenum is...the proximal part of the small intestine and connects the stomach with the jejunum. Food enters the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter and is then exposed to the secretions of the liver (bile), exocrine pancreas, and gland cells of the duodenal wall. Like the rest of the small intestine, the duodenal mucosa has projections (of)...intestinal villi, and the tubelike pockets between villi are the crypts of Lieberkuhn. The duodenum is unique in possessing submucosal glands (Brunner's glands) that form an alkaline secretion that neutralizes the acidity of the gastric juice. The duodenum is continuous with the jejunum, and the jejunum and ileum make up most of the length of the small intestine... The mucosa (of the jejunum and ileum) has numerous villi and crypts, and the smooth muscle is arranged in well-defined circular and longitudinal layers. The simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine is arranged in microvilli composed of mucin-forming (goblet) cells and a vast number of absorptive cells. The stroma of the microvilli of the small intestine contains a rich network of capillaries and lymphatics. In the lower right corner of the abdomen, on its posterior wall, the ileum connects with the large intestine through the ileocecal valve. The cecum is a blind pouch below the level of the ileocecal valve, with the vermiform appendix attached to its tip. The ascending colon runs up the right side of the abdomen on its posterior wall and bends below the liver (the hepatic flexure) to become the transverse colon, which is slung across the abdomen suspended by mesocolon. Close to the spleen, the transverse colon makes a sharp bend (the splenic flexure) to become the descending colon. The gut again becomes suspended by mesocolon as the sigmoid colon loops...(and) then expands...in front of the sacrum...The colonic mucosa has numerous crypts but no villi, and most of its cells, particularly in its distal portion, are mucin-forming goblet cells. In the colon, much of the water is absorbed from the gut contents. Page 6, absorption, (Latin absorptio), in chemistry, a process in which a substance is taken up in bulk by a material (absorbent) and held in pores or interstices in the interior...(and), in physiology, the passage of chemical substances into or across tissues, such as the passage of nutrients from the intestine through the intestinal mucosa into the portal circulation or lymphatic system...or the passage of materials through the skin. Intestinal absorption is the process by which foods are absorbed into the bl. stream. In the lumen of the stomach and intestines, digestive enzymes break down complex food substances into small molecules that can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides. Glucose and galactose are absorbed by carrier-mediated transport coupled with the diffusion of sodium ions along the concentration gradient, (and) the latter is produced by a different active transport mechanism that pumps sodium ions from the mucosal cells into the intestinal lumen...Proteins are broken down to amino acids, which are absorbed by three active transport mechanisms for L-amino acids, one for neutral amino acids, one for basic amino acids, and one for the imino acids proline and hydroxyproline. Nucleic acids are broken down to purine and pyrimidine bases (which are absorbed by active transport) and pentoses. Fats are broken down to monoaclglycerols, glycerol, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, all of which enter the mucosal cells by passive diffusion. Free fatty acids with less than 10-12 carbon atoms pass directly into the portal circulation. Other free fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, and most of the cholesterol are reesterified in the mucosal cells, forming triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, which are then formed into chylomicrons and passed into the lymphatic circulation. Some electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins, such as chloride, iron, and vitamin B12, are also absorbed by special active transport mechanisms. Page 6, absorptive, capable of or pertaining to absorption. Page 6, absorptive cell, a tall, columnar cell situated on the luminal surface of the villi in the small intestine. These cells have basally located oval nuclei. A striated border of microvilli serves to increase the surface area for absorption. Page 6, absorptive state, the metabolic state of the body for a period of several hours after a meal, during which time glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are being absorbed in the small intestine, (and) the bl. levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, and many nutrients are elevated, and glycogen and fat are being synthesized. Page 45, alimentary, (Latin alimentarius, from alere, to feed), pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. Page 45, alimentary tract, that part of the digestive tract formed by the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Also called alimentary canal (or) gastrointestinal tract. Page 45, alimentation, the giving or receiving of nourishment. Page 111, antrum, a cavity or chamber. Page 111, pyloric antrum, the expanded portion of the pyloric part of the stomach between the angular incisure and the pyloric canal. Pages 116, 268, 461, 1470, appendix, (Latin appendere, to hang upon), the vermiform appendix, a small diverticulum (saclike protrusion) attached to the base of the cecum (of the large intestine) where the teniae coli (bands of smooth muscle arranged along the surface of the large intestine) come together. Page 116, epiploic appendices, small appendages of peritoneum, arranged along the teniae of the colon, which are filled with adipose tissue. Page 136, ascending, having an upward course. Page 193, bile, (Latin bilis), a liquid produced by the liver...that is important in digestion, and particularly in fat emulsification. Its formation depends on active secretion by liver cells into the bile canaliculi, (and) it is then concentrated and stored in the gallbladder until needed. The major components of bile are conjugated bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipid, bilirubin diglucuronide, and electrolytes. It is alkaline because of its bicarbonate content. Also called gall. Page 193, bile duct, a channel that carries bile. Page 214, bolus, (Latin, from Greek bolos, lump), a rounded mass of food...ready to be swallowed, or such a mass passing through the gastrointestinal tract. Page 236, Brunner's glands, (Johann Conrad Brunner, Swiss anatomist, 1653-1727), tubuloalveolar glands located in the submucosa of the duodenum. These mucous producing glands empty into the intestinal crypts, and serve to lubricate and coat the duodenal lining and to reduce the acidity of the gastric contents as they enter the duodenum. Pages 258, 259, cardia, (Greek kardia, heart), the part of the stomach that adjoins the esophageal orifice. Page 268, cec/o, a word element used in combining form to denote the cecum, the first part of the large intestine. Pages 268, 1268, 1470, cecum, the pouchlike proximal (nearest, closer to any point of reference or place of attachment) end of the large intestine...it is considered to be the portion of the proximal colon below the level of the ileocecal valve. The cecum is in continuity with the ascending colon, (and) the two merge imperceptibly. The appendix attaches to the base of the cecum where the teniae coli (bands of smooth muscle arranged along the surface of the large intestine) come together. Page 316, chyme, (Greek chymos, juice), the semifluid, homogeneous, creamy material that is produced in the stomach by the gastric digestion of food. Pages 345, 346, colitis, a nonspecific term used to refer to inflammation of the colon. It should be reserved for inflammatory diseases (e.g., ulcerative colitis, ischemic colitis) and should not be used for functional disorders (e.g., spastic colon), more properly described as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)...Ulcerative colitis must be differentiated from Crohn's disease (regional enteritis), which primarily involves the small intestine but may also occur in the colon (regional colitis). Pages 388, 391, Crohn's disease, (Burrill Bernard Crohn, New York physician, born 1884), an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, originally described as limited to the terminal ileum, but subsequently recognized as frequently involving other portions of the intestinal tract also, and occasionally producing secondary involvement of lymph nodes, liver, skin, and joints. The disease is basically an acute or chronic inflammatory process that involves the full thickness of the bowel wall, and is usually associated with mucosal ulcers and crypt (hidden or concealed) abscesses. Page 391, crypts of Lieberkuhn, one of the simple tubular (pits) in the mucosal lining of the intestine. Page 418, deglutition, (Latin deglutitio, from deglutire, to swallow), the act of swallowing. Page 447, digestion, (Latin digestio from dis-apart, and gerere, to carry), the process or act of converting food into chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated. Pages 461, 462, colonic diverticulum, a herniation or saclike protrusion of the mucosa of the colon through the muscularis...The cause of this disorder...is suspected to be related to the low fiber, low bulk diet of western culture. Page 461, diverticulitis, inflammation of a diverticulum, especially used to refer to inflammation of colonic diverticulum. The process in the colon usually begins within a single diverticulum when its narrow neck is obstructed by food residues. Inflammation develops within the obstructed diverticulum, and readily extends through the mucosa and thin covering of subserosal areolar tissue to the peritoneal surface. Page 461, diverticulosis, a condition characterized by the presence of multiple diverticula of the bowel, particularly in the descending and sigmoid colon. Page 461, diverticulum, a general term used to describe the hernial protrusion of a pouch or sac of mucosal epithelium through a defect in the muscular coat of a hollow organ. Page 472, duoden/o, (Latin duodeni, twelve), a word element used in combining form to denote the duodenum. Page 472, duodenal, of, pertaining to, or situated in the duodenum. Page 472, duodenum, (M. Latin duodenum digitorum, of twelve fingerbreadths), the proximal 25 centimeters of the small intestine...It is shaped like a letter C, with the head of the pancreas enclosed within its concavity. For descriptive purposes, the duodenum is considered to have four parts. The first part...is continuous with the stomach at the pyloric sphincter. It curves backward, to the right, and upward (and)...then flexes sharply in its second part...The second part descends in front of the renal vessels and medial margin of the right kidney. The common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the second part at about its midportion, (and) the accessory pancreatic duct enters slightly higher. The third part of the duodenum...runs transversely to the left...and the fourth part ascends...along the left side of the aorta to become the duodenojejunal flexure, where suspension of the small bowel by a mesentery begins. The terminal part of the duodenum and the duodenojejunal flexure are held in position by the suspensory muscle of the duodenum, frequently called the ligament of Treitz...As with the rest of the small intestine, the duodenum has mucosal villi and crypts. Its epithelial cells include mucus-forming goblet cells, absorptive cells, enterochromaffin cells, and, at the base of the crypts, Paneth cells. Brunner's glands are submucosal glands that form an alkaline secretion. They may extend over the pylorus into the distal gastric antrum but are not normally found in the jejunum or ileum. Page 516, enter/o, (Greek enteron, intestine), a word element used in combining form to denote the intestine. Page 516, enteritis, inflammation of the intestines, especially of the small intestine. Enteritis may be caused by bacteria and viruses, poisonous foods, bacterial or chemical substances, or excessive food or alcohol consumption. Regardless of the cause, it usually results in abdominal pain and irritation, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Page 518, enterochromaffin cells, scattered, usually solitary endocrine cells that are located in the epithelium of the stomach and intestine. Page 519, enterotoxin, an exotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosa, which produces violent vomiting and diarrhea. Page 521, enzymatic, relating to, caused by, or of the nature of an enzyme. Page 521, enzyme, a protein that acts as a catalyst...(E)nzymes are highly specific, a given enzyme generally catalyzes a single type of reaction involving a few closely related molecules (its substrates). A large part of biochemistry is concerned with the study of enzymes and their physical and chemical properties, inasmuch as all physiologic functions (muscular contraction, energy utilization...nerve conduction, and kidney excretion, for example) are based on the concerted activity of a number of enzymes. All enzymes are proteins and consist of one or more associated peptide chains...The use of enzymes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease is known as clinical enzymology. Pages 524, 1077, Enzyme Commission (EC), the International Commission on Enzymes, a committee established in 1956 by the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB) to standardize enzyme classification and nomenclature (classified system of names). Page 540, esophag/o, a word element used in combining form to denote the esophagus. Page 540, esophageal, pertaining to the esophagus. Page 541, esophagitis, an acute or chronic inflammation of the esophagus, which may be due to gastric reflux, corrosive substances, or infectious agents. Page 541, esophagus, (Greek oisophagos, from oisein, to carry, and phagema, food), the muscular epithelium-lined tube...that conveys food from the oropharynx to the stomach. It begins at the level of the lower border of the cricoid cartilage as a continuation of the pharynx, and runs down the posterior mediastinum on the vertebral bodies, curving in conformity with the shape of the spine. It deviates to the left as it exits from the thorax and passes through an opening in the diaphragm just anterior to the vertebral column at the level of the ninth or tenth thoracic vertebra, where it becomes continuous with the stomach...Much of the esophageal wall is made up of smooth muscle, with an admixture of striated muscle fibers in its upper half. The smooth muscle is arranged in inner circular and outer longitudinal layers. The circular smooth muscle is thickened at the upper and lower ends to form the upper and lower esophageal sphincters...The lining is stratified squamous epithelium, supported by a thin lamina propria and a relatively thick muscularis mucosae. The submucosa contains mucus-forming glands, and at the upper and lower ends there are similar glands within the lamina propria. Page 541, infectious esophagitis, an inflammation of the esophagus commonly due to overgrowth of candida albicans. Page 601, circular folds of intestine, large, permanent folds that project into the lumen of the bowel. They retard the passage of food and provide an increased surface for absorption. Page 601, fold, a thin, recurved margin or doubling. Also called plica. Page 601, ileocecal fold, a fold of peritoneum attached to the ileum above, cecum laterally, and appendix or its mesentery below. Page 611, fovea, or foveae (plural), a general term for a small pit in the surface of a structure or organ. Page 615, fundal, pertaining to a fundus, especially to the bulge upward and to the left of the cardia in the stomach. Page 615, fundus, the bottom or base of an organ or the part farthest from the mouth of a hollow organ. Page 621, gall, or bile. Page 621, gallbladder, a pear shaped hollow organ on the undersurface of the liver...Its lower end (fundus) lies against the anterior abdominal wall, whereas the narrow upper end (neck) is continuous with the cystic duct. The gallbladder stores bile and, by absorbing water and some inorganic ions, concentrates it. Page 627, gastr/o, (Greek gaster, stomach), a word element used in combining form to denote the stomach. Page 627, gastric, pertaining to, affecting, or originating in the stomach. Page 628, gastritis, a common inflammation of the lining of the stomach. Gastritis occurs in a number of forms...and is caused by a variety of agents (such as harsh foods, infection, and drugs). Page 629, gastroduodenal, pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum. Page 629, gastroenteric, pertaining to the stomach and intestine. Page 629, gastroenteritis, an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines...Gastroenteritis can have many causes, including bacterial infections...as well as...consumption of irritating food and drink, allergies, and psychologic factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Page 629, gastroenterology, the study of diseases of the stomach and intestines, and their diagnosis and treatment. Page 629, gastrointestinal (GI), pertaining to the stomach and intestine. Page 645, GI, abbreviation, gastrointestinal. Page 665, goblet cell, a mucus secreting epithelial cell with a large apical globule of mucin that gives the cell a goblet shaped appearance. These cells are numerous in the large intestine and are also present in other mucosal epithelia. Page 679, gut, the intestine or bowel. Page 685, haustrum, or haustra (plural), a term to denote a recess, as in the spaces between the outpouchings of the colonic wall. Page 743, hydrochloric acid, the acidity of the stomach content is produced by hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Page 779, ile/o, (Latin ileum), a word element used in combining form to denote the ileum (the third part of the small intestine). Page 779, ileal, pertaining to the ileum. Page 779, ileitis, a general term used to describe the inflammation of the distal portion of the small intestine, the ileum. The potential causes are many, including infection, autoimmunity, irritation (especially drug-related), and metabolic and absorption disorders. Page 779, ileocecal, pertaining to the ileum and cecum, as in the ileocecal valve, which connects the small and large intestines. Page 779, ileocolitis, an inflammation of the ileum and colon. Page 779, ileum, the distal segment of the small intestine...it is suspended over its entire length by mesentery and terminates at the ileocecal valve in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen where the large intestine begins...The structure of the ileum is basically similar to that of the jejunum...Its principal function is absorption, which is facilitated by the movements of its wall and by the vast surface area produced by the villi with their covering of epithelial cells, each with many surface microvilli. Concentric contractions of the small bowel occur at short intervals so that segments are formed, and conducive contractions are superimposed on these rhythmic segmenting contractions to move the contents in a distal direction (peristalsis)...Absorption is highly selective. Water and solutes are rapidly absorbed in the proximal small bowel through hypothetical pores in the cell membrane. Electrolytes may be passively absorbed in the jejunum, but in the ileum and colon active mucosal transport occurs. Glucose can be absorbed by the intestine against a concentration gradient, which occurs more rapidly in the jejunum. Proteins are mainly digested in the duodenum and jejunum by the action of the pancreatic enzymes and are absorbed as amino acids in the jejunum and ileum. Triglycerides are hydrolyzed to bi- and monoglycerides and some glycerol, which are then reesterified in the epithelial cell cytoplasm and packaged with a fine protein coat as chylomicrons. They traverse the lateral cell membrane, and from the intercellular space pass through the basal lamina and enter the lymphatics. Most fat absorption takes place in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Fat soluble vitamins are probably absorbed in a similar manner to fat. The absorption of vitamin B12 occurs in the terminal ileum...Aggregates of lymphoid tissue are found throughout the intestines, but in the ileum they form grossly visible ovoid bodies, Peyer's patches, in the lamina propria and submucosa, particularly on the antimesenteric aspect. They are a major component of the gut associated lymphoid tissue. Page 822, intestinal, (Latin intestinalis), pertaining to the intestine. Page 822, intestinal villi, projections of the mucous membrane of the small intestine. These highly vascular structures expand the surface area of the small intestine. Page 822, intestine, (Latin intestinus, inward, internal, Greek enteron), that portion of the alimentary canal extending (down) from the pyloric opening of the stomach...It is a long, coiled membranous tube that consists of the highly convoluted small intestine and the straighter large intestine. Also called bowel. Page 822, large intestine, the distal portion of the alimentary canal, (following) the small intestine...The major function of the large intestine is the absorption of water and electrolytes, although food products are also absorbed in the proximal colon. As in the small bowel, movements of the colon are produced by contraction of the smooth muscle in its wall, and are both segmental and propulsive...The colon constitutes most of the large intestine. It commences in the right iliac fossa as the blind-ending cecum and continues up the right side of the abdomen on its posterior wall as the ascending colon. A sharp bend, the right colic or hepatic flexure, leads to the transverse colon, which arches across the abdomen suspended by the transverse mesocolon. The transverse colon becomes the descending colon at the left colic or splenic flexure, just below the spleen. The descending colon runs down the left posterior wall and, at about the level of the left anterior superior iliac spine, curves medially to become the sigmoid colon, which varies considerably in length but typically hangs down...as a loop suspended by mesocolon...The colon becomes narrower in its distal portion...The large intestine has the same layers as the small bowel, however, the mucosa has crypts but no villi. Most of the epithelial cells are mucus-forming goblet cells, but there are many interspersed enterochromaffin cells throughout its entire length, most of them serotonin producing. Pages 823, 1268, 1395, 1396, small intestine, the more proximal (nearest, or closer to any point of reference or place of attachment) of the two sections of the intestine (large and small), comprising the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and extending from the pylorus to the ileocecal valve. Also called small bowel. Page 838, jejun/o, a word element used in combining form to denote the jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). Page 838, jejunitis, an inflammation of the jejunum. It either is caused by a specific agent such as bacteria or fungi, or occurs as part of a systemic disorder. Pages 838, jejunoileitis, an inflammation of both the jejunum and ileum. Pages 838, 839, jejunum, the second of the three segments of the small intestine. It commences at the duodenojejunal flexure and merges imperceptibly with the ileum. Together the jejunum and ileum are approximately 6 meters long, the jejunum making up the proximal two-fifths of the total length. The small intestine is suspended by the mesentery...The jejunum and ileum form coils that occupy much of the abdominal cavity, (and) those of the jejunum are mainly above and to the left of the ileal loops. The wall of the jejunum contains the same coats as the duodenum and ileum, differing from them only in degree. Compared with the ileum, the jejunum has larger villi, more mesenteric fat, a thicker and more vascular wall, more closely spaced circular mucosal folds (plicae), and fewer and smaller Peyer's patches. It is also of wider caliber. Page 864, larynx, the organ of voice, located in the lower neck. It communicates above with the pharynx through the laryngeal inlet...The laryngeal inlet communicates with the laryngeal part of the pharynx and is bounded in front by the epiglottis...Mucosa lines the larynx, the epithelium is mostly respiratory in type, although some stratified squamous epithelium with a few taste buds is found on the epiglottis. Page 891, liver, (Latin jecur, Greek hepar), the large accessory organ of the gastrointestinal tract that lies in the right upper abdomen, tucked under the diaphragm...Peritoneum covers most of its surface...The liver has two lobes (the right larger than the left)...A cleft on the undersurface of the liver, the porta hepatis, is the site at which three important structures enter or leave the organ, the hepatic artery, which brings bl. from the celiac artery, the portal vein, which carries venous bl. from the abdominal alimentary canal, and the common bile duct, formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts in the porta, through which bile leaves the liver. A short side branch of the common bile duct, the cystic duct, leads to the gallbladder beneath the right lobe. The common bile duct enters the second part of the duodenum with the main pancreatic duct. Despite the diversity of the liver's functions, its parenchymal cells, called hepatocytes, are of a single type. They are arranged in sheets one cell thick, which curve and branch to produce a spongelike structure...Although the hepatic artery carries only one-fifth of the liver's bl. supply, it conveys half of the oxygen...The liver has many functions, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and vitamins, (and) the detoxification of drugs, (and) the formation and excretion of bile. Bile passes to the periphery of a lobule through slender canaliculi, which are mere separations of the adjacent cell membranes of two hepatocytes, and enters small bile ductules within the portal tracts. Page 953, mesentery, (Greek mesenterion, from meson, between, among, and enteron, intestine), that portion of the peritoneum that encloses and suspends the small intestine, its bl. vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, on the dorsal body wall. Page 956, mesothelium, the epithelial lining of the serous membrane. Page 977, microvilli (plural), or microvillus, (Latin, tuft of hair), the protrusions from the free surface of many epithelial cells, which increase the surface area of the cell membrane and thus the efficiency of absorption. Page 997, mouth, an opening or aperture, generally used to refer to the proximal orifice of the alimentary canal, or the oral cavity. Also called os. Page 1042, nasopharynx, that part of the pharynx behind the nose and above the soft palate. Pages 1108, 1109, oral pharynx or oropharynx, the funnel shaped extension of the oral cavity that directs food into the esophagus. Page 1136, pancreas, the mixed exocrine and endocrine gland that lies on the posterior wall of the abdomen, extending from the duodenum to the spleen. For descriptive purposes it is subdivided into a head, neck, body, and tail...The body merges with the tail, which is the thickened left end that indents the spleen below its hilum. Exocrine secretions are drained by the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung), which begins at the tail and runs along the length of the body, receiving many tributaries. It curves downward in the head to reach the ampulla of Vater, where it enters the duodenum, generally in company with the common bile duct...The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of a large number of clusters of cells distributed throughout the organ but more numerous in the body and tail. These are the islets of Langerhans, and they have a rich capillary network into which secretions of the cells are passed directly...The cells of the exocrine pancreas are arranged in spherical clusters or acini...The exocrine secretion is a clear alkaline fluid that contains electrolytes and enzymes. The electrolytes are formed by the intercalated duct cells and by similar-appearing cells within an acinus, the centroacinar cells. The pancreatic enzymes include proteolytic proenzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen), lipase, and amylase. Page 1136, pancreat/o, a word element used in combining form to denote relationship to the pancreas. Page 1136, pancreatic, pertaining to the pancreas. Page 1136, pancreatic/o, a word element used in combining form to denote the pancreatic duct. Page 1137, pancreatic juice, a bicarbonate-rich, alkaline, isotonic exocrine secretion of the pancreas that is transported to the intestine for use in digestion. Enzymes and zymogens present include trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidases, prophospholipase, lipase, alpha-amylase, deoxyribonuclease, and ribonuclease. Page 1161, pepsin, (Latin pepsinum, from Greek pepsis, digestion), a general name for several hydrolase enzymes...secreted by the gastric mucosa...Pepsin is produced in and secreted by the stomach...A decreased level of activity usually is seen in individuals with gastritis...and also in those with...Addison's disease. Page 1168, peristalsis, the rhythmic muscular contractions that propel forward the contents of the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts, ureters, or other tubular structures with longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle fibers. Distention of a segment of the tube by an increase in its contents stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle. The contractile ring thus formed is transmitted in waves along the tube, propelling forward any material in front of the ring. In the case of the GI (gastrointestinal) tract, peristaltic movements cause food to progress along the tract at a rate suitable for digestion and absorption. Page 1175, pharynx, (Greek, throat), a musculomembranous pouch between the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx. A part of the alimentary canal, the pharynx is continuous with the esophagus and the nasopharynx. Page 1201, pit, a hollow fovea or indentation. Page 1213, enteric plexus, a network of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tract, composed of the myenteric, submucosal, and subserosal plexuses. Page 1213, plica, or plicae, a general term for a ridge or fold, as of peritoneum or other membrane. Pages 1226, 1227, 1228, 1461, inflammatory polyp, a polyp (or growth) formed by mucosal tags (small appendage, flap, or polyp) of various sizes and shapes, which arises by the ulceration and undermining of adjacent mucosa. A variety of inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colitis of infectious origin, may give rise to this polyp form. Page 1235, postabsorptive state, the metabolic state of the body after the digestion and absorption of a meal is completed, (and) it is characterized by decreased concentrations of glucose, insulin, and lipids in the bl., and also by glycolysis and lipolysis. The body returns to the postabsorptive state within six hours after the meal. Page 1278, pylor/o, (Greek pyloros, from pyle, gate, and ouros, guard), a word element used in combining form to denote the pylorus. Page 1278, pyloric, pertaining to the pylorus. Page 1278, pyloric canal, the short, narrow part of the stomach that extends from the pyloric antrum to the gastroduodenal junction. Page 1278, pylorus, (Latin, from Greek pyloros, from pyle, gate, and ouros, guard), the distal portion of the stomach, terminating as a thickened band of circular muscle, the pyloric sphincter, which controls passage of the gastric contents into the duodenum. The term is variously used to describe the pyloric region of the stomach, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, and pyloric sphincter. Page 1346, rugae of stomach, longitudinal folds of mucous membrane observed in the empty contracted stomach, (and) they are most obvious in the greater curvature and near the pyloric antrum. Page 1349, saliva, the clear, alkaline, somewhat viscid secretion from the parotid, submaxillary, sublingual, and smaller mucous glands of the mouth...It moistens and softens the food, keeps the mouth moist, and contains amylase (ptyalin), a digestive enzyme that converts starch into maltose. Page 1377, serotonin, a powerful vasoconstrictor and a metabolite of L-tryptophane...Formed primarily in the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa, serotonin can also be found in serum and many tissues of the body, including platelets, pineal gland, lungs, and Central Nervous System (CNS). Page 1377, serous, pertaining to serum, or thin and watery. Page 1377, serous cell, a roughly cuboidal cell associated with an acinar lumen, found in the salivary glands. Serous cells secrete a watery, albuminous fluid that is rich in proteins and contains enzymes. Page 1386, sigmoid, (Greek sigma, the letter s, and eidos, resemblance), S-shaped, (or) the sigmoid colon. Page 1386, sigmoid/o, a word element used in combining form to denote the sigmoid colon. Pages 1415, 1416, 1168, 699, spleen, (Greek splen, Latin splen), a highly vascular hematopoietic (promoting the formation of bl. cells)...and located within the left upper quadrant of the peritoneal cavity (of the peritoneum, the serous membrane with a smooth, glistening surface that lines the abdominal cavity, parietal peritoneum, and covers the viscera, visceral peritoneum, contained within the cavity). Pages 1433, 1434, stomach, (Latin stomachus, Greek stomachos), the expanded segment of the alimentary canal in the upper part of the abdominal cavity that receives food from the esophagus through the cardiac sphincter, retains it while the food is exposed to mechanical churning from muscular contractions of the gastric wall and to the digestive actions of the gastric juice, and then passes the food on through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum...The wall of the stomach is organized in the same basic way as the rest of the alimentary canal, with certain unique modifications. Its wall is thicker than that of the intestine because of the presence of three rather than two layers of muscle, and the entire surface is covered by peritoneum. The submucosa supports the mucosa, which comprises the thin muscularis mucosae, the loose connective tissue of the lamina propria, and the epithelium. The lining of the stomach forms a series of longitudinal folds, the rugae, that disappear when the organ is distended. The surface of the mucosa is studded by myriads of tiny depressions (foveolae) into each of which several tubular glands open. The gastric epithelium is simple columnar in type. The surface cells produce a neutral mucoprotein that bathes the interior of the stomach and protects the mucosa from the acidic gastric juice. Cells in the necks of the gastric glands form mucus. Within the glands, in addition to mucus forming cells, there are chief cells that produce pepsinogen, and parietal cells that elaborate hydrochloric acid...There are scattered endocrine cells in the epithelium that form gastrin (and) serotonin...(G)astric juice is formed...under the stimulus of gastrin, which is produced in the distal stomach and proximal duodenum...Food leaves the stomach when the pyloric sphincter relaxes. The rate at which the stomach empties is controlled by a number of factors, including the volume, consistency, and acidity of its contents. Page 1443, submucosa, a layer of areolar tissue beneath a mucous membrane. Page 1443, submucosal, pertaining to the submucosa, or situated beneath the mucous membrane. Page 1485, throat, the area that includes the larynx and pharynx. Page 1520, transverse, placed crosswise, at right angles to the long axis. Page 1585, villus, or villi (plural), (Latin, tuft of hair), a general term for a small, vascularized protrusion or projection from the free surface of a membrane. . Cohen, Barbara Janson, Dena Lin Wood, and Ruth Lundeen Memmler. 2000. Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-2438-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY 612, COHEN. Pages 260-277, Chapter 17, Digestion. Page 261, Function and Design of the Digestive System, Every body cell needs a constant supply of nutrients to provide energy and to provide the building blocks for the manufacture of body substances. Food as we take it in, however, is too large to enter the cells. It must first be broken down into particles small enough to pass through the plasma membrane of the cell. This breakdown process is known as digestion. After digestion, food must be carried to the cells in every part of the body by the circulation. The transfer of food into the circulation is called absorption. Digestion and absorption are the two chief functions of the digestive system...(T)he digestive system may be divided into two groups of organs, digestive tract (and) accessory organs, (which)...release substances into the digestive tract through ducts. These organs are the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Page 261, Also, the large membrane (peritoneum)...lines the...cavity in which most of the digestive organs are contained. Pages 262, 263, The Peritoneum, The peritoneum carries bl. vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Pages 263, 264, Organs of the Digestive Tract, The digestive tract is a muscular tube extending through the body. It is composed of several parts, the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (gullet), stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The digestive tract is sometimes called the alimentary tract, derived from a Latin word that means food. It is more commonly referred to as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Page 267, Functions of the Stomach, The stomach serves as a storage pouch, digestive organ, and churn. When the stomach is empty, the lining forms many folds called rugae. These folds disappear as the stomach expands...Special cells in the lining of the stomach secrete substances that mix together to form gastric juice, the two main components of which are...hydrochloric acid (HCl)...(and) pepsin...The semiliquid mixture of gastric juice and food that leaves the stomach to enter the small intestine is called chyme. Page 268, Functions of the Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), The wall of the duodenum contains glands that secrete large amounts of mucus to protect the small intestine from the strongly acidic chyme entering from the stomach. Cells of the small intestine also secrete enzymes that digest proteins and carbohydrates. In addition, digestive juices from the liver and pancreas enter the small intestine through a small opening in the duodenum. Most of the digestive process takes place in the small intestine under the effects of these juices. Most absorption of digested food also occurs through the walls of the small intestine. To increase the surface area of the organ for this purpose, the mucosa is formed into millions of tiny, fingerlike projections, called villi...In addition, each epithelial cell has small projecting folds of the cell membrane known as microvilli. These create a remarkable increase in the total surface area available in the small intestine for the absorption of nutrients. Page 269, How to Increase Fiber in Your Diet, Inadequate fiber is a predisposing cause in diverticulosis, bulging pouches in the large intestine. (Sources of dietary fiber include) whole grain bread, cereals, pasta, and brown rice, legumes which include beans, peas, and lentils, fruits and vegetables, apples, (and) unprocessed bran. Pages 270, 271, Functions or major activities of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Pages 271-274, The Process of Digestion, Absorption. . Gray, Henry, and T. Pickering Pick. 1977. Gray's Anatomy. New York, New York, Gramercy Books. ISBN 0-517-22365-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 611, GRAY. Pages 869-954, The Organs of Digestion. Page 869, The Apparatus for the Digestion of the Food consists of the alimentary canal and of certain accessory organs. The alimentary canal is a musculomembranous tube...extending (downward) from the mouth...and lined throughout its entire extent by mucous membrane...At its commencement, the mouth (is the)...mechanical division of the food...and for its admixture with a fluid secreted by the salivary glands...beyond this are the organs of deglutition (swallowing), the pharynx and the oesophagus, which convey the food into that part of the alimentary canal (the stomach) in which the principal chemical changes occur, and in which the reduction and solution of the food take place, (and) in the small intestines the nutritive principles of the food (the chyle) are separated, by its admixture with the bile, pancreatic and intestinal fluids, from that portion which passes into the large intestine (and)...is expelled. Page 869, (chart) ALIMENTARY CANAL mouth (oral or buccal cavity) pharynx (throat) oesophagus (gullet) stomach small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) large intestine (cecum, colons) ACCESSORY ORGANS teeth salivary glands (parotid, submaxillary, sublingual) liver pancreas spleen Page 883, The palate forms the roof of the mouth, it consists of two portions, the hard palate in front, the soft palate behind. Pages 905-911, The Stomach. Page 905, Diagrammatic outline of the stomach, (little thumbnail sketch, including) stomach, greater curvature, lesser curvature, fundus, cardiac orifice (sometimes termed oesophageal opening), antrum pylori, and pylorus. Page 922, veriform appendix. Page 923, The Large Intestine, The colon is divided into four parts, the ascending, transverse, descending, and the sigmoid flexure. Page 933, The Liver is the largest gland in the body, and is situated in the upper and right part of the abdominal cavity. Page 942, The Gallbladder is the reservoir for the bile. . Sorrentino, Sheila A., and Leighann N. Remmert. 2017. Mosby's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Saint Louis, Missouri, Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-31974-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY 610.730698, MOSBY. Pages 442-472, Chapter 27, Nutrition and Fluids. Page 443, The Digestive System. The digestive system (gastro-intestinal, GI, system) breaks down food so it can be absorbed for use by the cells. This process is called digestion. The system also removes solid wastes from the body. The digestive system involves the alimentary canal (GI tract) and the accessory organs of digestion... Digestion begins in the mouth (oral cavity). It receives food and prepares it for digestion. Using chewing motions, the teeth cut, chop, and grind food into small particles for digestion and swallowing. The tongue aids in chewing and swallowing. Taste buds on the tongue contain nerve endings. Taste buds allow for sensing sweet, sour, bitter, and salty tastes. Salivary glands in the mouth secrete saliva. Saliva moistens food particles to ease swallowing and begin digestion. During swallowing, the tongue pushes food into the pharynx. The pharynx (throat) is a muscular tube. Swallowing continues as the pharynx contracts. Contraction of the pharynx pushes food into the esophagus. The esophagus...extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Involuntary muscle contractions called peristalsis move food down the esophagus through the GI tract. The stomach is a muscular, pouch-like sac. Strong stomach muscles stir and churn food to break it up into even smaller particles. A mucous membrane lines the stomach. It contains glands that secrete gastric juices. Food is mixed and churned with the gastric juices to form a semi-liquid substance called chyme. Through peristalsis, the chyme is pushed from the stomach into the small intestine. The small intestine is about 20 feet long with three parts. The first part is the duodenum. There, more digestive juices are added to the chyme. One is called bile. Bile is a greenish liquid made in the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder. Juices from the pancreas and small intestine are added to the chyme. Digestive juices chemically break down food for absorption. Peristalsis moves the chyme through the other parts of the small intestine, jejunum and ileum. Tiny projections called villi line the small intestine. Villi absorb the digested food into the capillaries. Most food absorption takes place in the jejunum and the ileum. Some chyme is not digested...(and) passes from the small intestine into the large intestine (large bowel or colon). Page 444, Dietary Guidelines. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015 is for persons two years of age and older...The Guidelines are also for persons at risk for chronic disease. Certain diseases are linked to poor diet and lack of physical activity. They include cardiovascular disease, hypertension (high bl. pressure), diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, and some cancers. and (2015 Dietary Guidelines referenced) https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20181227152401/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf United States Department of Agriculture, and United States Department of Health and Human Services. 2015. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015-2020, eighth edition. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160932519. PUBLIC LIBRARY 613.2, UNITED. and Pages 446, 447, (Information about food groups that reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, or other, also dietary fiber, including) Grains Group, Vegetable Group, Dairy Group, Protein Foods Group, Oils, and Nutrients. Page 447, Nutrients, Protein is the most important nutrient. It is needed for tissue growth and repair. Sources include meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk and milk products, cereals, beans, peas, and nuts. Page 447, Nutrients, Water is needed for all body processes. Page 447, (table), Common Vitamins. Vitamin A, (for) Growth, vision, healthy hair, skin, and mucous membranes, resistance to infection, (sources include) Liver, spinach, green leafy and yellow vegetables, yellow fruits, fish liver oils, egg yolks, butter, cream, whole milk. Vitamin B1 or thiamin, (for) Muscle tone, nerve function, digestion, appetite, normal elimination, carbohydrate use, (sources include) Pork, fish, poultry, eggs, liver, breads, pastas, cereals, oatmeal, potatoes, peas, beans, soybeans, peanuts. Vitamin B2 or riboflavin, (for) Growth, healthy eyes, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, healthy skin and mucous membranes, (sources include) Milk and milk products, liver, green leafy vegetables, eggs, breads, cereals. Vitamin B3 or niacin, (for) Protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, nervous system function, appetite, digestive system function, (sources include) Meat, pork, liver, fish, peanuts, breads and cereals, green vegetables, dairy products. Vitamin B12, (for) Forming red bl. cells, protein metabolism, nervous system function, (sources include) Liver, meats, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese. Folate or folic acid, (for) Forming red bl. cells, intestinal function, protein metabolism, (sources include) Liver, meats, fish, poultry, green leafy vegetables, whole grains. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid, (for) Forming substances that hold tissues together, healthy bl. vessels, skin, gums, bones, and teeth, wound healing...(and) resistance to infection, (sources include) Citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, strawberries, green vegetables, melons. Vitamin D, (for) Absorbing and metabolizing calcium and phosphorus, healthy bones, (sources include) Fish liver oils, milk, butter, liver, exposure to sun light. Vitamin E, (for)...forming red bl. cells, muscle function, (sources include) Vegetable oils, milk, eggs, meats, cereals, green leafy vegetables. Vitamin K, (for) Bl. clotting, (sources include) Liver, green leafy vegetables, egg yolks, cheese. Page 448, (table), Common Minerals. Calcium, (for) Forming teeth and bones, bl. clotting, muscle contraction, heart function, nerve function, (sources include) Milk and milk products, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, egg yolks, dried peas and beans, nuts. Phosphorus, (for) Forming bones and teeth, use of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, nerve and muscle function, (sources include) Meat, fish, poultry, milk and milk products, nuts, egg yolks, dried peas and beans. Iron, (for) Allows red bl. cells to carry oxygen, (sources include) Liver, meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables, breads and cereals, dried peas and beans, nuts. Iodine, (for) Thyroid gland function, growth, metabolism, (sources include) Iodized salt. Sodium, (for) Fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, (sources include) Almost all foods. Potassium, (for) Nerve function, muscle contraction, heart function, (sources include) Fruits, vegetables, cereals, meats, dried peas and beans. Page 119, Electrolytes are substances that dissolve in water, sodium, potassium, and calcium. Page 451, Special Diets, High protein diets are needed to heal wounds and pressure ulcers. Pages 451, 452, (table), Special Diets (clear liquid, full liquid, mechanical soft, fiber restricted, high fiber, bland, high calorie, high protein, plus more). Pages 486-512, Chapter 29, Measuring Vital Signs. Page 497, (table), The Heart and Bl. Vessels. The heart is a muscle. It pumps bl. through the bl. vessels to the tissues and cells. The heart lies in the middle to lower part of the chest cavity toward the left side. The heart has four chambers. Upper chambers receive bl. and are called the atria. The right atrium receives bl. from body tissues. The left atrium receives bl. from the lungs. Lower chambers are called ventricles. Ventricles pump bl. The right ventricle pumps bl. to the lungs for oxygen. The left ventricle pumps bl. to all parts of the body. There are two phases of heart action. Diastole is the resting phase. Heart chambers fill with bl. Systole is the working phase. The heart contracts. Bl. is pumped through the bl. vessels when the heart contracts. Bl. flows to the body tissues and cells through the bl. vessels. Arteries carry bl. away from the heart. Arterial bl. is rich in oxygen. The aorta is the largest artery. The aorta receives bl. directly from the left ventricle. The aorta branches into other arteries that carry bl. to all parts of the body. Veins return bl. to the heart. Page 506, Bl. Pressure. Bl. pressure (BP) is the amount of force exerted against the walls of an artery by the bl. BP is controlled by the force of heart contractions, the amount of bl. pumped with each heartbeat, (and) how easily the bl. flows through the bl. vessels. Systole is the period of heart muscle contraction. The heart is pumping bl. Diastole is the period of heart muscle relaxation. The heart is at rest. You measure systolic and diastolic pressures. The systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. It is the higher pressure. The diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest. It is the lower pressure. BP is measured in millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg). The systolic pressure is recorded over the diastolic pressure. A systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) and a diastolic pressure of 80 mm Hg are written as 120/80 mm Hg. This is read as 120 over 80 millimeters of mercury. Page 506, Normal and Abnormal Bl. Pressures. BP has normal ranges. Systolic pressure, 90 mm Hg or higher but lower than 120 mm Hg. Diastolic pressure, 60 mm Hg or higher but lower than 80 mm Hg. Hypertension (is) the systolic pressure is 140 mm Hg or higher (hyper) or the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg or higher. Hypotension (is) the systolic pressure is below (hypo) 90 mm Hg or the diastolic pressure is below 60 mm Hg. Page 506, (table), Factors Affecting Bl. Pressure, (including) Position, BP (bl. pressure) is higher when lying down. It is lower in the standing position. Sudden changes in position can cause a sudden drop in BP (orthostatic hypotension). When standing suddenly, the person may have a sudden drop in BP (bl. pressure). Dizziness and fainting can occur. Page 515, (table), Preventing Orthostatic Hypotension. SPACE SPACE CHECK FOR HYPO- OR HYPER-THYROIDISM Hypothyroidism has been linked to physical and mental illnesses, including fatigue, depression, drowsiness, impaired thinking and memory, and chronic fatigue syndrome. (Langer, 2000, 8, 9), (Murray, 1994, 15, 155). Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, conversely, include increased bl. pressure and volume, heartbeat, sweating, flushing, insomnia, and nervousness. Diarrhea can also be a symptom. (Langer, 2000, 9). Thyroid and liver function can be affected by food allergies and sensitivities. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 142, 150, 161). Traditional battery of tests to determine thyroid functioning include "T3, T4, FTI, TSH, and antithyroid antibodies." (Langer, 2000, xiv). Another test is the basal body temperature test by Broda O. Barnes, M.D. In this test, temperature under the armpit is taken immediately upon waking, while still lying down, for two days in a row. "If your thyroid function is normal, your temperature should be in the range from 97.8 to 98.2 degrees Fahrenheit. If it's lower, you are probably hypothyroid--your thyroid gland is underfunctioning--and your physical problems and related ones have probably been caused or at least influenced by that." (Langer, 2000, 2-3). Langer recommends that the basal test be verified by traditional tests. Barnes estimated that 40 percent of the population is hypothyroid. Langer found a slightly higher percentage occurring in his practice. (Langer, 2000, xviii, 4). Hypo-thyroidism can be treated with natural desiccated thyroid supplement. Treatment for hyper-thyroidism can include traditional treatments, as well as alternative treatments, such as thiouracil or thiourea. (Langer, 2000, 4, 31). Tests, conventional and alternative http://www.alternate-health.com/thyroid.html http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcls-txt/t-prtcl-104.html http://www.nutritional-healing.com.au/content/articles-content.php?heading=Hypothyroidism Treatment, conventional and alternative http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcls-txt/t-prtcl-104.html http://www.nutritional-healing.com.au/content/articles-content.php?heading=Hypothyroidism Desiccated thyroid supplement information The Desiccated Thyroid Story, http://www.altsupportthyroid.org/dt.php Thyroid Recommended Resources, http://www.altsupportthyroid.org/rr.php SPACE SPACE DEACIDIFICATION: BALANCE pH (ALKALINE/ACID) Alkaline or Acid The body pH is either alkaline or acid. An alkaline pH is more favorable because many cancers, viruses, fungi, and bacteria cannot live in an alkaline body environment. The appropriate pH is about 7.4. (Kliment, 2002, 9). Chemistry section review, A solution with equal concentrations of H+ and OH- is neutral. A pH below 7 indicates a relative excess of H+ ions, and therefore an acidic solution. A pH above 7 indicates a relative excess of OH- ions, and therefore a basic solution. (Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions. 2011. Nursing School Entrance Exams. New York, New York, Kaplan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4195-5034-8. PUBLIC LIBRARY 610.73076, KAPLAN. -- Page 203). acid, compound that releases hydrogen ions in the presence of water. (Upshall, Michael, and Catherine Thompson. 1997. Dictionary of Chemistry. London, U.K., Brockhampton Press, Ltd. ISBN 1-86019-568-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 540, UPSHALL. -- Page 1.) base, substance that accepts protons. (Upshall, 1997, Page 21). H, hydrogen. (Upshall, 1997, Page 105). OH- (is a) hydroxyl group, an atom of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen bonded together and covalently bonded to an organic molecule. (Upshall, 1997, Page 107). pH, scale for measuring acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.0 (distilled water) indicates neutrality, below 7 is acid, while above 7 is alkaline...The scale runs from 0 to 14. (Upshall, 1997, Page 153). Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 6. (Alpert, Arlene, Margrit Altenburg, and Milady Publishing Company. 2004. Milady's Standard Textbook of Cosmetology. Clifton Park, New York, Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 1-56253-880-2. PUBLIC LIBRARY 646.72, MILADY. -- Pages 129-165). Basics of Chemistry and Electricity, Chapter 7. (Milady, 2004, Pages 167-198). The pH Scale. You may have heard the terms parts hydrogen or potential hydrogen used to describe pH. In fact, the term pH originates from the French term pouvoir hydrogene, or hydrogen power and means the relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance. Notice that pH is written with a small p (which represents a quantity) and a capital H (which represents the hydrogen ion, H+). The symbol pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions. The pH values are arranged on a scale ranging from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution, a pH below 7 indicates an acidic solution, and a pH above 7 indicates an alkaline solution...Pure water, with a pH of 7, is 100 times more alkaline than a pH of 5. (Milady, 2004, Page 179). Other General Sources: http://home.bluegrass.net/~jclark/alkaline_foods.htm --(very comprehensive) http://www.thewolfeclinic.com/acidalkfoods.html . Lagowski, Joseph J., editor. 1997. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry (four volume set). New York, New York, Macmillan Library Reference USA, Simon and Schuster Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-897225-2 (set). PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 540.3, LAGOWSKI. Volume 1, Pages lix-lxvi, Common Abbreviations and Symbols. Volume 1, Page lxiv, pH, measure of acidity or alkalinity, (from French, pouvoir hydrogene, meaning hydrogen power). SPACE SPACE DETOXIFICATION, HYDRATION, FLUSHING, AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY Hydrotherapy, aquatherapies, hydrate, fasting and prayer. Best nursing practices and patient care, also. Identify and Eliminate Foods that Aggravate Sensitivities Food Allergy Diets Feingold Diet to eliminate food sensitivities "The Feingold Diet was developed by American allergist Dr. Benjamin Feingold in the 1970s. Dr. Feingold saw a connection between some childhood behavior problems and diets that contained excessive food colorings, salicylates and additives.." (remedyfind). Salicylates include almonds, apples and cider, apricots, berries (all), cherries, cloves, coffee, grapes, oranges, peaches, peppers (bell & chili), pickles and cucumbers, plums, prunes, tangerines, tea, and tomatoes. (Feingold, 1979, 7). http://remedyfind.com/rem.asp?ID=5041 --Retrieved 5/5/04 Other substances that can cause sensitivities include amines, which "occur naturally in foods, typically as a result of the breakdown of protein in the food. Frozen fish or meat, yogurt, or aging protein products liked aged cheese, all contain amines. Flavor enhancers and food additives include MSG (glutamate), Aspartame (aspartate), and some food colorings, and have been identified as having neurotoxic (excitotoxic) effects on the human nervous system." http://remedyfind.com/rem.asp?ID=5041 --Retrieved 5/5/04 Preservatives to be avoided include BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), sodium sulfite, TBHQ, and sodium metabiulfite. (Cutler, 1999, 68), (Feingold, 1979, 5). Failsafe Diet to eliminate food sensitivities "The Failsafe Diet is a dietary program developed by the Allergy Unit at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia. The Failsafe Diet is an adaptation of the Feingold Diet, but is based upon an objective chemical analysis of the salicylate content of each food. For this reason it tends to restrict more foods than the Feingold Diet." http://remedyfind.com/rem.asp?ID=5041 --Retrieved 5/5/04 Other General Sources: (Cutler, 1999, 69, 194-196). http://www.feingold.org (Taylor, J., 1997). General Food Elimination/Provocation Diet In variations of this diet, a basic diet is eaten and then test foods are eaten and evaluated for the occurrence of any symptoms. (Werbach, 1996, 681-682). One suggested method is to eliminate a test food at least 4 or 5 days, and then eat only the test food (raw or minimal preparation) in a generous portion at one of the regular mealtimes, usually lunch, and note symptoms. If an evening meal is chosen as the test meal, the person testing may sleep through symptoms and miss noting them. (Mumby, 1993, 41-42). "...an elimination diet that works well for nearly all my clients, except those with candida, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This program allows you to eat rice, all fruit (except citrus), all vegetables (except tomatoes, eggplant, potatoes and peppers), fish and olive oil. White rice is more easily digested than brown rice and typically causes less sensitivity. You can eat as much of these foods as you like, plus you can use olive oil for stir-frying and salad dressings....People with candida can eliminate fruit and add poultry. People with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis can eliminate rice and add poultry." This diet continues for 7 to 14 days. A new food is added to the diet at all meals every two days and then any symptoms are noted. (Lipski, 2003, 31-33). Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques (NAET) "Allergies can be tested by NTT (Nambudripad's Testing Techniques), and treated very effectively with non-invasive holistic approach known as NAET (Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques)". See website for practitioners. http://www.naet.com/subscribers/index.html Pulse Test In this method, a normal pulse is determined during a one-week period. Foods are individually tested and pulse is recorded before eating, and again after a half hour and one hour. On average, an increase of 4-5 beats can indicate the possibility of a food allergy. (Kliment, 2002, 18-19). Bate, Phil. http://www.alternate-health.com/pulse.html . Anti-Yeast Diet (Anti-Fungal) by Dr. Bruce Semon A comprehensive diet to reduce yeast was developed by Dr. Bruce Semon, who first treated his autistic son, and then successfully treated other autistic children and people with other immune system disorders. The diet has four stages. The final list of allowable foods includes beans, butter, fresh fruit, green vegetables, herbs, unprocessed honey, potatoes, brown rice, roots, safflower oil, and tomatoes. (Dr. Bruce Semon, Treating Yeast in Children with Autism: Typical Results of Anti-Yeast Therapy, in Shaw, 1998, 150-175). This diet expanded on previous anti-yeast diets by eliminating vinegar, barley malt, yeast, fermented foods, meat, and nuts (which often have mold). (Semon, in Shaw, 1998, 150-175). . Sugar Sensitivity Diet Dr. Susan M. Lark . Cell Physiology McNamara, Nora M., and Sallyneill W. Braden. 1931. The Theory and Science of Cosmetology, A Practical Handbook for the Cosmetologist. Los Angeles, California, Adair Publishing Company. OCLC 29579653. PUBLIC LIBRARY 646.7, MCNAMARA. -- HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006517456 Pages 41, 42, Physiology (Chapter 2), Lymphatic System, Lymph conveys the food from the bl. to the tissues and returns the waste matter from the tissues to the bl., whence they are conveyed to the organs of elimination...Moreover, the waste products which arise in the body are ejected from the cells directly into this same lymph. The lymph, therefore, serves both to supply bodily nourishment and to receive waste products. . Cell Physiology Gray, Henry, and T. Pickering Pick. 1977. Gray's Anatomy. New York, New York, Gramercy Books. ISBN 0-517-22365-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 611, GRAY. -- HathiTrust (1924), https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005040922 Pages 623-637, Lymphatic System Page 623, The lymphatics have derived their name from the appearance of the fluid contained in their interior (lympha, water). They are also called absorbents, from the property they possess of absorbing certain materials from the tissues and conveying them into the circulation. Pages 1073-1147, General Anatomy or Hist. (Anatomy, Cells) Page 1074, The most striking characteristics of protoplasm are its vital properties of motion and nutrition...Nutrition is the power which protoplasm has of attracting to itself the materials necessary for its growth and maintenance from surrounding matter. When any foreign particle comes in contact with the protoplasmic substance, it becomes incorporated in it by being enwrapped by one or more processes projected from the parent mass which enclose it. When thus taken up, it may remain in the substance of the protoplasm for some time without change, or may be again extruded. Page 1075, The process of reproduction of cells is usually described as being brought about by indirect or by direct division. Indirect division or karyokinesis (karyomitosis) has been observed in all the tissues, generative cells, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nerve tissue...The process of indirect cell division is characterized by a series of complex changes in the nucleus, leading to its subdivision, this being followed by cleavage of the cell protoplasm. Page 1077, The cell wall...is merely the external layer of the protoplasm, firmer than the rest of the cell, and often thickened by the deposit in it of certain chemical substances. It forms a flexible, transparent, finely striated membrane, sometimes furnished with minute pores, so as to be permeable to fluids. Page 1082, Lymph and Chyle, Lymph is a transparent, colorless or slightly yellow fluid, which is conveyed by a set of vessels named lymphatics into the bl. These vessels arise in nearly all parts of the body as lymph capillaries. They take up the bl. plasma which has exuded from the bl. capillaries into the tissue spaces where it has nourished the tissue elements, and return it into the veins close to the heart...The greater number of these lymphatics empty themselves into one main duct, the thoracic duct, which passes upward along the front of the spine and opens into the large veins on the left side of the root of the neck. The remainder empty themselves into a smaller duct which terminates in the corresponding veins on the right side of the neck. Page 1082, Epithelium, All the surfaces of the body, the external surface of the skin, the internal surface of the digestive, respiratory, and...urinary tracts, the closed serous cavities, the inner coat of the vessels, and the acini and ducts of all secreting and excreting glands, the ventricles of the brain, and the central canal of the spinal cord, are covered by one or more layers of simple cells, called epithelium or epithelial cells. These cells are also present in the terminal parts of the organs of special sense...They serve various purposes, forming in some cases a protective layer, in others acting as agents in secretion and excretion, and again in others being concerned in the elaboration of the organs of special sense. Thus, in the skin, the main purpose served by the epithelium (here called the epidermis) is that of protection. Page 1135, The stream of lymph in its passage through the lymph sinuses...This is a matter of considerable importance in connection with the subject of poisoned wounds and the absorption of the poison by the lymphatic system, since this means septic organisms carried along the lymphatic vessels may be arrested in the lymph sinuses of the gland tissue, and thus be prevented from entering the general circulation. Page 1135, The skin is the principal seat of the sense of touch, and may be regarded as a covering for the protection of the deeper tissues, it plays an important part in the regulation of the body temperature, and is also an excretory and absorbing organ. It consists principally of a layer of vascular tissue, named the derma, corium, or cutis vera, and an external covering of epithelium, termed the epidermis or cuticle. Page 1139, There are numerous lymphatics supplied to the skin which form two networks, superficial and deep, communicating with each other and with those of the subcutaneous tissue by oblique branches. They originate in the cell spaces of the tissue. . Eliminate products with chemicals that aggravate sensitivities Includes the kitchen, bathroom, yard, school, home, etc. See list of "Common Offending Chemicals" (Taylor, 1997, Appendix E, 413) See environmental biodetoxification, including household products, smoke, synthetic fabrics, radiation sources. Spider plants, mums, wandering jew and other plants can remove benzene, formaldehyde and other toxins from the air. (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 260-265). Replace cleansers with natural cleansers such as vinegar, lemon, and baking soda, borax. (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003). Organic, non-toxic foods, clothing, cleansers, and resources. (Rubin, 2004, 264-295). Non-toxic resources, including recipes for natural, non-toxic cleansers and insecticides http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/3995/health/mcsresources.htm http://rps.uvi.edu/CES/recipes.htm http://frugalliving.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=frugalliving&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2FHeartland%2FPrairie%2F8088%2Fclngrn.html . Switch to Organic Foods . River of Life Cleansers Herbal and nutritional, and blessed thistle, burdock root, chaparral, comfrey root, dandelion, garlic, ginger, red clover, yarrow, yellow dock, yerbamate. (Thomas, Lalitha), (Abrams, Karl), (Balch, James F., M.D., and Phyllis A. Balch, 1990, Prescription for Nutritional Healing, Pages 46-60, Herbs). . Liver Cleansers Herbal and nutritional (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 43-44, 242) Foods and supplements to promote liver functioning, including milk thistle, which has antioxidant properties. (Murray, 1994, 120-123). Milk thistle. (Rubin, 2004, 184). . Cleanse Parasites Black cumin. (Rubin, 2004, 180). . Cleansing Heavy Metals from the Body and the Brain (use of natural chelators): Caution: chelators can also remove other vital nutrients, such as zinc, from the body. (Mumby, 1993, 24). Essential Fatty Acids, and chelation. (Abrams, Karl, 1996). Nutrition, supplements, chelators, also section on children (87-89) and sleep (123-4). (Cutler, Andrew Hall, 1999, 67-70, 73, 80-81, 84, 90, 133-167). Burdock root, yellow dock, lemon balm, uva ursi, dandelion root, milk thistle, as well as cysteine, glutathione, N-acetylecysteine, lipoic acid. (Edelson, Steven, 2003, 254-258). Apple and lemon pectin. (Mumby, 1993, 24). Alfalfa, selenium, fiber, rutin and apple pectin, coenzyme Q10, garlic, glutathione, and other formulas with dosages. (Horowitz, 2000, 34-36). Coriander. (Rubin, 2004, 181). BeatCfsAndFms.org. (1999). How to Detoxify Mercury, http://www.beatcfsandfms.org/html/HgDetox.html --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.beatcfsandfms.org/html/HgDetox.html . Essiac, (burdock, slippery elm, sheep sorrel, Indian rhubarb and turkey rhubarb), a famous formula from Rene Caisse, a nurse. . Kelp, iodine, cilantro, and more http://www.naturalnews.com/038670_heavy_metals_chelation_foods.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.naturalnews.com/038670_heavy_metals_chelation_foods.html http://newswise.com/articles/view/541835 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelator . Bentonite clay, aloe vera, Garden of Life green powders and probiotics, and others https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dietary_supplements http://www.vitaglo.com/gardenoflife.html . Fiber "...binds to toxic substances for excretion from the body." (Lipski, 2003, 48). . Saunas, (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 247, 258). . Raw Foods Diets, and Fasting. (Bragg, Paul). . Homeopathic Remedies Homeopathic remedies are available for viruses, heavy metals, candida, etc. http://www.pacifichealthcenter.com/updates/15.asp --11/22/05 --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.pacifichealthcenter.com/updates/15.asp http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/homeopat.htm#consultation --11/22/05 http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com . Massage Therapy, (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 253, 289). . Exercise For heavy metal toxicity, moderate. (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 252, 259). For heavy metal toxicity, moderate. (Cutler, 1999, 86). . Oxidation Stress Tests, antioxidants. (Mumby, 1993, 24-25). . Water Filters . High-Efficiency Particulate Air or High-Efficiency Particulate Arresting (HEPA) air filters . Research Fluoridation A Chronology of Fluoridation, by Val Valerian Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.curezone.org/dental/fluoride.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20021217184859/http://curezone.org/dental/fluoride.html . Research Vaccinations . Reduce Stress . Other General Sources Detoxification, cleansing diets, and how to build the immune system. http://www.cancertutor.com/index.html --Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.cancertutor.com Commercial detox formulas and tea. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 204). SPACE SPACE BOOST THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Chewing thoroughly . Super Greens Products . Colloidal Silver http://www.all-natural.com/silver-1.html --11/22/05 (uses) http://reach-for-life.com/prodinfo/colsil_iris.htm --11/22/05 (toxicity) http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/silver_f_V1.shtml --11/22/05 (toxicity) Shaw, 1998, 81. . Omega 3, 6, 9 Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 289-294. Rubin, 2004, 145-145. (Cod liver oil--Omega 3). Stoll, Andrew, 2002. Flaxseed oil. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 207). Abrams, Karl, 1996. . Antioxidants and decreasing free radicals. (Abrams, Karl, 1996) Noni juice, http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303205600 --11/22/05 Vitamin C, Coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, glutathione, beta-carotene, lipoic acid, selenium, and superoxide dismutase. (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 274-280, 295). Vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, lipoic acid, N-acetyl cysteine. (Shaw, 1998, 105). Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, enzymes (glutathione reductase), beta carotene, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase (catalase). (Mumby, 1993, 24-25). Substitute green tea for black tea. Green tea is has antioxidant qualities. (Murray, 1994, 58-59). Cumin, nettle, turmeric. (Rubin, 2004, 181). . Antifungal Remedies Hydration, flushing, spa detoxification treatments. Aloe vera, caprylic acid, garlic, goldenseal, grapefruit seed extract, lactoferrin, and oregano, biotin. (Shaw, 1998, 73, 78-85). Cinnamon (also antiviral and antitumor herb). (Rubin, 2004, 181). For Candidiasis: barberry bark, cassia alato, echinacea, goldenseal, Oregon grape root, tea tree. (Werbach & Murray, 1994, 110-113). Tea tree oil, gentian violet (which stains the skin), Caprylic acid (in olive oil), and supplement Capricin TM. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 205-206). . Antiviral Remedies Juniper. (Rubin, 2004, 183). . Herbs Many herbs help boost immune system and adrenal functioning. Some to research include garlic, onion, cat's claw, and green tea. Herbal program for fibromyalgia, http://www.geocities.com/Summerwinds2000/lifefibro.htm --11/22/05 Essiac (Ojibwa formula: slippery elm, sheep sorrel, burdock root, Indian rhubarb root/turkey rhubarb) Background history: http://www.essiac-resperin.com/en/history.html --5/1/04 Echinacea and other remedies. (Levy & Lehr, 1996, 184) . Homeopathic/natural remedy antiviral, heavy metals, candida, etc. Product examples http://www.greatestherbsonearth.com/nsp/viral_recovery_homeopathic.htm --11/22/05 http://www.gaines.com/store/PremLab/PL0026info.html --11/22/05 Biocidin by Bio-Botanical Research. (Shaw, 1998, 25). More Resources, http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/homeopat.htm#consultation --11/22/05 . Aloe juice, http://www.internethealthlibrary.com/Plant-Remedies/AloeVera-research.htm --11/22/05 . Colostrum (bovine first-milk) (Edelson & Mitchell, 2003, 298-301). . Detoxification, General American Heritage Medical Dictionary. 2007. Boston, Massachusetts, Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-82435-9. PUBLIC LIBRARY 610.3, AMERICAN. Pages 201, 437, cysteine, (abbreviation Cys), an alpha-amino acid found in most proteins and especially abundant in keratin (chief structural constituent of hair, nails, other tissues). Page 202, cystine, a white crystalline amino acid that is found in many proteins, especially keratin, and is the major source of metabolic sulfur. Page 336, glycine, (abbreviation Gly), a nonessential amino acid derived from the alkaline hydrolysis of gelatin and used as a nutrient and dietary supplement, also used...in the treatment of certain myopathies. Page 537, myopathy, any of various abnormal conditions or diseases of the muscular tissues, especially one involving skeletal muscle. Page 369, histidine, (abbreviation His), an amino acid that is essential for tissue growth and repair. Page 669, proline, (abbreviation Pro), an amino acid that is found in most proteins and is a major constituent of collagen. Page 673, protein, any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of chains of alpha-amino acids. Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, that are necessary to the functioning of an organism. They are essential in the diet...for the growth and repair of tissue and can be obtained from foods such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, and legumes. - Bennington, James L., M.D., editor. 1984. Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-1714-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY 616.07560321, SAUNDERS. Page 24, active transport, a movement of solutes (ions or molecules) across cell membranes that is coupled to the input of energy. Generally, this type of transport refers to the movement of solute against an electrochemical gradient. Integral proteins that span the membrane are involved in the processes. The proteins contain binding sites on one side of the membrane for the substances to be transported, which then are released on the opposite side as a result of a conformational change in the proteins. There are two types of active transport...direct or primary active transport...This type of system is often referred to as a pump. In indirect or secondary active transport...Transport in which two solutes move in the same direction is called symport or cotransport, (and) antiport refers to movement of two solutes in opposite directions. Page 28, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), functions as the common currency of energy...ATP provides the energy for molecular synthesis, for muscular contraction, and for the active transport of molecules and ions across cell membranes against concentration gradients...Most of the ATP is produced from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, (and) some is produced by glycolysis. Page 34, aerobic capacity, the greatest oxygen uptake (sometimes expressed per unit of body weight) achieved during a period of maximal activity or work. Because it is a reflection of the ability of the cardiopulmonary system to deliver oxygen to the body tissues and of the ability of the working muscles to utilize the available oxygen, it can be used as an index of work capacity...Also called maximal oxygen uptake. Page 55, alveolus, plural alveoli, a general term used to designate a small sac-like dilation. It is generally used alone to designate a pulmonary (lung) alveolus. Also, lung. Page 55, pulmonary alveolus, a small, thin-walled pouch that protrudes from the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs, (and) the site of gas exchange with the bl. Page 115, apoptosis, (Greek dropping off, as of leaves from trees), a naturally occurring, non-pathogenic form of cell death distinct from necrosis, characterized by condensation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, extensive blebbing, and breaking up of the cell into a number of membrane-bound fragments (apoptotic bodies), which are then either phagocytosed by neighboring cells or shed into a lumen. Page 183, bath, the application of water or other medium to the body for cleansing or therapeutic purposes. Page 196, binding energy, the energy required to remove a particle from a system, in particular, the energy required to separate the particles of an atomic nucleus. Pages 212, 213, body fluids, the fluids present in the various anatomic compartments of the body. They differ in the type and quantity of solutes dissolved in the solvent water and in the ease with which their water exchanges or equilibrates with water in other compartments. Fluid volumes. In the adult human, the total water mass is about 57 percent of the total body mass...The various water compartments, such as the vascular (bl.), plasma, intracellular, interstitial, secretory (transcellular), cerebrospinal, osseous (bone), and joint, are separated from each other by membranes and structures of varied permeability. Page 213, Bohr effect (Christian Bohr, Danish physiologist, 1855-1911), the displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right or left by a change in bl. pH. A decrease in pH, caused by an increase in bl. CO2 tension or acidity, decreases the affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen. Page 251, capillary, any of the minute bl. vessels that form networks connecting arterioles with venules, permitting the exchange of various substances, fluids, gases, and solutes between the bl. and tissues. The wall is one endothelial cell thick and semipermeable. Also, lymphatic, also pulmonary (lung) capillaries. Page 265, catecholamine, (part of) a group of compounds (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) serving as...neurotransmitters, that are found in the adrenal medulla, neurons, and brain. Page 274, cell membrane, the structure that surrounds a cell and provides the boundary or barrier between the cytoplasm and the cell's environment. The membrane consists of a double layer of amphipathic lipid molecules (a lipid bilayer), in which the molecules in each layer are oriented with their nonpolar, hydrophobic hydrocarbon fatty acid portions toward the interior and their polar, hydrophilic ends exposed on the surfaces. Embedded into this bilayer are proteins that have nonpolar regions on their surfaces and thus dissolve into one membrane. Because they span the membrane, some proteins are exposed on both surfaces. These proteins are important for transport processes. Proteins that cannot be dissociated without destruction of the membrane are called integral proteins. Those that are only loosely associated are called peripheral proteins. The lipid bilayer is fluid at growth temperatures, thereby permitting the proteins to diffuse freely within the plane of the membrane. and and Page 318, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, OR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the heart, bl. vessels, and lymph vessels considered as a whole. Bl. is pumped from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it is oxygenated and returned through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart. From there the bl. is pumped through the systemic arteries to the tissue capillary beds, where it releases oxygen to and takes up carbon dioxide from the tissues, and also provides them with nutrients and removes wastes. The bl. returns to the right side of the heart through the systemic veins. Some of the fluid leaves the cardiovascular system in the capillary beds and is returned via the lymphatic system. Artery, Page 124, a vessel that carries bl. away from the heart to various parts of the body. Cardia, Page 258, an obsolete term for the heart or heart region. Cardiology, Page 261, the study of the heart and its functions. Cardiopulmonary, Page 261, pertaining to the heart and lungs. Cardiovascular, Page 261, pertaining to the heart and bl. vessels. Cardiovascular system, Page 261, the heart and bl. vessels considered together, also, circulatory system. Heart, Page 689, the muscular organ in the thorax that, by its contractions, propels bl. through the vessels of the body. It is enclosed in a fibroserous sac (the pericardium) in the mediastinum and, like the vessels of the body, is lined by endothelium (the endocardium). Mediastinum, Page 935, the central region of the thoracic cavity, bounded laterally by the pleural cavities. Pleura, Page 1211, the thin, serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and invests the lungs...The pleura is well invested with capillaries and lymphatic vessels, which aid in producing a serous secretion that moistens the mesothelial surfaces, thereby facilitating movements of the lungs. Vein, Page 1575, a vessel that conveys bl. from various organs or parts to or toward the heart, or from the wall of the heart. All veins except the pulmonary veins carry bl. that has given up most of its oxygen. and and Pages 346, 348, collagen, a protein present in the connective tissue throughout the body in the form of slender fibrils of high tensile strength and distinctive periodicity. It is formed by fibroblasts, as are the other basic elements of connective tissue, elastin and the proteoglycans of the ground substance...collagen is...present in the basel lamina of epithelia. Collagen fibrils are formed in the extracellular space from tropocollagen filaments that are synthesized within fibroblasts from glycine, hydroxyproline, and other amino acids...At least four types of collagen, differing slightly in amino acid composition, are found in the human body...Collagenases formed by fibroblasts and other cells including neutrophils and macrophages can cleave tropocollagen molecules during processes of resorption for remodeling or repair of connective tissue. Page 348, collagenase, a proteinase with a specificity for collagen...They are involved in collagen resorption during tissue repair and are secreted by fibroblasts, neutrophils, and other cells. Page 407, cyt/o, (Greek kytos hollow vessel, anything that contains or covers), a word element used in combining form to denote a cell. Page 407, -cyte, a suffix word element to denote a cell. Page 409, cytokine, a substance produced by one cell that affects the function of another cell or some chemical reaction. Page 446, diffusion, the process of becoming widely spread, or in physics and chemistry, the movement of molecules in solution from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration. Page 446, diffusion coefficient or diffusivity, the amount of a substance diffusing across a unit area in a unit concentration gradient. Page 467, hypotonia, diminuation of muscular tone. Page 474, electrolyte, a substance that dissociates into ions when molten or in solution and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity, an ionic solute. Page 482, edema, excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces. The principal disturbances that may induce edema include...increased capillary permeability to fluids and proteins (as in the inflammatory response to tissue injury), failure of the lymphatics to remove fluid and protein adequately from the interstitial space (as in filariasis or other parasitic infections)...Less frequently, disorders that lead to less effective pumping by the pulmonary lymphatics can result in abnormal accumulation of extravascular fluid. Page 494, electrolyte, (electro plus Greek lytos, soluble), a substance that dissociates into ions when molten or in solution and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity, an ionic solute. In clinical chemistry, the term is used to refer to the major ions commonly measured in the extracellular fluid, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-). Pages 494, 266, 91, electrolyte balance and homeostasis, a complex interplay of physiologic mechanisms in which the body maintains the concentrations of inorganic ions in the body fluid compartments at preset levels. The major cations (positively charged ions) are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+), (and) the major anions (negatively charged ions) are chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and phosphate (PO4)...The normal resting electrical potential of the cell membrane of nerve and muscle fibers is maintained by a sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports Na (sodium) out of cells and K (potassium) into cells. The propagation of action potentials, which initiates nerve and muscle function, is associated with Na (sodium) entering and K (potassium) exiting the cell. Page 512, endocytosis, the engulfing of particles by a cell such as a macrophage. Part of the cell membrane surrounds the particle and is pinched off to form a vacuole. Page 514, endosmosis, osmosis from without (the cell, vessel, or organ being described) to within. Page 553, excretion, (Latin excretio, sifting, sorting out), the process of removing metabolic waste and end products from the body. Examples are the removal of carbon dioxide via the lungs, the removal of nitrogenous waste, water, and ions by the kidneys, which are eliminated with the urine, and detoxification of drugs and toxins by the liver and their elimination in the bile. Page 553, exfoliation, the falling off or shedding, as of epithelium, in layers or individual cells. Page 554, exocellular, external to the cell membrane, yet still attached. Page 554, exocytosis, the expulsion of material from the inside of a cell to the outside of that cell. This usually occurs by the combining membrane of a vacuole with the cell membrane, (and) the resulting fused membranes reform the cell membrane with the material to be eliminated outside of the cell. Page 554, exosmosis, osmosis from within (the cell, vessel, or organ being described) to without. Page 559, extracellular, outside the cell, (or) external to the cell wall. Page 560, exudate, an effusion of fluid into a serous cavity produced by damage, e.g., by neoplasm, infection, inflammation, trauma, involving the mesothelial lining of a cavity. Page 567, faint, a temporary loss of consciousness resulting from a generalized lack of oxygen to the brain. It is often due to emotional or physical stresses and extremes. Page 572, feedback, the return of information to an earlier stage of process where it exerts control, such as end-product inhibition of a synthesis pathway. In the positive feedback mechanism, the initiating stimulus causes more of the same, (and) unless this is part of an overall control system terminating in a negative feedback, it does not lead to a steady state but to an uncontrolled process. Negative feedback reduces or opposes changes in the output of a system and thus is a cardinal feature for the maintenance of homeostasis in the living system. Page 578, fever, an elevation above normal in the thermoregulatory set point around which body temperature is adjusted...An individual with a fever may experience weakness, soreness in the muscles and bones, chills, headache, thirst, loss of appetite, constipation, coated tongue, and dry skin...Clinical management of an individual with fever includes detection and elimination of the primary cause whenever possible. Fluids are administered...to prevent dehydration. Small feedings of high-calorie, high-protein liquids are recommended to combat fatigue. In some cases it may be necessary to lower the body temperature...by sponging the body with tepid water or alcohol. Page 582, fibromyositis, inflammation of fibromuscular tissue, a term used to describe a group of ill-defined nonspecific disorders that lack a detectable pathologic change. This condition frequently involves joints, joint capsules, muscles, and adjacent structures, and leads to pain, stiff joints, and tenderness. Fibromyositis is seen most commonly in the lower back, shoulders, and neck, and may be initiated by trauma, exposure to cold and dampness, and psychogenic factors. Diagnosis is established by exclusion of other possible causes. The condition usually resolves spontaneously within several days and may respond favorably to heat and massage. Page 583, Fick's law, (Adolph Eugen Fick, German physiologist, 1829-1901) stated as, the rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient. Page 597, fluid balance and homeostasis, the ability to maintain the amount of body fluid at a fairly constant equilibrium despite stress. Depending on their location, body fluids are described as intracellular or extracellular. They are composed principally of water, plus electrolytes, proteins, and other substances. A complex system of controls that keeps the amount of fluid and electrolytes in the body at a fairly constant level involves both hormones and regulatory organs such as the skin, kidneys, heart, and digestive system. When loss of fluids or electrolytes occurs during stress or disease, these controls quickly act to bring the concentrations of fluids and electrolytes back to normal. Pages 628, 629, gastritis, a common inflammation of the lining of the stomach. Gastritis occurs in a number of forms (acute, chronic, toxic) and is caused by a variety of agents (such as harsh foods, infection, and drugs). Severe stress secondary to burns, sepsis, trauma, or surgery may also cause gastritis...(And in acute gastritis the causes include) infections, toxins,...shock, stress and irritating agents. Page 629, gastroenteric, pertaining to the stomach and intestine. Page 629, gastroenteritis, an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines...(and) can have many causes, including...infections or toxins...consumption of irritating food and drink, allergies, and psychologic factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Page 629, gastroenterology, the study of diseases of the stomach and intestines, and their diagnosis and treatment. Pages 630, 631, gastrointestinal tract, the system of the body concerned with the ingestion and absorption of food. Page 649, globular protein, class of proteins that are soluble in water, usually in the presence of salts. The molecules are spheroidal or ellipsoidal in shape when in solution. The class encompasses a large variety of protein types, such as albumins, globulins, and basic proteins, and includes all known enzymes, oxygen-transport proteins, and protein hormones. The globular shape is in part held together by the large array of hydrogen bonds existing within the molecule...The surface of the protein molecule is mainly hydrophilic...A water layer also helps support the globular structure. The surface of each protein has a net electrical charge, the polarity of which depends on the pH of the buffered solvent and on the kind and number of proton-binding groups. Page 676, (table), Greek Alphabet, with Capital, Small Letter, Name (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon), and Transliteration (a, b, g, d, e). Page 682, Haldane effect, (John Scott Haldane, English physiologist, 1860-1936), the effect of an increasing, or decreasing, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin on the carbon dioxide binding capacity of the bl...The Haldane effect is an important factor in carbon dioxide transport, as it acts to almost double the amount of carbon dioxide that can be removed from the bl. in the lungs, as well as that taken up by hemoglobin in the tissue capillaries. Page 688, headache, a general term...for headache can accompany the tensions or fatigue incidental to everyday life (stress), or it can relate to biologic or environmental events (additional stressors)...There are several mechanisms by which headache is produced, (having)...its origin in other intra- and extracranial structures...These include the skin, the subcutaneous tissue and muscles of the skull, the delicate structures of the eyes, ears, and nasal cavities, and both intra- and extracranial vessels...vascular dilation and spasm, or excessive muscle contraction will result in...headache, (often with) tenderness of the scalp. Pages 688, 1390, 1146, inflammatory headache, caused by an inflammatory lesion, e.g.,...sinusitis (which is an acute or chronic inflammation of one or all of the sinus cavities, the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, and palatine, which communicate with the cavity of the nose, and are prone to extension of inflammatory processes from the nasal cavity, called sinusitis). Page 688, migraine headache, a headache characterized by recurrent throbbing pain, sometimes restricted to one side, with or without associated visual, psychologic, or gastrointestinal symptoms. Such headache afflicts about 5 percent of the population, is more common in females than in males, and can begin at any age. Classic migraine is preceded by an aura, e.g., disturbances of vision, weakness, dizziness, confusion, or numbness and tingling of the lips, face, and hands. The headache itself may be accompanied by sleep disturbances, nausea, and vomiting, (and) it is often restricted to one side of the head and can last for up to several days at a time. In contrast, common migraine is not accompanied by an aura, (and) the headache may be generalized...Arteriographic and bl. flow studies indicate arterial constriction and decreased cerebral circulation early in the attack, whereas vasodilation and excessive pulsation of branches of the external carotid artery occur as the headache begins...and in some instances the attacks can be linked with certain items of diet...Frequently, the elimination of certain foods from the diet - those containing the vasoactive substances tyramine, nitrate, and monosodium glutamate (MSG), as occur in ripened cheese, processed meats, and chocolate - proves therapeutically helpful. Page 689, muscle contraction headache, This type of headache is one of the leading causes of chronic and recurrent headache and is often precipitated by anxiety, depression, or emotional conflict. Treatment includes...local heat and massage. Page 689, traumatic headache, a head injury. In addition, however, headache is often a conspicuous feature of the posttraumatic syndrome, developing some time after the injury itself. Page 689, vascular headache, a headache caused by abnormal vasodilation...Migraine and cluster are two common types...Cranial vasodilation can also accompany systemic infection, fever, hypertension, metabolic disturbances, drug abuse, and ingestion of foods rich in tyramine, monosodium glutamate, and nitrates. (also, hypoallergenic diets). Page 693, heavy metals, a term used to refer to the relatively heavy metallic elements or their ions, such as antimony, arsenic, bismuth, iron, lead, and mercury. Most of these metals and especially their ions are highly toxic, even if present at a low concentration. Pages 719, 911, heterophagy, the process by which cells dispose of phagocytosed material. Primary lysosomes fuse with the membrane-bound sac and discharge their lytic enzymes into it. Material that cannot be completely digested may persist in the cytoplasm as a residual body or be ejected from the cell. (also, lysosome). Page 731, homeostasis, the tendency in biologic systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment. It is achieved by a system of control mechanisms activated by negative feedback. Through homeostatic mechanisms the body maintains, for example, the body temperature, pH, hormonal concentrations, and osmotic pressure within physiologic limits, and thus a cellular environment is maintained within the normal range that sustains life. (or equilibrium). Page 745, hydrostatic, pertaining to a liquid in a state of equilibrium or to the pressure exerted by a stationary fluid. Pages 746, 748, 1377, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Page 800, Index Medicus, a publication of the United States National Library of Medicine that indexes, by subject and author, most of the world's scientific literature relevant to medicine. and and Page 805, INFLAMMATION, (Latin inflammatio or inflammare), the process by which reaction to injury occurs within the tissues of the body. The outcome of this process depends on the nature and severity of the injury and on the body's capacity to respond. The result can be complete tissue restoration, destruction, or scarring...Injury can be produced by both replicating and nonreplicating agents. Viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are microorganisms making up the replicating category. Chemical agents such as acids, bases, and proteolytic enzymes, and physical agents such as irradiation, heat and cold, and trauma constitute nonreplicating agents. The inflammatory process is characterized by a complex interplay of vascular, humoral, and cellular factors, and can be further defined in two broad categories, acute and chronic inflammation. Page 805, INFLAMMATION, ACUTE, The acute inflammatory process is basically exudative, i.e., the elements of which it consists arise from the circulating bl. and exude into the tissues. This form of inflammation is characterized by the classic signs of redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. These signs are primarily the result of vascular changes, alterations in bl. flow, and permeability of bl. vessels. If the injury is not severe, an arteriolar dilation occurs and bl. flow is increased, producing heat and redness...An alteration in vascular permeability leads to an extravasation of plasma through the bl. vessel walls into the extravascular space, forming edema or swelling. These changes occur because of the release of chemical mediators...some of which, such as bradykinin, cause pain...Although different patterns of vascular leakage have been described, it is primarily the postcapillary venules that respond to the chemical mediators of inflammation. The capillary bed may also be involved, usually as the result of direct injury and disruption. Page 806, INFLAMMATION, CHRONIC, This process occurs if the agents producing inflammation persist. It is both an exudation and a cellular proliferation, comprising both the cells involved in immune mechanisms and cells of the repair process. A persistence of inflammation can occur for a variety of reasons, because of persistence of the inflammatory agent, necrosis of tissues, foreign bodies, poor bl. supply, or the development of an immunologic response...Depending on the stimulus, the cells of immunity and repair occur simultaneously in varying numbers. If tissue destruction is present, the cells of the repair process eventually appear. These include proliferating fibroblasts and endothelial cells, together making up granulation tissue. As fibroblasts lay down increasing amounts of collagen, a scar tissue is formed. In long-standing inflammatory processes such as in abscesses and ulcers, changes of both acute exudative and chronic inflammation with scarring can be seen together. Albumin, Page 40, a group of proteins found in nearly every animal (including egg albumin) and in many vegetable tissues...Albumin is characterized by its solubility in water and in dilute and moderately concentrated salt solutions and its coagulability by heat. It is the most abundant protein in human plasma...Its large molecules cannot cross capillary wall membranes, and thus it helps to maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure in the vascular compartment, (and) this, in part, accounts for maintenance of a normal bl. volume. It also binds ions such as calcium, magnesium, and toxic heavy metal ions...and serves as a protein and amino acid reserve. Albuminoid, Page 41, resembling albumin...a group of fibrous proteins...(including) elastins...keratins...and collagens...Such materials are generally present in structures that have a protective or supportive function. Arteriole, Page 123, the smallest branch of an artery, just proximal (nearest) to a capillary. Bath, Page 183, the application of water...to the body for cleansing or therapeutic purposes. Capillary, Page 251, any of the minute bl. vessels that form networks connecting arterioles with venules, permitting the exchange of various substances, fluids, gases, and solutes between the bl. and tissues. The wall is one endothelial cell thick and semipermeable. Also, lymphatic. Cicatrix, Page 316, a scar, the new fibrous tissue formed in the healing of a wound. Circulation, Page 318, movement in a regular or circuitous course that returns to the point of origin, such as the movement of bl. through the heart and bl. vessels. Connective tissue, Page 367, the tissue that binds together and provides support for the organs and other structures of the body. It...consists primarily of bundles of collagen fibrils with a matrix of proteoglycans (ground substance) and varying numbers of elastin fibrils. In loose connective tissue there is an admixture of fat, whereas dense connective tissue is principally collagenous. The fibrils and ground substance are formed by fibroblasts. Connective tissue also contains bl. and lymph vessels, and various transient cells including macrophages and mast cells. Edema, Pages 482, 483, (Greek oidema, swelling), excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces. The principal disturbances that may induce edema include...increased capillary permeability to fluids and proteins, as in the inflammatory response to tissue injury. Elastic, Page 487, pertaining to a material that, when stretched, compressed, or distorted, returns to its original shape when released. Elastic fibers, Page 487, yellowish fibers...found in connective tissue. They are composed of elastin, which is synthesized by fibroblasts. Elastic fibers give flexibility and resilience to tissues such as the...dermis of the skin...When elastic fibers degenerate with age, calcium salts or acid mucopolysaccharides may replace some of their material. Elastin, Page 487, a fibrous protein, the essential constituent of elastic fibers that give certain tissues the ability to stretch and return to their original shape without tearing or deforming. Elastic fibers occur in arterial walls and the vocal cords, (and) in the pleura, tracheobronchial tree, and alveolar septa in the lungs, and also in certain ligaments and cartilages. As in collagen, approximately one-third of the residues in elastin are composed of glycine, (and) there is also a high proportion of alanine, proline, and valine. Elastin differs from collagen, however, in that (1) glycine does not occur in a tripeptide repeating unit, (2) it contains little hydroxyproline, and (3) it does not have a triple-helix structure. Erosion, Page 536, a skin lesion characterized by a loss of all or part of the epidermis, (and) it may be seen in association with any pruritic dermatitis. Treatment is aimed at preventing secondary bacterial infection. Extravasation, Page 560, the escape or expulsion of a substance...into an extravascular site. Exudation, Page 560, the process of forming an exudate. Exude, Page 560, an effusion of fluid into a serous cavity produced by damage, e.g., by neoplasm, infection, inflammation, trauma, involving the mesothelial lining of a cavity. Fibril, Page 579, a threadlike structure considerably smaller than the fiber of which it is a component part...Examples are myofibril and collagen fibril. Fibroblast, Page 581, a spindle shaped connective tissue cell...that is involved in the production of extracellular materials (ground substance) and collagen and elastic fibrils. Fibroblasts are active during wound repair, contributing to the formation of granulation tissue and the contraction of the wound (myofibroblasts). Fibroblastic, Page 581, pertaining to fibroblasts or their proliferation. Granulation tissue, Page 672, tissue characteristic of healing inflammation, composed of proliferating myofibroblasts and small bl. vessels with chronic inflammatory cells in a loose mixture. It forms the pink, soft, edematous tissue that appears on the surface of healing wounds. Ground substance, Page 677, the acellular amorphous matrix in which cells are embedded. Particularly associated with connective tissue, it is a viscous gel with a high proportion of water. Ischemia, Page 830, the reduction or abolition of the bl. supply to a tissue. This results in deficiency of available oxygen and nutrients and may lead to cell death. The causes include...spasm, and physical compression. Lymph, Page 900, collected from peripheral tissues throughout the body and is carried in lymph vessels to the circulatory system via the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct. Lymph/o, Page 900, (Latin lympha, water), a word element used in combining form to denote lymph. Lymphatic, Page 901, pertaining to lymph, (or), a lymphatic vessel, one vessel of the system of capillaries, collecting vessels, and trunks that collect lymph from the tissues and carry it to the bl. My/o, Page 1017, (Greek mys, muscle), a word element used in combining form to denote muscle. Myofibroblast, Page 1035, (myo, and Latin fibra, fiber, and Greek blastos, germ), a fibroblast that contains smooth muscle myofilaments. The filaments generally are confined to slender bundles in the peripheral cytoplasm. Anchoring filaments connect the outer surface of the cell to surrounding collagen, providing a fulcrum for contraction. Myofibroblasts are responsible for the contraction of granulation and scar tissue. Myofibrositis, Page 1035, the inflammation of the perimysium, the sheath of collagen fibers that holds groups of muscle fibers together, often in response to infection or trauma. Osmotic pressure, Pages 1115, 349, the force required to counterbalance the force of osmotic flow through a semipermeable membrane...The colloidal (of a colloid, a suspension of particles so small that they do not settle out by gravity) osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure) is the osmotic pressure due to colloidal particles. The oncotic pressure of bl. is due to the plasma proteins, which cannot diffuse through the capillary walls. This attracts water from interstitial fluid into plasma but is counteracted by the hydrostatic bl. pressure. When the protein concentration (particularly that of albumin, responsible for 80 percent of the normal oncotic pressure) falls, the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is reduced and water is forced into the tissues, producing edema. Postcapillary venule, Page 1582, any of the small vessels that collects bl. from the capillary plexuses to which they are immediately adjacent. Pressure necrosis, Page 1044, due to an insufficient local bl. supply occasioned by occlusion of vessels from pressure, as in decubitus ulcers. Repair, Page 1318, the restoration of damaged tissues, especially the replacement of dead or damaged cells in a body tissue or organ by healthy new cells or by fibrous tissue (scar tissue). Swelling, Page 1452, a transient abnormal enlargement or increase in volume of a body part or area that is not caused by proliferation of cells. Ulcer, Page 1547, a local defect or excavation on the surface of a tissue or organ caused by the sloughing of necrotic inflamed tissue. Ulcer, acute, Page 1547, an ulcer of short duration...When superficial, it may be termed an acute erosion. Ulcer, chronic, Page 1547, an ulcer that has been present for some time. The surrounding tissues show chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Ulcer, decubitus, Page 1547, an area of ulceration commonly occurring...as a result of pressure-induced ischemia complicating erosion of the skin. Also called bed sore. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid, Pages 1594, 137, the naturally occurring vitamin...is L-ascorbic acid...a complete absence of vitamin C intake leads to failure of connective tissue cells to form their collagenous matrices. Water, Page 1600, a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid...All life is based on water as solvent and reaction medium, (and) water makes up some 70 percent of body mass. and and Page 814, INTEGUMENT, OR INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM, (Latin integumentum, from in, on plus tegere, to cover) the covering or investment of the body, the skin. It includes the hair, nails, and skin glands. Bas/o, Page 179, a word element used in combining form to denote a base or foundation. Cutane/o, Page 398, (Latin cutis skin), a word element used in combining form to denote the skin. Cutaneous, Page 398, pertaining to the skin. Derm/o, Page 428, (Greek derma, skin), a word element used in combining form to denote skin. Dermal, Page 428, pertaining to the skin. Dermat/o, Page 428, (Greek derma or dermatos, skin), a word element used in combining form to denote skin. Dermatologic, Page 430, pertaining to dermatology, of or affecting the skin. Desmosome, Page 433, a cell junction adapted for cell cohesion...Desmosomes are particularly numerous and well developed in the stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermis. Eleidin, Page 502, a substance related to keratin that is found in the stratum lucidum of the skin. Epidermal, Page 528, pertaining to the epidermis. Epithelial, Page 531, pertaining to or composed of epithelium. Epithelial cell, Page 531, one of the cells that make up an epithelium. Free nerve endings, Pages 1055, 1063, the simplest type of sensory receptor, formed by the division of a peripheral nerve axon into fine arborizations devoid of specialized end-organs. These nerve endings are found in the skin in contact with the outer root sheath epithelium of hair follicles, (Free nerve endings, sense heat or pain). Keratin, Page 845, an insoluble fibrous protein that is the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails. Keratinization, Page 845, an accumulation of keratin in the cytoplasm of squamous epithelial cells of the skin. Keratinize, Page 845, to make, or become, keratinous. Keratinocyte, Page 845, a cell that synthesizes keratin. Keratohyalin, Page 845, aggregates of keratin in squamous cells, seen best in the granular layer of the epidermis. Keratohyalin granule of epidermis, Page 528, a granule of keratohyalin...within an epidermal cell...these granules are prominent in the granular layer. The overlying cornified...layer is formed by the fusion of aggregates of keratohyalin. Krause's bulb, a tactile corpuscle known as the end bulb of Krause, (and senses cold). Lamina, laminae, Page 861, a thin, flat plate or layer (or stratum). Meissner corpuscles, sense touch. Merkel cell, Page 952, (Friedrich Sigmund Merkel, German anatomist, 1845-1919), a dendritic cell found in the base of the epidermis...The cytoplasm contains many small, dense-core granules concentrated within the dendritic processes. It is connected synaptically to a sensory axon (Merkel's corpuscle) and functions as a tactile receptor of low sensitivity. Merkel's corpuscle, Page 952, (Friedrich Sigmund Merkel), a slow-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptor, formed by a disk of nerve endings in the superficial dermis, that synapses with a specialized dendritic cell in the basal epidermis, the Merkel cell. (Merkel's disk, senses touch). Nerve endings, Page 1055, the peripheral terminations of an axon...The peripheral end of a sensory axon may display various types of structural specialization, which to some degree subserves the particular sensory function of the axon. Sensory nerve endings include Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel cell, and Pacinian corpuscle. Pacinian corpuscle, Page 1133, (Filippo Pacini, Italian anatomist, 1812-1883), an encapsulated nerve ending, involved in the perception of pressure, that is found in the deeper layers of the dermis and throughout subcutaneous and some deeper tissues, (and senses pressure). Ruffini corpuscle, senses heat. Sense organ, Page 1374, an organ that receives stimuli in different forms of energy, including light, vibration, chemicals, and pressure, and translates them to nerve impulses that are perceived as sensations. Such structures may be neuroepithelial, epithelial, or neuronal. Skin or cutis, Pages 1391, 1393, the tissue that forms the external covering of the body. It consists of an outer epithelial layer, the epidermis, supported by an underlying connective tissue layer, the dermis. The skin helps the body control its internal environment by aiding in regulation of temperature and fluid balance. The dermis lies on the subcutaneous (tissue layer)...The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium, which undergoes continuous and relatively rapid turnover of epidermal cells. Much of the mitotic activity takes place within the single layer of basal cells that rest on the basal lamina at the epidermal-dermal junction. The more superficial squamous cells, constituting the stratum spinosum, become progressively flattened as they approach the surface, and accumulate granules of keratohyalin within their cytoplasm (stratum granulosum). The surface layer (stratum corneum) is composed of a compact mass of flattened cells that have lost their nuclei and organelles. This surface layer of keratin serves to protect the skin from friction. Within the stratum spinosum, the squamous cells are united by numerous desmosomes with associated bundles of prekeratin or tonofilaments. These cells also form membrane-limited granules, which are extruded toward the surface of the epidermis to aid in cell cohesion. The epidermis does not contain capillaries, receiving nutriment by diffusion from the dermis. Ducts of the dermal sweat glands and hair shafts pierce the epidermis to reach the surface...The dermis consists of interwoven collagen elastic fibers and fibroblasts. In the more superficial or papillary dermis, the collagen fibers are not as dense as in the thicker reticular dermis...There is not always a sharp demarcation between the deep aspect of the dermis and the subcutaneous areolar tissue. Vessels and nerves enter the dermis through the subcutaneous tissue and ramify in its deeper levels, sending branches upward toward the dermal-epidermal junction. Some sensory nerves terminate as fine ramifications, whereas others have specialized receptors at their tips, e.g., pacinian and Meissner corpuscles and Merkel cells. The skin hairs emerge from follicles within the dermis or upper subcutaneous tissue...Sebaceous glands surround the hair follicles and express their secretion through a short duct into the canal of the follicle. The eccrine sweat glands have a coiled secretory portion within the dermis leading into a simple tubular duct that pierces the epidermis. Skin is the largest organ of the body, and functions include absorption, elimination, protective covering, protective against infection, protective against dehydration, regulation of heat or body temperature, respiration, and sensation or sensory for temperature, touch, pressure, or pain. Stratum, strata, Page 1436, a general term for a sheetlike mass of substance of nearly uniform thickness, particularly when the layer is one of several associated layers. Tactile, Page 1460, pertaining to the touch. EPITHELIUM, (Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous tissue layers), Pages 531, 532, the tissue that covers a surface on or within the body. Different...types of epithelia are adapted for particular functional requirements. An epithelium is said to be simple when it is composed of a single layer of cells, and stratified when more than one cell layer is present. In addition, an epithelium is usually classified according to the shape of its component cells. Epithelia rest on and are supported by connective tissue, and the two are usually separated by a basal lamina (of the basement membrane). The term squamous epithelium is often considered synonymous with a stratified squamous epithelium, as in the epidermis, but has a broader connotation...i.e., an epithelium is composed of cells that because of their shape and apposition have a scalelike appearance when seen in profile...Stratified squamous epithelium covers the skin (epidermis)...Adjacent squamous cells are united by numerous desmosomes with tonofilaments inserted onto their attachment plaques. In the epidermis the cells form keratin, which accumulates in the cytoplasm. The deeper cells are round, but more superficial cells become flattened and lose their nuclei, and the surface of the epidermis is covered by a dense acellular band of keratin. EPIDERMIS OR CUTICLE, (surface cell layer, which is composed of Stratum corneum or cornified layer, Stratum lucidum or clear layer, Stratum granulosum or granular layer, Stratum spinosum or spinous layer, Stratum basale or basal layer), Page 528, the protective, outermost layer of the skin composed of stratified squamous epithelium. Stratum corneum or cornified layer, Page 1436, the outermost cornified layer of the skin, consisting predominantly of keratin. Stratum lucidum or clear layer, Page 1436, a clear, translucent layer of the skin immediately above the granular layer...It is rich in protein-bound phospholipids, which resist water penetration. Stratum granulosum or granular layer, Page 1436, a relatively thick layer of squamous cells, containing pre-keratin. Stratum spinosum or spinous layer, Page 1436, a layer, several cells thick, between the stratum basale and the stratum granulosum in the epidermis. The cells are connected by numerous desmosomes. Stratum basale or basal layer, Page 1436, the deepest layer of cells in the epidermis, usually called the basal layer. DERMIS OR CORIUM OR DERMA OR TRUE SKIN OR CUTIS VERA (middle cell layer, which is composed of Papillary layer of dermis, Reticular layer of dermis), Page 432, the corium, the thick, vascular connective tissue layer of the skin deep to the epidermis. SUBCUTANEOUS REOLAR LAYER OR SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OR SUBCUTIS OR HYPODERMIS OR SUBCUTANEOUS SUPERFICIAL FASCIA (deep cell layer). Subcutaneous, Page 1443, beneath the skin. BASEMENT MEMBRANE, (composed of basal lamina, lamina reticularis or reticular lamina), Page 181, the thin, continuous layer at the base of epithelia. Basal lamina, Page 180, an electron-dense filamentous sheet on which epithelial cells rest. Although commonly thought of as synonymous with the basement membrane, it is more precisely a component of that membrane. The basal lamina...contains glycoproteins similar to those of collagen...It appears to be formed by the epithelial cells, and an intact basal lamina is necessary to preserve the architecture of the epithelium during regeneration. Lamina reticularis or reticular lamina, Page 1325, the tissue layer composed of reticular fibers and ground substance that lies beneath the basal lamina of epithelia tissue. APPENDAGES OF SKIN (nails, hair follicles, oil or sebaceous glands, and sweat or sudoriferous glands, which are either merocrine or apocrine sweat glands). and CONNECTIVE TISSUE OR LAMINA PROPRIA, Pages 861, 367, a layer of vascular loose connective tissue that supports the epithelium and basement membrane...Connective tissue also contains bl. and lymph vessels, and various transient cells including macrophages and mast cells. Reticul/o, Page 1325, a word element used in combining form to denote a network. Reticular, Page 1325, resembling a net. Reticular cell, Page 1325, a branched fibroblastic cell forming the reticular fibers that are characteristic of reticular connective tissue. Reticular fibers, Page 1325, irregularly arranged collagen fibrils subjacent to a basal lamina. Also called reticulin. Reticulin, Pages 1325, 120, 663, 1266, the material of which reticular fibers are composed, now known to be collagen assembled in a loose network of fibrils. The difference between the argyrophilia (capable of binding silver salts, said of cells and tissues) of reticular fibers and that of collagenous fibers is thought to be due to associated proteoglycans (a substance occurring primarily in the ground substance of connective tissue, consisting of about 95 percent polysaccharides and 5 percent protein) and glycoproteins (a substance containing proteins covalently linked to carbohydrates). Also called reticular fibers. Reticulum, Page 1326, plural is reticula, a network, such as one formed of collagen fibrils. and SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER OR MUSCLE TISSUE, Pages 1005-1013, 1440, muscle, the contractile tissue of the body found in many tissues and organs, where it confers the capability of movement...smooth muscle (is) nonstriated (striated is marked by striae or bands), involuntary muscle...The filaments are not arranged in myofibrils and do not form a banding pattern as in skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers. and and Page 828, ipsilateral, on or affecting the same side. Page 830, ischemia, the reduction or abolition of the bl. supply to a tissue. This results in deficiency of available oxygen and nutrients and may lead to cell death. The causes include...spasm, and physical compression. The extent and severity of ischemia depend on the speed of development, the degree of blockage and of collateral circulation, and the vulnerability of the affected organ. Page 830, ischemic, pertaining to or affected with ischemia. Page 835, isosmotic, having the same osmotic pressure or osmolality, also called isoosmotic. Page 885, linoleic acid, (Latin linum for flax plus oleum for oil), an essential fatty acid, a major component of many vegetable oils, e.g., cottonseed, soybean, peanut, corn, sunflower seed, and linseed oil. Page 892, locus, a general term for a site in the body. Page 896, lumen, the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, such as an artery or the intestine. Page 936, MEDLARS, acronym from MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, a computerized bibliographic retrieval system of the National Library of Medicine from which the publication Index Medicus is produced. Page 936, MEDLINE, acronym from MEDlars on-LINE, a computerized bibliographic retrieval system for medically related publications that is an on-line segment of MEDLARS. Page 950, menthol, used topically as an anesthetic and antipruritic (anti-itching) and...(for) nasal. Page 951, mercury, a silvery, very dense, liquid metallic element that is slightly volatile at room temperature, atomic number 80...It has no known metabolic function. Mercury, all its soluble inorganic compounds, and most of its organic compounds are highly toxic by skin absorption, ingestion, or inhalation of vapor. It acts by binding to the sulfhydryl groups of proteins, and thus denatures and inactivates enzymes, (and) it is excreted through the kidney and colon. Page 978, migraine (French, from Greek hemikrania for pain on one side of the head). Page 991, monosodium glutamate (MSG), a salt of glutamic acid used as a seasoning in food. Its use affects some people (who suffer)...severe headaches, numbness, palpitations, and other neurologic disturbances due to glutamate concentrations considerably higher than those normally present in food. Page 1044, necrosis, the death of an individual cell or groups of cells in living tissue. Page 1044, acute tubular necrosis, the underlying injury to tubular epithelial cells can be produced either by ischemia secondary to hypotension, shock...or by toxic agents such as heavy metals,...mushroom(s)...carbon tetrachloride, ethylene glycol, and miscellaneous chemicals and drugs...The affected tubules, which contain interluminal casts of necrotic cells and debris, undergo sloughing of necrotic epithelial cells. Page 1044, avascular necrosis, necrosis due to deficient bl. supply. Page 1044, coagulation necrosis, necrosis of a portion of an organ or tissue resulting from the sudden interruption of the bl. flow. Also called ischemic. Page 1045, septic necrosis, necrosis resulting from bacterial infection. Page 1045, necrotic, pertaining to or characterized by necrosis. Page 1115, osmosis, the passage of solvent from a solution of lesser solvent concentration through a semipermeable membrane...to a solution of greater solute concentration. Osmosis proceeds until the rates of diffusion in both directions are equal. Page 1124, oxidative, having the power to oxidize, or an organism that has a respiratory metabolism, i.e., uses oxygen as the final hydrogen acceptor. Page 1126, oxygen, oxygen is not very soluble in water...A carrier protein is necessary for oxygen transport...hemoglobin (and)...myoglobin (Mb)...The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin depends on the partial pressure of oxygen...it also depends on the acidity of the (vessels, or pH). Page 1127, oxygenation, the addition of oxygen, the term usually applies to molecular oxygen being dissolved in a liquid or being bound to hemoglobin in the bl. Page 1128, oxygen debt, the excess oxygen (over that required during resting metabolism) consumed during recovery from strenuous physical activity or a period of apnea. It is used to reconvert the accumulated lactic acid to glucose and the decomposed creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to their original higher-energy states, it is also used to restore alveolar (air sac) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen and the percentage of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and myoglobin to normal levels. The oxygen debt compensates for or repays the oxygen and energy stores that were depleted during a period of anaerobic metabolism, in which tissue oxygen demand exceeded oxygen uptake or availability. Pages 1151, 1152, partial pressure (P), the pressure that each component gas (in a mixture of gases) would exert if it were present alone. By Dalton's law of partial pressures, the sum of all the partial pressures equals the total pressure of an ideal gas mixture...The partial pressure of oxygen in bl., for example, is the pressure exerted by all the molecules of oxygen that are both dissolved in the plasma and combined with hemoglobin. Page 1152, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), the portion of the total pressure of a mixture of gases that is exerted by the oxygen in the mixture, or for a fluid (such as bl.) that contains dissolved oxygen...(and) the partial pressure of oxygen of arterial bl. (PaO2). Page 1153, passive transport, the inward translocation of ions or metabolites across a cell membrane with the concentration gradient. No energy (as adenosine triphosphate, ATP) is required, although specific mechanisms within the membrane may be present. Page 1173, phagocyte, any cell that ingests bacteria or other particles by the process of phagocytosis. In humans, there are three types of phagocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and monocytes. All three types are attracted to bacteria and certain other particles by substances released by the particles...They then pin the particle against a surface and engulf it...Some macrophages, particularly the alveolar macrophages of the lungs...ingest particles such as dust and pollutants. Page 1194, physi/o, (Greek physis, nature), a word element used in combining form to denote nature or physiology. Page 1194, physiatrics, the branch of medicine that deals with physical therapy and physical agents (water, heat, light) in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease and body disorders. Page 1194, physiologic chemistry, a branch of biochemistry concerned with the chemical processes and reactions associated with the functioning of animals (and in particular, the human) in both health and disease. Page 1194, physiologist, a specialist in the science of physiology. Page 1194, physiology, the science that deals with the functioning of living organisms and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. Page 1199, pine oil, the volatile oil (or essential oil) obtained by steam distillation of the wood...It is used as a deodorant and disinfectant. Page 1240, precursor, something that precedes, in the chain of metabolic reactions necessary to produce some end product (or a building block). Page 1260, protein, proteins are chains of alpha-amino acids. The polymerization is accomplished by the elimination of a water molecule between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next amino acid. The repetition of this process with many amino acids yields a polymer referred to as a polypeptide. The bond formed between two amino acids residues is known as a peptide bond...One or more polypeptides may form a protein...Two broad classes of proteins are generally acknowledged, globular and fibrous...(and) fibrous proteins are found primarily as structural proteins of connective, elastic, and contractile tissue, and the insoluble substance of hair and skin. Proteins are often described in terms of their prosthetic group, thus, hemoglobin is a hemeprotein, and proteins that contain lipids, carbohydrates, or metals are called lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and metalloproteins, respectively. The great majority of known proteins are globular proteins. Page 1261, dietary protein, the major sources are...meat, fish, eggs, milk, and vegetable proteins. Dietary protein is digested in the stomach, duodenum, and remainder of the small intestine by proteolytic enzymes...Proteins...(are broken) down into polypeptides...and some amino acids...These amino acids are actively absorbed into the bl., where they are transported to other organs to be used for the building and repair of body tissue (muscle, heart, etc.), for the synthesis of enzymes and some hormones, or as a reserve (liver, plasma). Dietary proteins also play a crucial role in protein synthesis. All 20 amino acids must be present for protein synthesis to occur, however, only 10 can be made in the body from glucose and amino acid nitrogen (nonessential amino acids). These amino acids are either synthesized in the cells where they are utilized or are supplied...from the liver...The other 10 (designated essential amino acids include) valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, and arginine) cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by the diet. Page 1263, protein hydrolysate, a mixture of amino acids produced by the hydrolysis of protein. It is used in special diets for those patients unable to ingest, digest, or absorb proteins in their food (e.g., after an operation or severe illness). Page 1274, pulmonary circulation, the segment of the circulation that functions in external respiration by exposing the bl. to alveolar air, enabling gas exchange to take place. The pulmonary circuit is arranged so that the right ventricular output (deoxygenated bl.) is pumped into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery branches into many smaller arteries following the course of the segmental and subsegmental bronchi. At the level of the alveolar ducts, these smaller branches become terminal arterioles...(and) the terminal arterioles further subdivide into pulmonary capillaries...which form a dense, anastomosing network juxtaposed between the alveolar walls. The bl. is oxygenated by gaseous diffusion across the alveolo-capillary wall. The pulmonary capillaries join to form venules that eventually coalesce to form the pulmonary veins (two veins from each lung). The pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium, conveying oxygenated bl. for distribution to the systemic circulation by the pumping action of the left ventricle. Page 1275, pulmonology, the science concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the lungs. Page 1318, repair, the restoration of damaged tissues, especially the replacement of dead or damaged cells in a body tissue or organ by healthy new cells or by fibrous tissue (scar tissue). Page 1321, respiration, aerobic, the aerobic metabolism (aerobic respiration) of living cells, consisting of the oxidation of substrates with molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, which provides energy for the cell...(or) the series of mitochondrial, enzyme-catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions in which electrons are transferred from organic fuel molecules to the final electron acceptor, molecular oxygen, and in the process of which CO2 and H2O are released. Because the transport of electrons to oxygen is coupled to the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP, 38 percent of the free energy otherwise released in the electron transport process is conserved as chemical energy that can be utilized for cellular endergonic processes...also, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and Krebs cycle (Hans Adolph Krebs, German biochemist in England, born 1900). Page 1341, risk factor, a clearly defined occurrence or characteristic that has been associated with the increased rate of a disease. Page 1346, rutin, a bioflavonoid...extracted from buckwheat. Page 1348, safflower oil, an oily liquid (triglycerides) extracted from the seeds of the safflower, carthamus tinctorius, used as a dietary supplement in the management of hypercholesterolemia...It is an important food oil, and has a relatively high content of linoleic acid in its constituent fatty acids. Page 1352, saponification, (Latin sapo for soap, plus facere, to make), the chemical reaction of a fat...with an alkali, yielding glycerol and salts of fatty acids (soaps)...More generally, the term refers to any hydrolysis of a fatty acid ester followed by neutralization to produce a soap. Page 1371, seizure, A complex type of focal seizure is the so-called psychomotor attack, which is frequently preceded by an aura that often consists of visual, auditory, or olfactory hallucinations...Initial laboratory studies should include a determination of...calcium, sodium, and potassium concentrations. Page 1375, septicemia, a systemic infectious condition caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses) or their by-products (endotoxins, exotoxins, or enzymes) in the bl. Clinical symptoms include chills, fever, malaise, hyperventilation, and prostration...hypotension, and septic shock...(E)ndotoxins...must be removed by the reticulo-endothelial system (macrophages). Pages 1382, 1383, shock, a serious condition that occurs when bl. pressure falls to extremely low levels (due to trauma)...in which case an adequate supply of bl. (and therefore, oxygen and nutrients) cannot reach the body's tissues, resulting in damage to vital organs. The brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver are particularly sensitive to injury...Certain signs and symptoms...are characteristic of all types (of shock), for example, low bl. pressure, rapid and weak pulse, pale complexion, sweating, and confusion. Treatment consists of immediate efforts to restore bl. pressure to normal (balance) and to correct the condition that initially caused the shock...(and) electrolytes are monitored as an aid in fluid replacement therapy. A major complication of shock is the development of acidosis secondary to tissue hypoxia. Page 1383, septic shock, a type of shock that results from septicemia...Clinically, symptoms of septic shock include chills, fever, nausea, tachycardia, cold and clammy skin, a weak pulse, and hypotension. Page 1425, Starling's hypothesis, law, (Ernest Henry Starling, British physiologist, 1866-1927), stated as, at all points along the length of the capillary, the hydrostatic pressure on the surface is opposed by the osmotic pressure exerted by the plasma proteins. It is the classic concept explaining the mechanism and dynamics of the exchange of fluid between the plasma in the capillary and the interstitial fluid surrounding it. Page 1426, statistics, a collection of numerical data, (or) the mathematical science dealing with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. Statistical methods are used to determine what can be inferred about the characteristics of an aggregate of individuals (the population) from the characteristics of a part of the population (a sample). Page 1441, structural protein, examples of structural proteins include keratin, collagen, and elastin. Page 1442, sub- (Latin sub, under), a prefix word element to denote under or below. Page 1443, subjacent, just beneath or underneath. Page 1519, transport (Latin transportare, to carry across), the movement of materials in biologic systems, particularly between organs, into and out of cells, and across epithelial layers. (active transport, passive transport). Page 1520, transudate, an effusion of fluid into a serous cavity, produced by mechanical factors (osmotic or hydrostatic pressure), which influences the formation or resorption of fluid. Page 1534, tryptophan, a naturally occurring essential amino acid...Existing in proteins, it is a precursor of serotonin and nicotinate ( water-soluble vitamin of the B complex). Pages 1544, 1178, tyrosine, a naturally occurring nonessential amino acid. It is found in most proteins and is synthesized metabolically from phenylalanine...It is a precursor of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and melanin. Page 1583, vertigo, sense of rotation...often experienced in combination with nausea and vomiting, pallor, and perspiration...(and) may be associated with...lesions of the inner ear. Page 1584, vessel, any channel for carrying a fluid, such as the bl. or lymph. Page 1584, vestibular apparatus, the sensory organ of the inner ear concerned with the maintenance of equilibrium. Page 1600, water, a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid with the composition hydrogen dioxide, H2O...All life is based on water as solvent and reaction medium, (as) water makes up some 70 percent of body mass. Page 1604, wheat germ oil, oil derived from the germ of wheat kernels and rich in vitamin E. . Balch, James F., M.D., and Phyllis A. Balch. 1990. Prescription for Nutritional Healing. Garden City Park, New York, Avery Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0-89529-429-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY 615.8, BALCH. Page 5, Vitamin A (Beta Carotene), It enhances immunity, may heal gastrointestinal ulcers, protects against pollution and cancer formation, and is needed for epithelial tissue maintenance and repair. Sources. Page 6, Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Riboflavin also facilitates oxygen use by the body tissues (skin, nails, hair), eliminates dandruff, and helps the uptake of iron and vitamin B6...Sources. Page 7, Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin), It aids in cell formation and cellular longevity. This vitamin is also required for proper digestion, absorption of foods, protein synthesis...In addition, vitamin B12 prevents nerve damage...Sources. Page 7, Biotin aids in cell growth...Sufficient quantities are needed for healthy hair and skin...A dry, scaly scalp and/or face in infants, called seborrheic dermatitis, may indicate a deficiency. (Sources). Pages 7, 8, Choline is needed for nerve transmission...Choline is beneficial for disorders of the nervous system such as Parkinson's disease and tardive dyskinesia...Sources. Page 8, Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), Vitamin C is an antioxidant that is required for tissue growth and repair...It protects against the harmful effects of pollution, prevents cancer, protects against infection, and enhances immunity. It also may reduce cholesterol levels and high bl. pressure, and prevent atherosclerosis. Essential in the formation of collagen, vitamin C protects against bl. clotting and bruising, and promotes the healing of wounds and the production of antistress hormones...Sources. Page 9, Vitamin E is an antioxidant that prevents cancer and cardiovascular disease. This supplement improves circulation, repairs tissue...It also promotes normal clotting and healing, reduces scarring from some wounds...Sources. Page 10, Bioflavonoids, They are used extensively in athletic injuries because they relieve pain, bumps, and bruises. They also reduce pain located in the legs or across the back...Sources. Page 10, Coenzyme Q10, It plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of the immune system...It is also beneficial in...candidiasis, multiple sclerosis...and diabetes...It may help heal duodenal ulcers (and be used)...in the prevention and control of cancer...Sources. Page 13, Lactobacillus acidophilus and other friendly bacteria are necessary for the digestion of foods and the prevention of many disorders, including candidiasis and thrush. Page 16, Basic Nutritional Guide. Page 24, Water is also the primary transporter of nutrients throughout the body and is necessary for all building functions in the body. Pages 27-31, Amino Acids. Page 27, Amino acids are the chemical units or the building blocks, as they are popularly called, that make up proteins. Page 27, Next to water, protein makes up the greatest portion of our body weight. Page 27, The amino acids that must be obtained from the diet are called essential amino acids. The essential amino acids that enter the body through diet are arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Other amino acids that the body seems to be able to manufacture from other sources are alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, and serine. Page 34, Found in all living plant and animal matter, enzymes are essential for maintaining proper function of the body, digesting food, and aiding in the repair of tissue. Page 34, Enzymes also utilize food ingested by the body to construct new muscle tissue, nerve cells, bone, skin, or glandular tissue...These important nutrients also aid in elimination of toxins by the colon, kidneys, lungs, and skin. . Boyer, Carl B. 1991. A History of Mathematics. New York, New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-54397-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY 510.9, BOYER. Pages 678-691, Chronological Table. c.430 B.C., Hippocrates of Cos. c.1271, Mechanical clocks. 1440, Invention of printing. 1718, Fahrenheit's thermometer. 1742, Centigrade thermometer. 1774, Discovery of oxygen (Priestley, Scheele, Lavoisier). 1783, Composition of water (Cavendish, Lavoisier). 1799, Metric system. 1836, First telegraph. 1858, Atlantic cable. 1869, Mendeleef's periodic table. . Brown, Theodore L. 1997. Chemistry, The Central Science, Annotated Instructor's Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-578345-3. PUBLIC LIBRARY 540.2, BROWN. Page 949, Compound, systemic name, and common name, Carboxylic acid or ethanoic acid or acetic acid. Page 950, Cholesterol...is a biochemically important alcohol...(and) the OH group forms only a small component of this rather large molecule. As a result, cholesterol is not very soluble in water...(and) when present in excessive amounts, (cholesterol) may precipitate from solution. It precipitates in the gallbladder to form crystalline lumps called gallstones. It may also precipitate against the walls of veins and arteries and thus contribute to high bl. pressure and other cardiovascular problems. Page 955, Introduction to Biochemistry (biological chemistry), The part of Earth in which living organisms are formed and live is called the biosphere. The biosphere includes the influences on life of the atmosphere, natural waters, and the solid earth. Living organisms require a supply of available energy to grow and to sustain themselves. They also require an adequate supply of water because organisms are composed largely of water and use it to exchange materials with their environment. Page 956, Many of the large molecules in living systems are polymers of much smaller molecules. Page 956, Proteins, About 50 percent of your body's dry weight is protein. Proteins serve as the major structural components (and)...they are a key part of skin, nails, cartilage, and muscles. Other proteins catalyze reactions, transport oxygen...and perform other tasks...(A)ll proteins are chemically similar, being composed of the same basic building blocks, called amino acids. Page 957, (T)he structural formulas of several of the 20 amino acids found in most proteins. Our bodies can synthesize ten of these 20 in sufficient amounts for our needs. The other ten must be ingested and are called essential amino acids because they are necessary components of our diet. Pages 958, 959, Polypeptides and Proteins, In proteins, amino acids are linked together by amide groups...Each of these amide groups is called a peptide bond when it is formed by amino acids...Polypeptides are formed when a large number of amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds. Page 961, Myoglobin is an example of a globular protein, one that folds into a compact, roughly spherical shape. Globular proteins are generally soluble in water and are mobile within cells. They have nonstructural functions, such as combating the invasion of foreign objects, transporting and storing oxygen, and acting as catalysts. In fibrous proteins the long coils align themselves in a more or less parallel fashion to form long, water-insoluble fibers. Fibrous proteins provide structural integrity and strength to many kinds of tissue and are the main components of muscle, tendons, and hair. . Clair, Colin. 1969. A Chronology of Printing. New York, New York, Frederick A. Praeger. OCLC 44823. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 655.1, CLAIR. 1444, Foundation of the Bibliotheca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, the first public library. 1454, the earliest and first dated documents printed from movable type. 1470, the first printing press was set up in France, when Jean Heynlin, called Jean de la Pierre, and Guillaume Fichet, both professors at the Sorbonne, brought from the Rhineland three printers who established their workshop within the precincts of the Sorbonne at Paris. 1478, The earliest printed book on arithmetic, the Arte del Abaco, was printed at Treviso by Michele Manzolo. 1542, First edition of the earliest treatise exclusively concerned with physiology, and the first to make use of that term - Jean Fernel, De naturali parte medecinae...It was reissued in 1554 as Part One of Fernel's Medicina under the title of Physiologia. . Cohen, Barbara Janson, Dena Lin Wood, and Ruth Lundeen Memmler. 2000. Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-2438-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY 612, COHEN. Pages 20, 21, The pH Scale, The greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, the greater is the acidity of that solution. As the concentration of hydrogen ions becomes less than it is in pure water, the more alkaline (basic) the solution becomes. Acidity is indicated by pH units, which represent the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. These units are listed on a scale from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, having an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. Solutions that measure less than 7.0 are acidic, those that measure above 7.0 are alkaline (basic)...(B)ody fluids are close to neutral but are slightly on the alkaline side, with a pH range of 7.35 to 7.45, or nearly neutral...(table, pH 2.0 lemon juice, pH 4.2 tomato juice, pH 6.5 milk, pH 7.0 distilled water, pH 8.4 sodium bicarbonate). Page 21, Chemistry of Living Matter, Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen are the elements that make up about 96 percent of the cells. Calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and magnesium are the seven elements that make up most of the remaining 4 percent of the elements in living cells. Page 41, Structure of Epithelial Tissue, Epithelial tissue is classified according to the shape and the arrangement of its cells, squamous (flat and irregular), cuboidal (square), columnar (long and narrow). The cells may be arranged in a single layer, described as simple, or in many layers, termed stratified. Thus, a single layer of flat, irregular cells would be described as simple squamous epithelium, whereas tissue with many layers of these same cells would be described as stratified squamous epithelium. Page 55, The Skin, The skin is associated with structures known as appendages, which include (sweat and oil) glands, hair, and nails. Together with bl. vessels, nerves, and sensory organs, the skin and its appendages form the integumentary system. This name is from the word integument, which means covering. The term cutaneous also refers to the skin. Page 55, Structure of the Skin, The epidermis...is subdivided into thin layers called strata...The dermis, or true skin...has a framework of connective tissue and contains many bl. vessels, nerve endings, and glands. Page 56, Subcutaneous Layer, The dermis rests on the subcutaneous layer, sometimes referred to as the hypodermis or the superficial fascia. This layer connects the skin to the surface muscles. It consists of loose connective tissue and large amounts of adipose (fat) tissue. The fat serves as insulation and as a reserve supply for energy. Continuous bundles of elastic fibers connect the subcutaneous tissue with the dermis. Pages 57, 58, Appendages of the Skin. Page 57, Sweat Glands, The sudoriferous glands, or sweat glands, are coiled, tubelike structures located in the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue. Each gland has an excretory tube that extends to the surface and opens at a pore. The slant at which the excretory tube joins the skin serves as a valve...(C)eruminous glands in the ear canal...produce ear wax, or cerumen. Pages 57, 58, The sebaceous glands (or oil glands) are sac-like in structure, and their oily secretion, sebum, lubricates the skin and hair and prevents drying. The ducts of the sebaceous glands open into the hair follicles...Blackheads consist of a mixture of dried sebum and keratin that may collect at the openings of the sebaceous glands. If these glands become infected, pimples result. Page 58, Hair is composed mainly of keratin and is not living. Page 58, Nails are protective structures made of hard keratin. Page 59, A mixture of water and electrolytes (salts) is excreted in perspiration (through the skin). Some nitrogen-containing wastes are also eliminated through the skin. Pages 159, 160, 161, The general senses, sensory receptors in the skin (heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain). Pages 179-227, Circulatory System. Page 182, After water, the next largest percentage of material in the plasma is protein. Proteins are the principal constituents of cytoplasm and are essential to the growth and the rebuilding of body tissues. Page 209, Arteries carry bl. away from the heart toward the capillaries in the tissues...The smallest arteries are called arterioles. Page 209, Veins drain capillaries in the tissues and return the bl. to the heart. The smallest veins are the venules. Page 209, Capillaries allow for exchanges between the bl. and body cells, or between the bl. and air in the lung tissues. Page 212, (A)rteries accumulate fatty deposits referred to as plaque...To help slow this degenerative process...Reduce fat intake, cut intake of foods high in LDL, the saturated fats. Increase intake of soluble fibers, such as oat, bran, and fruit fibers, which have been shown to decrease cholesterol levels...Take in adequate amounts of Vitamin E, Vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium, each has been shown to have beneficial effects on the heart. Add Vitamins B6 and B12 to your diet, both are thought to help the heart by lowering levels of an enzyme considered to be harmful to the heart. Page 224, Systolic pressure, which occurs during heart muscle contraction, averages about 120 mmHG. Page 224, Diastolic pressure, which occurs during relaxation of the heart muscle, averages about 80 mmHg. Page 224, The bl. pressure is reported as a fraction, with the systolic pressure above and the diastolic pressure below, such as 120/80 mmHg. Pages 304, 305, 306, Body Fluids, The importance of water. Pages 306, 307, Electrolytes and their functions. Page 306, Beverages containing alcohol or caffeine...act as diuretics and increase water loss (dehydrating). . Florida Citrus Commission, (Lakeland, Florida). 1953. Citrus can help to speed recovery in 10 million surgical cases this year, (advertisement). Nursing Outlook (New York, New York, American Journal of Nursing Company, for National League for Nursing), March, Volume 1, Number 3, Page 125. ISSN 1528-3968. Since vitamin C is so intimately involved with the formation and maintenance of intercellular substances, adequate levels are essential to facilitate and expedite tissue repair. Vitamin C is also indicated for routine pre and postoperative administration, because of its role in aiding resistance to infection. One 8 oz. glass of orange juice t.i.d. (three times a day) provides approximately 300 mg. vitamin C - oranges, grapefruit, tangerines. . Garrison, Fielding Hudson, M.D. 1929. An Introduction to the History of Medicine, with Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0721640303. PUBLIC LIBRARY 610.9, GARRISON. -- HathiTrust (1924), https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102224886 Pages 809-879, Appendices, Chronology. 460-370 B.C., Hippocrates. 117-138 A.D., Aretaeus describes...diabetes. 131-201 A.D., Galen. 1110-1113, University of Paris founded. 1201, Oxford first called a University. 1223, Cambridge first called a University. 1257, Sorbonne founded at Paris. 1303, Boniface VIII charters Universities of Rome...and Avignon. 1304, Henri de Mondeville teaches anatomy at Montpellier. 1440-1450, Invention of printing. 1450, Vatican Library (Rome) founded. 1473, Simone de Cordo's Synonyma printed (first medical dictionary). 1547, The Dominican (Bernard Georges) Penot (Toulouse, b.1521-d.1607) lays down basic principles of hydrotherapy (De Aquoe Naturalibus Virtute, published at Berne). 1564, Medical dictionaries of Stephanus and Gorraeus published. 1576, Paracelsus publishes tract on mineral waters. 1600, Queen Elizabeth charters East India Company. 1618, Annibal Albertini publishes treatise on heart diseases. 1622, Drebbel invents submarine. 1623, New Netherlands colonized by the Dutch. 1636, Harvard College founded. 1638, Cornelius Drebbel improves the thermometer. 1639, First printing press in North America (Cambridge, Massachusetts). 1640, Van Helmont investigates combination of acids and alkalies (salts). 1651, (Olof) Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin discover the lymphatics of the intestines. 1661, Robert Boyle defines chemical elements and isolates acetone. 1661, John Graunt founds medical statistics. 1661, (Rene) Descartes publishes first treatise on physiology (De Homine). 1663, (Franciscus) Sylvius treat(ise) of digestion as a fermentation. 1669, Lower shows that venous bl. takes up air in the lungs. 1674, Printing press at Boston, Massachusetts. 1677, Peyer describes lymphoid follicles in small intestine. 1681, Printing press at Williamsburg, Virginia. 1685, Printing press at Philadelphia. 1686, Malpighi publishes treatise on fungi (De plantis qui in aliis vegetant). 1693, Printing press in New York. 1695, Nehemiah Grew discovers magnesium sulphate in Epsom waters (Epsom salts). 1714, G.D. Fahrenheit constructs 212 degree thermometer. 1715, Vieussens publishes treatise on heart diseases. 1726, H.F. Albertini correlates dyspnea (shortness of breath) with heart disease. 1741, Sussmilch's treatise on vital statistics published. 1742, Celsius invents 100 degree thermometer. 1760, (mention of) cancer. 1766, Cavendish discovers hydrogen. 1768, Heberden describes angina pectoris. 1771, Richard Price constructs first life-table for actuaries. 1771-1774, Priestley and Scheele isolate oxygen. 1772, Rutherford discovers nitrogen. 1775, Lavoisier isolates and defines oxygen. 1777, Lavoisier describes exchange of gases in respiration. 1783-1785, Cavendish establishes composition of air. 1787, Mascagni publishes atlas of the lymphatics. 1804, (mention of) arteriosclerosis. 1810-1819, Gall and Spurzheim publish treatise on the nervous system. 1813, Ling introduces Swedish movements as therapy. 1830, Priessnitz founds hydropathic establishment. 1833, Johannes Muller's treatise on physiology published. 1833, (mention of) arteriosclerosis. 1837, Morse establishes telegraphic system. 1840, G.J. Mulder founds chemistry of proteins. 1842, Liebig publishes treatise on organic chemistry. 1857, (mention of) diabetes. 1862, Florence Nightingale establishes training school for nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital. 1862, Winternitz and Oppolzer found first hydropathic establishment at Vienna. 1877, Winternitz publishes treatise on hydrotherapy. 1882, Liebreich introduces lanolin. 1884, (mention of) cancer. . Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, editor. 1994. Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (Volume 2). London, U.K., Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09239-6 (vol. 2). PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 510.9, GRATTAN. Pages 1686-1696, Chronology, by Albert C. Lewis. 1620, Slide rule. 1840, Pierre Louis pioneers statistical methods in medicine. . Gray, Henry, and T. Pickering Pick. 1977. Gray's Anatomy. New York, New York, Gramercy Books. ISBN 0-517-22365-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 611, GRAY. Pages 455-622, The Bl.-Vascular System. Page 455, The bl.-vascular system comprises the heart and bl. vessels with their contained fluid...The Heart is the central organ of the entire (circulatory) system, and consists of a hollow muscle, (and) by its contraction the bl. is pumped to all parts of the body through a complicated series of tubes, termed arteries. The arteries undergo enormous ramification in their course throughout the body, and end in very minute vessels, called arterioles, which in their turn open into a close-meshed network of microscopic vessels, termed capillaries. After the bl. has passed through the capillaries it is collected into a series of larger vessels, called veins, by which it is again returned to the heart. The passage of the bl. through the heart and bl. vessels constitutes what is termed the circulation of the bl. Page 457, The Pericardium, The pericardium is a conical membranous sac in which the heart and the commencement of the great vessels are contained. It is placed behind the sternum and the cartilages of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs of the left side, in the interval between the pleurae. Pages 474, 475, 476, The Arteries, The arteries are cylindrical tubular vessels which serve to convey bl. from both ventricles of the heart to every part of the body. These vessels were named arteries (air, and to contain)...The distribution of the systemic arteries is like a highly ramified tree, the common trunk of which, formed by the aorta, commences at the left ventricle of the heart, the smallest ramifications corresponding to the circumference of the body and the contained organs. The arteries are found in nearly every part of the body, with the exception of the hairs, nails, epidermis, cartilages, and cornea (of the eye)...The arteries, in their distribution, communicate with one another, forming what is called an anastomosis...or inosculation...The arteries are dense in structure, of considerable strength, highly elastic, and, when divided, they preserve, although empty, their cylindrical form. Page 475, Pulmonary Artery, The pulmonary artery conveys the venous bl. from the right side of the heart to the lungs. It is a short, wide vessel...arising from the left side of the base...of the right ventricle, in front of the aorta...(The pulmonary artery) divides, about on a level with the intervertebral substance between the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebrae, into two branches of nearly equal size, the right and left pulmonary arteries. Pages 475, 476, The Aorta, The aorta (arteria magna) is the main trunk of a series of vessels which convey the oxygenated bl. to the tissues of the body for their nutrition. This vessel commences at the upper part of the left ventricle...and, after ascending for a short distance, arches backward and to the left side, over the root of the left lung, then descends within the thorax on the left side of the vertebral column, passes through the aortic opening in the diaphragm, and, entering the abdominal cavity, terminates, considerably diminished in size...opposite the lower border of the fourth lumbar vertebra, where it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries. Hence it is divided into the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, and the descending aorta, which last is again divided into thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta, from the position of these parts. Page 593, The Veins, The veins are the vessels which serve to return the bl. from the capillaries of the different parts of the body to the heart. They consist of two distinct sets of vessels, the pulmonary and systemic. The pulmonary veins are concerned in the circulation in the lungs...The systemic veins are concerned in the general circulation. . Gray, Henry, and Peter L. Williams, editor. 1989. Gray's Anatomy. New York, New York, Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-02588-6. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 611, GRAY. Page 51, Epithelia...cells rest on a mucopolysaccharide basement membrane...Epithelia can also regenerate when injured...Continuous replacement is also important where abrasion occurs and most epithelia covering external surfaces show a steady rate of cell division. Pages 70-88, The Integument. Pages 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, Wound Healing in Skin, The normal response of an organism to injury is either regeneration, the complete restoration of the damaged part, or repair, the reconstruction of the injured region in such a manner that scar tissue covered, where appropriate, by an epithelium is produced at the site of the injury...When skin is injured the dermis responds by repair, while the epidermis responds by regeneration. The collective response of the skin to injury is termed wound healing. Pages 89-94, Appendages of the Skin, (nails, hair, sebaceous or oil glands, sudorific or sweat glands). . Hellemans, Alexander, and Bryan H. Bunch. 1988. The Timetables of Science, A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science. New York, New York, Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62130-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 509, HELLEMANS. Page 55, Physical Science, 400 A.D. to 409 A.D., The term chemistry is used for the first time by Alexandrian scholars for the activity of changing matter. Page 89, (Antoine) Lavoisier, in the later part of the eighteenth century, put together a scientific view of chemistry that effectively wiped out the alchemical tradition that had persisted for 2000 years. Page 101, Technology, 1503, Raw sugar is refined. Page 104, Life Science, 1518, The Royal College of Physicians in London (England), is established. Page 127, Physical Science, 1610, Tyrocinium Chymicum by Jean Beguin (born Lorraine, France, about 1550) is the first textbook of chemistry instead of alchemy. Page 142, Life Science, 1652, De Lacteis Thoracicis by Thomas Bartholin (born Copenhagen, Denmark, October 20, 1616) offers a treatise on the lymphatic system, demonstrating it in humans. Page 142, Life Science, 1652, Olof Rudbeck (born Westeras, Sweden, December 12, 1630) demonstrates the lymphatic vessels to Queen Christiana of Sweden. Page 149, Overview 1660-1734, Bernardino Rammazzini became the first doctor to note that certain kinds of cancer can be associated with environmental effects. Page 150, Chemistry, 1660s, Robert Boyle (born Lismore Castle, Ireland, January 25, 1627) asserts that in an ideal gas under constant temperature, volume and pressure vary inversely (Boyle's law). Page 157, Medicine, 1670, Thomas Willis announces his rediscovery of the connection between sugar in the ur. and diabetes mellitus (a connection also known to the Greeks, Chinese, and Indians). Page 158, Chemistry, 1675, Cours de Chymie (Chemistry Course) by Nicolas Lemery (born Rouen, France, November 17, 1645) is a textbook that will be republished 31 times by 1756. Page 168, Chemistry, 1695, Nehemiah Grew isolates magnesium sulfate, commonly known as Epsom salts, from spring water. Page 193, Overview, 1735-1819, A significant advance in physiology was the publication of Albrecht von Haller's medical encyclopedia, Elementa Physiologiae, started in 1757. Page 203, Medicine, 1747, Primae Lineae Physiologiae by Albrecht von Haller (born Berne, Switzerland, October 16, 1708) is the first textbook on physiology. Page 230, Chemistry, 1780, (Karl Wilhelm) Scheele discovers lactic acid. Page 242, Biology, 1794, Swedish botanist Elias Magnus Fries (born August 15), his Systemia Mycologicum becomes a standard work on fungi. Page 351, Medicine, 1878, Physiologist Paul Bert (born Auxerre, France, October 17, 1833) announces that dissolved nitrogen in the bl. of people working under pressurized air causes the disease commonly known as the bends or caisson disease. . Hiatt, June Hemmons. 2012. The Principles of Knitting. New York, New York, Touchstone, a division of Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4165-3517-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY 746.432, HIATT. Page 541, Before (wool) can be spun into yarn, the wool is usually scoured, which means it is cleaned in a detergent bath. In addition to removing soil, this also removes the natural oil called lanolin, which, while on the sheep, softens the fibers and acts as a water repellant. . Leboffe, Michael J. 2003. A Photographic Atlas of Histology. Englewood, Colorado, Morton Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89582-605-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 611.018, LEBOFFE. Page 23, Epithelia tissues or epithelia...rest on a basement membrane that separates them from the underlying connective tissue...(T)he basement membrane is composed of a basal lamina (derived from the epithelial cells) and a lamina reticularis (produced by fibroblast cells of the connective tissue). Page 23, Epithelial Terminology, If the cell is actually on the surface (and is not buried in the epithelium) the surface edge of the cell is called the free, apical, or luminal edge. The sides contacting other epithelial cells are called lateral edges, and the edge in contact with the basement membrane is called the basal edge. If the epithelium consists of more than one layer, the basal cells are closest to the basement membrane. Pages 23, 24, Epithelia are named based on two main criteria, the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells at the surface. Simple epithelia have a single layer of cells, so all cells contact the basement membrane. Stratified epithelia are made of two or more cell layers and only the basal cells contact the basement membrane. Squamous cells are flat with flattened nuclei...Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped with spherical nuclei positioned in the cell's center. Columnar cells are taller than wide and have an elongated, basal nuceus. To completely name an epithelium, both the number of cell layers and the shape of cells at the surface must be included. Page 24, Keratinized stratified squamous is found on dry surfaces (e.g., the skin). As the epithelial cells produced at the base get pushed to the surface, they die and undergo changes, including accumulation of the protein keratin. The dead cells so-formed provide a waterproof, microbe-proof, abrasion barrier. Pages 121-132, Integumentary System Page 121, Layers of the Integument, The skin is composed of two layers, the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis. Deep to the dermis is the hypodermis, also known as (subcutaneous) superficial fascia. Where it is replaced with adipose tissue, it is known as subcutaneous fat. Pages 121, 122, 123, Epidermis, The epidermis...is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium...The main epidermal cells are called keratinocytes. The basal cells are the healthiest due to their proximity to the dermal capillaries, and they are the ones that undergo mitosis. As they do, they push preceding generations of cells toward the surface and down the oxygen concentration gradient. Eventually, the keratinocytes occupy a position where they can't get enough oxygen to satisfy their metabolic needs and they die. This process involves degeneration of the nucleus and accumulation of the protein keratin, and is reflected in the layers seen in epidermis. Page 121, The epidermis (has)...five distinct layers, (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale). Pages 121, 122, Stratum corneum (of the epidermis), The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the stratum corneum. It consists of dead, anucleate cells that have accumulated abundant keratin. As these cells approach the surface, they lose their intercellular attachments (desmosomes) and are sloughed off. Page 121, Stratum lucidum (of the epidermis), is characterized by cells that have lost their nuclei and have accumulated keratin. Page 121, Stratum granulosum (of the epidermis), is characterized by cells containing...keratohyalin granules. Page 121, Stratum spinosum (of the epidermis, has) desmosomes that attach adjacent cells. The deeper cells continue mitotic activity, but this ability is lost in the more superficial layers. Page 121, Stratum basale (of the epidermis), is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of healthy (due to their proximity to the dermal capillaries) cuboidal to low columnar cells that undergo mitosis. Page 122, Merkel cells, are found in the stratum basale (of the epidermis) of fingertips...and have indented nuclei. They are thought to act as mechanoreceptors. Page 122, Dermis, The dermis is deep to the epidermis and is the true skin. The surface (of the dermis) in contact with the epidermis is highly folded into elongated dermal ridges or conical dermal papillae. These interlocking surfaces anchor the epidermis to the dermis and resist separation of the two layers when subjected to shearing forces. Dermal ridges are seen on the surface of the palm and sole as fingerprints. The portion of the dermis in contact with the epidermis and comprising the dermal papillae is a looser and finer connective tissue and forms the papillary layer. The papillae contain capillary loops and tactile receptors called Meissner's corpuscles. The majority of the dermis is composed of a vascular, dense irregular connective. This is the reticular layer. Fibroblasts are the most common cell. Large bl. vessels, nerves, and epidermal appendages (nails, hair follicles, oil glands, sweat glands) are present in the reticular layer. Pressure receptors called Pacinian corpuscles may also be seen. Page 122, Hypodermis, The hypodermis consists of loose connective tissue and anchors the skin to the underlying tissues without binding it too tightly. This allows free movement of underlying muscles without pulling on the skin. The loose connective tissue may be replaced by fat. Hair follicles, Pacinian corpuscles, and sweat glands may be seen. Page 122, Hair follicles, The hair follicle is an angular downgrowth of the epidermis into the dermis or hypodermis. Pages 122, 123, Sebaceous (oil) glands, Hair follicles are associated with branched acinar sebaceous glands. Gland cells near the follicle disintegrate and release the oily substance sebum into the follicle, which moisturizes and lubricates the hair. Division of cells at the base of the gland replaces these cells. Page 123, Sudoriferous (sweat) glands, are downgrowths of the epidermis. They are simple, coiled tubular glands of two types (merocrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands). Page 123, Nails are made of keratinized cells that form a hard plate on the dorsal and distal sides of the fingers and toes. . McDowell, Julie, editor. 2010. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems (two volume set). Santa Barbara, California, Greenwood, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-39175-0. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 612.003, MCDOWELL. Page 2, Approximately 90 percent of the body is made up of four elements, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Page 5, Water, which scientists estimate comprises approximately 60 to 75 percent of the human body, is important for three primary reasons, it acts as a solvent, it acts as a lubricant (fluid mucus), and because it changes temperature slowly, it is vital in regulating the body's temperature. The first reason, because it is a solvent, means that many substances can dissolve in it, which allows nutrients and other vital components to be transported throughout the body...Another important function is the elimination of waste. Page 6, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen plays a vital role in breaking down nutrients such as glucose that need to be transported to various locations to provide the body with energy. This process is known as cell respiration. The energy produced through cell respiration is contained in a molecule that is called ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate. ATP can be thought of as the fuel required for various cellular processes to occur throughout the body. Page 6, In addition to producing ATP, cell respiration also produces carbon dioxide. So while oxygen is inhaled, carbon dioxide is exhaled, and is considered a waste product. It is exhaled because it is a waste product of cell respiration...If carbon dioxide builds up in the body, it can disrupt the chemical balance in the body. This can cause acidosis, when fluid becomes too acidic, which can result in calcium deposits in the body's soft tissue. Carbon dioxide buildup in the body is toxic to the heart. Pages 6, 7, Cellular aerobic respiration, The body relies on the chemical reaction known as cell respiration to produce energy, and involves both oxygen and carbon dioxide. The chemical reaction is spelled out in the following equation...(Glucose + Oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + ATP + heat). Glucose comes from food, which is broken down with the help of oxygen. This reaction results in carbon dioxide, which, because it is a waste product, is exhaled. Water, energy (ATP or adenosine triphosphate), and heat are also produced...Water becomes part of the body's fluid system, acting like a solvent and lubricant, while the heat helps to maintain the body's temperature. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is energy used for processes vital for the body to function, including digestion and muscle contraction. Page 14, Epithelial tissues, These cover or serve as lining on certain body surfaces, including the outer layer of the skin, some of these cells produce secretions that have a specific function. Page 14, Connective tissues, These connect as well as support certain parts of the body. Some connective tissues transport and/or store materials. Page 14, Muscle tissues, These are responsible for contraction, which enables movement. Pages 58, 59, Exchange function, The exchange of water, oxygen, nutrients, (and)...waste products...occurs primarily at the capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are gases, move by passive molecular flow, a process called diffusion, right through the (cell) wall...(O)xygen and carbon dioxide...can readily cross the membrane...(and) first enter a region just outside the cell. This fluid-filled extracellular area is called the interstitial space. The direction of diffusion is determined by the concentration gradient, which means that molecules travel from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. Transport from high to low concentration is described as moving down the concentration gradient. Therefore, if an arteriole delivers oxygen-laden bl. to a capillary near oxygen-poor tissue, the oxygen (O2) will pass from the bl. to the tissue, or from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The same thing happens with the waste product carbon dioxide (CO2), which accumulates in tissue. The carbon dioxide moves from the cell to the bl., or from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Page 207, Skin makes up approximately 7 percent of the body's weight. It weighs approximately 4 kg. Page 208, (T)he skin is actually the body's largest organ. Page 213, Dermis, while the epidermis is an important protector of the body from dangers of the outside environment, the dermis (or corium) is notable for its strength and flexibility. The tissue of the dermis is fibrous. It is made of two fibers, collagen and elastin. Pages 244, 245, Lymphatic Vessels, The cardiovascular, circulatory system and the principal parts of the lymphatic system interact primarily through the lymph nodes, lymphatics, and lymph capillaries. The lymphatic vessels begin as blind-end tubes, called lymph capillaries, that form in the spaces between cells. Page 245, Lymph capillaries are slightly larger, in addition to being more permeable, than the bl. capillaries in the circulatory system. These capillaries can form in most regions of the body, and converge to form larger lymph vessels called lymphatics. These lymphatic vessels have a vein-like appearance, although their walls are thinner and they contain more valves than bl. veins. In addition, at various spots in their structure, lymphatics contain lymph nodes. Page 246, Lymph is the name of the fluid that enters the lymph capillaries...(and) tissue fluid comes from the filtration in the capillaries. While the process of osmosis allows much of this fluid to return to the bl., some of the fluid is lodged in interstitial spaces. The lymphatic vessels return this interstitial fluid to the bl. to become plasma again. Without this occurring, bl. volume and bl. pressure would rapidly decrease. Page 246, Unlike the circulatory system, there is no pump for the lymph. In the circulatory system, the heart serves as the pump to keep bl. moving throughout the body. In the lymphatic system, the lymph is kept mobile through the muscles of the lymph vessels. As the smooth muscle layer of the larger lymph vessel constricts, the one-way valvular structure prevents the backflow of the lymph. Page 246, As the lymph capillaries form lymphatics, the lymphatics eventually merge into two main structures or channels, called the thoracic duct (also called the left lymphatic duct) and the right lymphatic duct. Lymphatic vessels from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, in addition to the left upper extremity and the entire body below the ribs, all converge in front of the lumbar section of the vertebrae to form the cistern chyli vessel, which then continues to creep up the backbone as the thoracic duct. This duct then empties the fluid into the left subclavian vein, where a pair of valves is located to prevent the passage of bl. into the thoracic duct. The second channel, the right lymphatic duct, takes the lymph from the right side of the body and then deposits it into the opposite, or left subclavian vein. Pages 506, 507, Alveoli, The respiratory bronchioles end in small grape-like clusters of alveoli (individually called alveolus), where the gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place...Alveoli have thin, one-celled walls made of squamous epithelial cells...that are covered by an extensive network of fine capillaries. Each single alveolus is surrounded by about 2,000 segments of capillaries, which have single-layered endothelial cell walls. Gas exchange occurs via diffusion (net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration) between the thin walls of the alveoli and the capillaries. The bl.-gas barrier, or respiratory membrane, has a thickness of approximately one-half of one micrometer...The process involves oxygen passing from alveoli into capillaries for distribution throughout the body, and carbon dioxide diffusing from the capillaries into alveoli where the gas is eliminated through expiration. Page 512, Mechanics of breathing, Air is warmed and moistened as it enters the nose, which helps to maintain our body temperature. The respiratory system also filters out environmental pollutants, such as dust. For example, mucus secreted by goblet cells lining the airways and lungs traps particles, and then cilia sweep the mucus upwards from the throat for swallowing or expulsion via coughing. The respiratory system also helps to balance our body's acid, or pH, levels through its role in regulating the elimination of carbon dioxide. Control of pH is essential for the proper functioning of enzymes, proteins, and other biological processes. Pages 516, 517, (S)ince the diffusion of gases occurs from an area of higher concentration to lesser concentration, oxygen from the bl. diffuses across the interstitial fluid (liquid found between the cells of the body) and into the cells, or tissues. Conversely, the carbon dioxide from the cells and tissues diffuses into the bl. Page 517, Gas Diffusion in Tissues, Oxygen-enriched bl. (carried from the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary via the systemic capillaries) diffuses into tissue cells, which have a lower concentration of oxygen. At the same time, the higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the tissues diffuses into the systemic capillary for eventual transport to the alveoli. Page 519, Bohr effect, Oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin is also affected by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the bl.'s pH level. This is known as the Bohr effect, named after its discoverer Christian Bohr (1855-1911). A high concentration, or partial pressure, of carbon dioxide makes the bl. more acidic, which causes hemoglobin to have less affinity for oxygen. As a result, in tissues in which the concentration of carbon dioxide in the bl. is high because of its release as a waste product from cells, hemoglobin easily releases oxygen. In the lungs, where bl. carbon dioxide levels are low because of its diffusion into the alveoli, hemoglobin readily accepts oxygen. Page 606, diffusion, Water passes in and out of (some)...fluid areas via a process known as osmosis. Surrounding each cell is a semipermeable (or selectively permeable) membrane, which separates fluids of different concentrations. The semipermeable membrane allows certain molecules to pass through while restricting the movement of other molecules. In osmosis, water moves across this membrane via a passive process called diffusion, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the two volumes are equal. The process is called passive because fluid is not pushed across the membrane by any outside force, but simply flows from higher to lower concentration. Page 616, (S)oda and coffee contain caffeine, which is a diuretic (dehydrating)...Prolonged dehydration can be caused by excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or (other). . Mosby, Inc. 2013. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions. Saint Louis, Missouri, Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-07403-2. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 610.3, MOSBY. Page 1068, lymph, (Latin lympha for water), a thin watery fluid originating in organs and tissues of the body that circulates through the lymphatic vessels and is filtered by the lymph nodes. Lymph enters the bl. stream at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. Lymph contains chyle, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, most of which are lymphocytes. Page 1069, lymphatic, (Latin lympha for water, icus for form), pertaining to the lymphatic system of the body, consisting of a vast network of tubes transporting lymph, or pertaining to any of the vessels associated with the lymphatic network. Pages 1069, 1070, lymphatic system, a vast, complex network of capillaries, thin vessels, valves, ducts, nodes, and organs that helps protect and maintain the internal fluid environment of the entire body by producing, filtering, and conveying lymph and producing various bl. cells. The lymphatic network also transports fats, proteins, and other substances to the bl. system and restores 60 percent of the fluid that filters out of the bl. capillaries into interstitial spaces during normal metabolism. Small semilunar valves throughout the lymphatic network help to control the flow of lymph and, at the junction with the venous system, prevent venous bl. from flowing into the lymphatic vessels. The lymph collected throughout the body drains into the bl. through two ducts situated in the neck. The thoracic duct that rises into the left side of the neck is the major vessel of the lymphatic system and conveys lymph from the whole body, except for the right quadrant, which is served by the right lymphatic duct. Various body dynamics, such as respiratory pressure changes, muscular contractions, and movements of organs surrounding lymphatic vessels combine to pump the lymph through the lymphatic system (passive pump system). The lymphatic capillaries, which are the beginning of the system, abound in the dermis of the skin, forming a continuous network over the entire body, except for the cornea. The system also includes specialized lymphatic organs, such as the tonsils, the thymus, and the spleen. Page 1070, lymphatic vessels, (Latin lympha for water, vascellum for little vase), fine, thin-walled, transparent valved channels distributed through most tissues. They are often distinguished by their beaded appearance, which is caused by an irregular lumen. The collecting branches form two systems, one generally running with the superficial veins and the other below the deep fascia and including the intestinal lacteals. Lymphatics resemble veins but have more valves, have thinner walls, and contain lymph nodes. They drain through a thoracic duct and a right lymphatic duct into the venous system near the base of the neck. They include three layers, intima, media, and adventitia. Page 1089, manual lymphatic drainage, or MLD (therapeutic massage), the application of light rhythmic strokes, similar to those used in effleurage, to the skin and superficial fascia in the direction of the heart to increase the drainage of lymph from the involved structures. . Quincy, John, M.D. 1736. Lexicon Physico Medicum, or, A New Medicinal Dictionary. London, England, printed for T. Longman. OCLC 5528055. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 610.3, QUINCY. -- HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009277970 Page 6, acetum, vinegar, the productions of vinous fermentation, fermented afresh after a peculiar manner are thus called. Vinegar is a solution of the tartar. Page 7, acids, all liquors and substances are so called, which being composed of pointed particles, affect the taste in a sharp and piercing manner. Page 7, alkalis, with their nature, powers, properties, effects, and various uses both in natural philosophy and medicine. Page 11, aestuary, a kind of vapor bath. Ambrose Parey calls an instrument thus, which he describes for conveying heat to any particular part. Page 16, aliment, to nourish, includes all that is taken in, as meat or drink, from when nourishment is expected. Page 28, antacida, Doloeus in his Encyclopedia thus calls all those things which destroy acidity. -- (Johann Dolaus or Joannis Dolaei, M.D., 1691, Encyclopaedia Medica, Francofurti ad Moenum, Knoch, OCLC 165087576, and Dolaus, 1686, Systema Medicinale, London, printed for T. Passinger, OCLC 29162744), HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011933798 Page 38, arthritis, a joint, any distemper is properly enough thus called that affects the joints. Page 40, asthma, to breathe with difficulty, is a frequent, difficult, and short respiration. Page 41, atom, is such a small particle as cannot be physically divided. Page 46, baths, and bathing, of these there are the natural and the artificial, the latter are much out of present use in medicine, and of the former there are two kinds, the hot and the cold baths. The chief of the hot baths in our country, is that famous one near Wells in Somersetshire...In old pains and aches, which have been the remains of nervous distempers, and where some particular part continues contracted, or has any humours fixed upon it, which it cannot dislodge, these waters pumped upon it hot from the spring, may do more towards a cure, than all the compositions in pharmacy. Bathing all over in these springs cannot but wonderfully open that almost infinite number of secretory orifices upon the surface of the skin, and clear the cutaneous ducts of matter which is apt to stick in them. Page 51, bile, is a thick, yellow, bitter liquor separated in the liver, collected in the gallbladder and discharged into the lower end of the duodenum, or beginning of the jejunum, by the common duct. Its use is to sheath or blunt the acids of the chyle. Page 65, cancer, and carcinoma, is a round, livid, and blackish tumor, circumscribed with turgid veins, resembling the feet of a crab, though not always, from whence it takes its name. Page 79, chyle, is that juice which the food is immediately converted into by digestion. Page 110, cutaneous, is anything concerning the skin, either of a distemper or remedy, from cutis, the skin. Page 110, cuticula, called also epidermis, is the first and outermost covering of the body, commonly called the scarf-skin...It sticks close to the surface of the true skin, to which it is also tied by the vessels which nourish it, though they are so small as not to be seen. Page 123, diabetes, the evident and most common cause is the too great use of spirituous liquors. Page 125, diet, the dietetic part of medicine is no inconsiderable branch of medicine, and seems to require a much greater share of regard than it commonly meets with. A great variety of distempers might be removed by the observance of a proper diet and regimen, without the assistance of medicine, were it not for the impatience of the sufferers...That food is in general thought the best and most conducive to long life, which is most simple, pure, and free from acrimony, not too volatile, but such as approaches nearest to the nature of our own bodies in a healthy state. Page 125, dietetics, is that part of physics which considers the way of living with relation to food, or diet suitable to any particular case. Page 149, essential oils, are such as were really in a plant, and drawn from it by distillation. Page 159, fermentation, it is not easy to fix boundaries to this term, for under it some are for reducing almost all that belongs to physics, chiefly as it is a term that accounts for, in the lump, many phenomena, and save a great deal of trouble, by saying such an effect is occasioned by fermentation. However, it so far concerns everyone to have some just apprehension of what this term ought to express, that we cannot be at too much pains to explain it. Page 175, fungus, is strictly a mushroom. Page 178, ganglio, a knot of nerves, or where they seem to be tied together, it is the same as plexus. Page 178, gastric juice, is the juice of the stomach. Page 201, health, is justly defined the faculty of performing all the actions proper to a human body in the most perfect manner. And all the effects of these actions are such as regard certain determined motions, or the change and alteration of what is received into the body. Page 201-207, heart, in describing this part it may be of use to prefix also that of the pericardium, because they have such a near relation to each other...It has lymphatics, which discharge themselves in the thoracic duct...This muscle has two motions called systole and diastole, the former is when the fibers contract, its sides swell, and its cavities are strongly pressed on all sides. The diastole is when it ceaseth to act, its fibers are lengthened, its sides fall, and its cavities become large and wide. Page 213, hydropege, is spring water. Page 228, inflammation, is when the bl. is obstructed so as to crowd in a greater quantity into any particular part, and give it a greater color and heat than usual. Page 230, integument, is used by anatomists for any common coverings of the body, whether the cuticula cutis, or the membranes of any particular parts. Page 248, liquid, or liquidity, is such a property in bodies, as is also expressed by fluidity, but this, somewhat further than that, also supposes a power of wetting, which all fluids have not, and proceed from a peculiar configuration of particles, which disposes them to adhere to the surfaces of bodies which are immersed into them. Page 254, lymph, or lympha, is generally used for such a transparent fluid as water, and therefore in anatomy, is used for the contents of the vessels called lymphaducts, or lymphatics. Page 254, lymphaducts, from lympha, water, and duco, to convey. Page 254, lymphatics, which are slender pellucid tubes, whose cavities are contracted at small and unequal distances, by two opposite semilunar valves, which permit a thin and transparent liquor to pass through them towards the heart, but which shut like floodgates upon its returning. They arise in all parts of the body, but after what manner needs no great dispute. Page 257, malignant, signifying such a disease as is greatly aggravated, and is generally applied to such fevers as are epidemical or infectious, and are attended with spots and eruptions of various kinds. Page 265, mean, expresseth the middle of any two extremes. Page 319, natural functions, are those which convert the aliment into the substance of the body, and, therefore, depend upon the viscera, vessels, and humours, that receive, detain, move, change, mix, separate, apply, discharge, and consume. Pages 328, 329, nerve, the nerves are divided into those which come immediately out of the skull (cranial nerves), and those which come out between the vertebrae (spinal nerves). Page 339, oedema, from tumeo, to swell, signifies properly any tumor. Page 398, ratio, is when two bodies are compared with one another with respect to their bulk. Some confine it to numbers only, and call it proportion, expressing, by it, the comparison on one single quantity to another. Page 400, relaxation, is a dilation or slackening any parts or vessels. Page 439, syndrome, a combination of diseases. Page 439, system, the same as synthesis, to put together, this is much used for a methodical treating upon any subject. Page 443, thermoe, to make warm, are hot baths. Page 443, thermometer, is an instrument to measure or estimate the heat or cold of any particular place, or of the same place in different seasons, and at different times. . Scott, Joan, and Andrea Harrison. 2006. Spa, the Official Guide to Spa Therapy at Levels 2 and 3. London, U.K., Thomson. ISBN 978-1-84480-312-5. PUBLIC LIBRARY 646.75, SCOTT. Pages 4-10, History of Spas and Spa Treatments. 500 B.C., The Greeks believed that the physical properties of water made it powerful, and that it had unique healing properties. 300 B.C., Hippocrates, a famous physician and the father of medicine, believed hot and cold bathing was beneficial for healing...Hippocrates also used massage for treatment of injuries and disease. 1849 A.D., Malvern (England) in the West Midlands had been a small spa for over a hundred years, but now became the main centre in England for treating the sick through hydrotherapy...Other spas administering the water cure across the country included (with Yorkshire) Manchester, Epsom, Tunbridge Wells, Bath, Matlock, Grasmere, Cheltenham and Ramsgate. 1851, In New York the American Hydropathic Institute opened, later succeeded by the New York Hydropathic School. 1861, Vienna, Austria, a clinic and the Institute of Hydrotherapy was opened by Dr. W. Winternitz. 1876, Dr. John Kellogg was a student of Dr. Winternitz in Vienna, (Austria), and for 46 years practised at the Battle Creek sanatorium in America. 1895, The term naturopathy was developed by Dr. J. Scheel to encompass natural medical cures, including water. Massage, herbs, wholefood, air and water were recommended in favour of medication and surgery. A year later the American School of Naturopathy was founded in New York. 1918, Individuals wounded in the First World War were treated in spas at Bath, Buxton, Cheltenham and Harrogate. The conditions treated were varied, such as shell shock, war wounds, and muscle and joint injuries. 1920, The Society of Trained Masseuses amalgamated with the Institute of Massage and Remedial Exercise. A royal charter was granted and it became known as the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics. The title was changed again in 1943 to the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. It became state registered in 1964. Exercise in water became an acceptable and recognized part of rehabilitation programmes. 1991, International Spa Association (ISPA) was established in America. 1995, The European Spa Association (ESPA) was established. . Snell, Richard S., M.D. 1992. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Boston, Massachusetts, Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-80238-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY 611, SNELL. Page 251, Lymph Vessels, The liver produces a large amount of lymph, about one-third to one-half of all body lymph. The lymph vessels leave the liver and enter a number of lymph nodes in the porta hepatis. . Sparks, Karen Jacobs, and Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2010. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (Volume 8). Chicago, Illinois, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 031, BRITANNICA. Page 738, Nobel, Alfred Bernhard (born October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden, died December 10, 1896, San Remo, Italy), Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist who invented dynamite and other, more powerful, explosives and founded the Nobel Prizes. Through his mother he was descended from the Swedish naturalist Olof Rudbeck, noted for his description of the lymphatic vessels (c.1653). From his father, Immanuel Nobel, he learned the fundamentals of engineering, and, like his father, he had a talent for invention. The Nobel family left Stockholm in 1842 to join the father in Saint Petersburg. Educated mainly by tutors, young Nobel was a competent chemist at 16 and was fluent in English, French, German, Russian, and Swedish. He left Russia in 1850 to spend a year in Paris studying chemistry and four years in the United States working under the direction of John Ericsson, builder of the ironclad warship Monitor. Upon his return to Saint Petersburg, Nobel worked in his father's factory until it went bankrupt in 1859. Returning to Sweden, Nobel began the manufacture of the liquid explosive nitroglycerin. Shortly after production was under way in 1864, the factory blew up, causing the death of his youngest brother, Emil, and four other persons... His worldwide interests in explosives, in addition to large holdings in the Baku oil fields of Russia, brought him an immense fortune but required him to travel almost constantly... Generous in humanitarian and scientific philanthropies, he left the bulk of his fortune in trust to establish what came to be the most highly regarded of international awards, the Nobel Prize. . Trivium Test Prep. 2016. CMA Exam Preparation (certified medical assistants). USA, Trivium Test Prep. ISBN 1-63530-011-8. PUBLIC LIBRARY 610.76, TRIVIUM. Page 10, Cell Movement, The movement of nutrients and waste products in and out of the cell is required for the maintenance of homeostasis and fluid balance. This movement occurs at the cell membrane. The types of movement include, Diffusion, Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis, Water diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. Filtration, Movement of water and materials through one side of a membrane. Active transport, Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient). Phagocytosis, Ingestion and digestion of bacteria. Page 12, Integumentary System, The integument is the skin, which makes up around 18 percent of the body's weight. Skin is necessary to protect a person from the invasion of microorganisms, as well as to regulate body temperature and manufacture vitamins. The skin and accessory structures (glands, nails, and hair) make up the integumentary system. The three layers of the skin are the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis). Page 12, Anatomy (of the integumentary system) Epidermis, The epidermis is the outermost layer, and contains four sections called stratum (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum). The stratum basale is the deepest section. Dermis, The second skin layer is the dermis, which contains two sections, papillare and reticular. The dermis also contains nerves, bl. vessels, nails, glands, hair, and connective tissue. Hypodermis, The subcutaneous tissue contains connective tissue and fat tissue. The hypodermis connects the skin to underlying muscle. Nails, These are the keratin plates that cover each finger and toe. The lunula is the white growth area at the base of the nail plate, the eponychium is the cuticle, a narrow band at the sides and base of the nail, and the paronychium is the soft tissue around the nail border. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands, These glands are in the dermis, and they secrete oil (sebum) that lubricates the skin and hair. Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands, These glands are in the dermis, and they secrete salty water to cool the body. Page 90, The Senses, Skin/Touch Mechanoreceptors, Involves the Meissner corpuscles (feel touch) and the Pacinian corpuslces (sense pressure). Proprioceptors, Control position and orientation. Thermoreceptors, Lie under the skin and sense temperature changes. Nociceptors, Pain sensors in the skin and organs. Pages 191, 192, Vital Signs Body Temperature, Normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit but the range is between 97.8 to 99.1 degrees. Heart and Pulse Rate, The heart beats a certain number of times each minute. This is considered the heart or pulse rate. The normal adult pulse rate at rest is from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Bl. Pressure, Bl. pressure (BP) is the measurement...Written as two numbers, a healthy bl. pressure is a systolic value of 100 to 139 and a diastolic value of 60 to 79. High bl. pressure is called hypertension...Hypotension (is) low BP. Page 220, Nutrition and Oral Hydration Page 220, Therapeutic Diets Clear liquid diet, This diet consists of fluids and some electrolytes for dehydration prevention...Food items include water, broth, clear beverages, gelatin, popsicles, hard candy, and diluted fruit juices. Full liquid diet, This diet is used as a transition diet when going from clear liquids to soft or altered foods...Foods on this diet include ice cream, milk, pudding, custard, sherbet, strained soups, refined cooked cereals, juices, and breakfast drinks. Mechanically altered diet, Foods include dried fruits, nuts, raw fruits, vegetables, fried foods, tough, salted, or smoked meats, and course-textured foods. Soft diet, Foods that contain nuts and seeds are not allowed, and raw fruits and vegetables and whole grains should be avoided. Low residue, low fiber diet, Foods include refined cooked cereals, white bread, cooked potatoes, refined pasta, white rice, and dairy products. High fiber diet, Foods include whole grain products, seeds, nuts, beans, leafy vegetables, and fruits. . Upshall, Michael, editor. 1993. Hutchinson Dictionary of Chemistry. London, U.K., Brockhampton Press, Ltd. ISBN 1-86019-568-7. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 540, UPSHALL. Pages 164, 165, Protein, Long chain molecule composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are essential to all living organisms. As enzymes they regulate all aspects of metabolism. Structural proteins such as keratin and collagen make up the skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments. Muscle proteins produce movement, (and) hemoglobin transports oxygen, and membrane proteins regulate the movement of substances into and out of cells. For humans, protein is an essential part of the diet, and is found in greatest quantity in soya beans and other grain legumes, meat, eggs, and cheese. . Young, Robyn V., editor. 1998. Notable Mathematicians. Detroit, Michigan, Gale Research. ISBN 0-7876-3071-3. Pages 529-564, Milestones in the History of Mathematics. 1340, Johannes de Lineriis of France writes Algorismus de Minutiis in which he uses fractions and includes the practice of placing the numerator over the denominator, using a horizontal line dividing the two. 1622, William Oughtred (1575-1660), English arthemetician, invents the straight logarithmic slide rule. 1840, Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis (1787-1872), French physician, pioneers medical statistics, being the first to compile systematically records of diseases and treatments. SPACE SPACE PSYCHIATRIC DRUG SIDE EFFECTS Some patients have found psychiatric drugs quite helpful and traditional treatment is a first choice. However, awareness of side effects of psychiatric drugs can be helpful when considering treatment options, and child development. Do not stop taking medications abruptly (both physical and emotional withdrawal symptoms may occur) and consult a physician concerning any medication management issues. (Breggin, 1999, ix, 16, 23, Your Drug May be Your Problem). Psychiatric drugs can create imbalances in the brain, cause many side effects, cause withdrawal symptoms, and can increase the risk of suicide, violence and death. Some drugs, such as the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) can cause too much stimulation of the neurotransmitters. The brain can respond to SSRIs (such as Prozac, Zoloft, Luvox, and Paxil) by "downregulating", serotonin is decreased and the serotonin receptors become less sensitive or die. Reversibility of downregulation is not known. (Breggin, 1999, 8, 46-7, 67, 77, Your Drug May be Your Problem). Other drugs, such as antipsychotics (Risperdal, Zyprexa, Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol) decrease stimulation of dopamine, the basal ganglia, the frontal lobes, and the reticular activating system, and can cause the brain to respond by "upregulating." (Breggin, 1999, 8, 46-7, 67, 77, Your Drug May be Your Problem). Side effects of psychiatric drugs can include brain atrophy, depression, suicidal behavior, psychosis, addiction, anger, mania, hypomania, anxiety, fluctuating moods, interference with sleep, demyelination, tics, cardiovascular impairment (including shock, arrhythmia, and muscle pathology), compulsive behaviors, decreased creativity, exhaustion, reduced memory and concentration, hypersensitivity to stress, aggression, interruption of growth and development, tardive dyskinesia (which is a neurological impairment, such as muscle twitches, nightmares, seizures, headaches, and impaired motor coordination) confusion, impaired functioning of the mind, and impaired sense of reality. (In a five-year period of treatment with antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs, 25 to 30 percent will be affected by tardive dyskinesia.) Stopping the use of psychiatric drugs can cause withdrawal symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, hyperactivity, exhaustion, sleep problems, and seizures. (Breggin, 1999, Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD), (Breggin, 1999, 49, 52-57, 78, Your Drug May be Your Problem), (Effrem, 2003). For additional information: Breggin, Peter Roger, M.D. (1999). Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD: Risks and mechanisms of action. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, Volume 12, Number 1, Pages 3-35. Entire article online. http://www.breggin.com/psychostimulantsin.pbreggin.1999.pdf Breggin, 1999, http://www.breggin.com/Newstimulants.pdf Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20130513222743/http://www.breggin.com/Newstimulants.pdf Breggin, Peter Roger. 2003/2004. Suicidality, violence and mania caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, a review and analysis. International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, Volume 16, Number 31-49. https://web.archive.org/web/20060215012253/http://www.breggin.com/31-49.pdf Breggin, Peter Roger, M.D. SSRI-Induced violence, suicide, & abnormal behavior. Group of articles online. http://www.breggin.com/SSRIinduced.htm Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.breggin.com/SSRIinduced.htm Breggin, Peter Roger, M.D., & Cohen, David, Ph.D. (1999). Your Drug May be Your Problem. How and Why to Stop Taking Psychiatric Medications. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. ISBN: 0-7382-0348-3. Effrem, Karen, M.D. Response by Karen R. Effrem: Hearing on "Protecting Children: The Use of Medication in Our Nation's Schools and H.R. 1170, Child Medication Safety Act of 2003". Hovey, Craig, & Baughman, Fred, M.D. (2004). The ADHD Fraud: How Psychiatry Makes "Patients" of Normal Children. Common Courage Press. ISBN: 1567512909. Also see Baughman website: http://www.adhdfraud.org/ . Bennington, James L., M.D., editor. 1984. Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-1714-X. PUBLIC LIBRARY 616.07560321, SAUNDERS. Pages 60, 61, (table), Amino Acid, Important Examples of Amino Acids. Page 108, antipsychotic drug, or neuroleptic, (E)ffects (of these drugs) are probably all produced by the same mechanism, the blockade of dopaminergic receptors in the Central Nervous System (CNS), which reduces dopaminergic neurotransmission. This mechanism also produces the motor side-effects (extrapyramidal side-effects) experienced by 5 percent to 60 percent of patients...These side-effects include dystonia (muscular contractions in the face, neck, and back) and parkinsonian-like symptoms...akathisia (motor restlessness), withdrawal dyskinesia, and tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements such as tongue twitching and chewing), which occurs in about 20 percent of patients treated for long periods with antipsychotic medications. About 60 percent of cases of tardive dyskinesia are irreversible, (and) in the rest, there is some remission when the drug is no longer given. Many of these drugs also have strong anticholinergic side-effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation), and some also have a-adrenergic blocking activity. Page 120, ariboflavinosis, deficiency of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Clinical signs are poorly defined, but when severe they include lesions of the...skin (scaling seborrheic dermatitis), and eyes...Ariboflavinosis occurs most often in association with other vitamin B complex deficiencies. Page 146, astrocyte, (Greek astron for star, kytos for hollow vessel), one of the supporting cells of the Central Nervous System (glial cells). An astrocyte has a number of cytoplasmic processes that branch and ramify to envelop neurons and attach to the walls of bl. vessels or the membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord (pia mater, ependyma)...Astrocytes participate in the process of repair following injury to the Central Nervous System. Collectively, these cells are called astroglia. Page 146, astroglia, glial tissue made up of astrocytes. Page 162, axon, (Greek axon for axle, axis) The main process of a nerve cell, along which impulses (action potentials) are conducted away from the cell body...Axons are sheathed by an insulating cover...(which is) a multilayered wrapping called the myelin sheath. Page 206, bl.-brain barrier, the functional barrier, separating the bl. from the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS), which prevents the entry of large molecules into the central nervous system (CNS). It appears to result from tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the nonfenestrated capillaries and between choroidal ependymal cells. Also, bl.-cerebral barrier. Page 239, Bungner's bands, Otto von Bungner, German neurologist, 1858-1905, dense, round cords of proliferating Schwann cells that remain following degeneration of a peripheral axon. If regeneration occurs, the cells envelop the sprouting axons. Page 280, cerebroside, a derivative of sphingosine. Page 418, degenerating myelin demonstration, demonstrating (of) the myelin degeneration that occurs when a nerve cell or its axon is damaged. In this process the complex lipids of the myelin sheath are broken down into neutral fats or fatty acids and removed by phagocytosis...Degenerating myelin is not fully oxidized because of the oleic acid content. Page 418, subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, degeneration of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord, caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. It is a progressive disease associated with pernicious anemia. Symptoms may include paresthesias, ataxia (motor coordination problems), unsteadiness of gait, and emotional disorders. Page 421, demyelinate, to destroy or remove the myelin sheath of a nerve. Page 421, demyelinating diseases, a group of neurologic disorders characterized by the destruction and loss of the myelin sheath of the nerve fibers. Page 421, demyelination, the loss, attenuation, or dysfunction of the myelin sheath of an axon without accompanying destruction of the axis cylinder...Demyelination results in marked slowing of nerve conduction, complete failure of conduction (conduction block) in affected axons, or both. Page 473, dura mater, provides sheaths for the cranial nerves...provides sheaths for the spinal nerves. Page 527, ependyma, a layer of closely packed cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Page 620, galact/o (from Greek gala or galaktos, milk), a word used in combining form to denote relationship to milk. Pages 620, 279, galactocerebroside, a ceramide (In natural products, an acyl group derived from a long-chain fatty acid) monosaccharide. It functions usually as structural material and occurs most abundantly in the myelin sheath of nerves. Upon hydrolysis, galactocerebrosides yield one molecule each of sphingosine, fatty acid, and D-galactose. Page 620, galactolipid or galactolipin, a lipid that contains galactose as a part of its molecules...The compounds all occur in myelin. Page 649, gli/o, (Greek glia for glue), a word element used in combining form to denote glue or neuroglial tissue. Page 649, glia, (Greek glia for glue). Page 649, glial, of or pertaining to the neuroglia. Page 663, glycoprotein, a substance containing proteins covalently linked to carbohydrates. Page 679, Guillain-Barre syndrome, (Georges Guillain, French neurologist, 1876-1961, Jean Alexander Barre, French neurologist, born 1880), demyelinating disease. Page 845, kerasin, a cerebroside found chiefly in the brain. It is composed of a hexose (galactose) and a fatty acid (lignoceric acid). Its concentration in the body tissues is elevated in certain sphingolipidoses. Page 888, lipoprotein, a compound or complex of lipids and proteins linked together by a variety of bonds. Page 914, macroglia, (Greek makros for large, glia for glue), the large nonneural cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS), including the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and glioblasts. The macroglia provide support and nutrition for the nervous tissue, lay down myelin, act as electrical insulators, and provide a framework for neurons to follow during development. Page 1029, myelin, the substance of which the myelin sheath is composed, which includes phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins. Page 1029, myelin basic protein (MBP), a protein...released into the cerebrospinal fluid by the destruction of myelin, as in multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating diseases...(T)he amount (of myelin basic protein) correlates with the disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Page 1029, myelin figures, tightly packed membranous whorls observed within degenerating cells, reflecting lysosomal breakdown of endoplasmic reticulum. Page 1029, myelin protein, peripheral and integral proteins of the myelin sheath of myelinated nerves. There are three fractions, myelin basic protein,...proteolipids,...(as) protein lipid combinations,...and myelin acidic protein...Several enzyme proteins are present in this fraction. Pages 1029, 1077, myelin sheath, an insulating covering around the axon of a neuron, which increases the conduction velocity of the nerve impulse along the axon. It is formed from the cell membrane of a Schwann cell (in the peripheral nervous system) or of an oligodendrocyte (in the central nervous system). The cell is wrapped around the axon, forming several layers (lamellae). As all the cytoplasm is pushed to the body of the cell outside the sheath, each lamella consists of only two layers of cell membrane...The length of an axon covered by a single Schwann cell is termed the internodal segment...Between internodal segments, there is a brief unmyelinated gap, the node of Ranvier (the point on a myelinated axon where two adjacent Schwann cells meet). At some points in a myelin sheath, cytoplasm persists within the sheath (and)...the area is called a cleft or incisure of Schmidt-Lanterman. Page 1029, myelinated, having a myelin sheath. Page 1029, myelinolysis, the destruction of myelin. Page 1029, central pontine myelinolysis, demyelination. It is most common in alcoholics and others who have suffered prolonged nutritional deprivation. Page 1063, nervous system, the organ system composed of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and receptor organs, which functions to enable the organism to respond appropriately to changes in its internal or external environment. The structural and functional cellular units of the nervous system are the neurons (or nerve cells) and glial cells. Changes in the membrane potential of the neurons (the action potential) in response to various stimuli are the signals transmitted by the nervous system. Anatomically, the nervous system can be subdivided into the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. Page 1063, neur/o, (Greek neuron for nerve), a word element used in combining form to denote nerve. Page 1064, neurapraxia, a partial or complete conduction block over a local segment of a nerve fiber that produces temporary paralysis. The pathologic basis for neurapraxia is segmental demyelination. Page 1064, neurilemma, (Greek neuron for nerve, eilema for a closely adhering sheath), a thin layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds a myelinated or unmyelinated nerve fiber. Pages 1065, 1066, neuroglia, (Greek neuron for nerve, glia for glue), the supporting elements of the nervous system, (as) nonexcitable cells that compose by weight more than 50 percent of the Central Nervous System (CNS). There are two basic classes of neuroglial cells, the macroglia, which includes the astrocytes and the oligodendrocytes, and the microglia. Page 1066, neurologic, pertaining to nerves or the nervous system. Page 1066, neuromyelitis, a general term used to describe the inflammation of a nerve and its myelin sheaths. Page 1067, neuron, (Greek neuron for nerve), any of the excitable cells of the nervous system that are concerned with the reception, integration, transformation, and transmission of information. A neuron typically consists of a cell body, with its branching dendrites that conduct impulses toward the cell body, and axon, which conducts impulses away from the cell body. Page 1067, neuronal, pertaining to a neuron or neurons. Page 1067, neuronophagia, the process by which microglial cells surround and phagocytize degenerating nerve cells. Pages 1067, 436, 437, diabetic neuropathy, a disorder of nerves and nerve function that occurs in diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by segmental demyelination as well as axonal degeneration. It may involve single or multiple sensory and motor nerves as a mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy. The autonomic nervous system also is often affected. (Also), in diabetes mellitus, symmetric peripheral neuropathy of sensory and motor nerves in the lower extremities is common, (and) it is due to degeneration of the myelin, which may also occur in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Page 1068, peripheral neuropathy, a general term for any of the variety of disorders that involve degeneration and/or demyelination of a peripheral nerve or nerve root. The typical symptoms include paresthesias, pain and weakness. Hyporeflexia, impairment of sensation, and motor weakness tend to be most pronounced in the distal segments of the limbs. The cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration may or may not be elevated. A peripheral neuropathy may occur as a consequence of trauma, infection, neoplasm, exposure to toxic compounds, or vascular and metabolic disorders. Page 1068, neuromuscular transmission, the chemically mediated transmission of an action potential from nerve to muscle across the neuromuscular junction...A disease (such as myasthenia gravis or botulism) that interferes with any of these physiologic events results in an impairment of neuromuscular transmission. Page 1099, oligodendrocyte, (Greek oligos for little, dendron for tree, kytos for hollow vessel), one of the neuroglial cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS). These occur as intrafascicular cells between bundles of axons in myelinated tracts and as perineuronal cells that are intimately associated with the cell bodies in the gray matter. Connected with the myelin sheaths of their associated cells, they function to lay down myelin in the CNS (Central Nervous System). Also called oligodendroglia. Page 1146, paraplegia, paralysis of the lower extremities. The condition is most frequently due to diseases of the spinal cord or spinal roots, (and) the peripheral nerves may also be involved...Paraplegia has many causes, including trauma, demyelinating diseases (multiple sclerosis), vascular disorders (hematomyelia, thrombosis), degenerative diseases (motor system diseases), neoplasms, and infections (bacterial, viral,...and fungal). Page 1186, phospholipid, a lipid that contains phosphorus (including lecithin). Page 1195, pia mater, a loose connective tissue sheath, containing elastin, collagen, and reticular fibers, that forms the innermost meningeal covering of the brain and spinal cord...The pia mater...functions as a mechanical barrier against infection for the neural tissue, and also as a support structure. Page 1226, polyneuritis, a condition that produces a weakness and sensory loss in the limbs as a result of inflammation in peripheral nerves. More recently, this term has been used to refer specifically to an autoimmune process that produces multifocal demyelination in the peripheral nerves in a patchy distribution. Page 1226, polyneuropathy, a degenerative or demyelinating dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system that affects more than one nerve. Page 1362, Schwann cell, (Theodor Schwann, German anatomist and physiologist, 1810-1882, professor of anatomy at Louvain, and founder of cell theory), a cell that during development wraps around a nerve cell axon to produce a sheath of cytoplasm, and in myelinated nerve axons, of myelin. Pages 1366, 1367, multiple sclerosis (MS), a slowly progressive disease of the central nervous system of unknown cause...that is characterized by disseminated, patchy demyelination of the brain and spinal cord...The onset of illness can be precipitated by a variety of factors, including infection and trauma. Pages 1408, 1409, 1410, sphingolipidoses, lipid storage diseases...owing to the absence or deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme...The clinical signs of this group of diseases are caused by the progressive and excessive accumulation of cerebral lipids within the body of nerve or glial cells, accompanied by varying degrees of demyelination and storage in other organs. Page 1409, sphingosine or sphingenine, a long-chain C18 mono-unsaturated, aliphatic amino alcohol present in a variety of sphingolipids. Page 1411, subacute combined degeneration (SCD) of the spinal cord, (is) degeneration of the spinal cord that is associated with pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency). Characterized by the destruction of myelin and the proliferation of glial cells, primarily in the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord, SCD (subacute combined degeneration) manifests itself with ataxia, abnormal deep tendon reflexes, loss of vibration sense, paresthesias, weakness, and spasticity, usually in a symmetric distribution and often involving only the lower extremities. Changes in personality...may also occur, as may visual impairment and occasionally a mild peripheral neuropathy. The neurologic manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency, although responsive to B12 therapy, are often not entirely reversed, especially when diagnosis has been delayed. Page 1581, ventricle, a small cavity or chamber, such as one of the chambers of the heart or one of the cavities in the brain. Pages 1593, 1594, vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin...It is found in the body in the liver, kidneys, and heart...Vitamin B12 is also implicated in the maintenance of the myelin of the nervous system. Page 1594, vitamin B complex, a group of water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), cyanocobalamin (B12), pantothenic acid, folic acid, and biotin. . Cohen, Barbara Janson, Dena Lin Wood, and Ruth Lundeen Memmler. 2000. Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-2438-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY 612, COHEN. Pages 110-129, The Nervous System, The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves. Page 111, The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. Page 111, The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of all the nerves outside the CNS (Central Nervous System). It includes all the cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and all the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord. Page 111, The CNS (Central Nervous System) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) together include all of the nervous tissue in the body. Page 114, Neuroglia, In additional to conducting tissue, the nervous system contains cells that serve for support and protection. Collectively, these connective tissue cells are called neuroglia or glial cells. There are different types of neuroglia, each with specialized functions, some of which are the following, To protect nervous tissue, To support nervous tissue and bind it to other structures, To aid in repair of cells, To act as phagocytes to remove pathogens and impurities, (and) To regulate the composition of fluids around and between cells. Pages 114, 115, 116, Neurons and their Functions. Page 114, Structure of a Neuron, The functional cells of the nervous system are highly specialized cells called neurons. Page 114, Dendrites are neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body. Page 115, Axons are neuron fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body. Page 115, The Myelin Sheath, Some axons are covered with a fatty material called myelin that insulates and protects the fiber. In the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System), this covering is produced by special neuroglia called Schwann cells, that wrap around the axon like a jelly roll depositing layers of myelin. When the sheath is complete, small spaces remain between the individual cells. These tiny gaps, called nodes, are important in speeding the conduction of nerve impulses. The outermost membranes of the Schwann cells form a thin coating known as the neurilemma. This covering is a part of the mechanism by which some peripheral nerves repair themselves when injured. Under some circumstances, damaged nerve cell fibers may regenerate by growing into the sleeve formed by the neurilemma. Cells of the brain and the spinal cord are myelinated, not by Schwann cells, but by other neuroglia. As a result, they have no neurilemma. If they are injured, the damage is permanent. Even in the peripheral nerves, however, repair is a slow and uncertain process. Pages 130-145, The Nervous System, The Brain and Cranial Nerves. Page 132, Cerebrospinal Fluid, is a clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord. The function of the CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) is to support nervous tissue and to cushion shocks that would otherwise injure these delicate structures. This fluid also carries nutrients to the cells and transports waste products from the cells. Page 136, The frontal lobe...contains the motor area, which directs movement...The frontal lobe also contains two areas important in speech. Page 136, The parietal lobe...contains the sensory area, in which impulses from the skin, such as touch, pain, and temperature, are interpreted. The estimation of distances, sizes, and shapes also take place here. Page 136, The temporal lobe...contains the auditory area for receiving and interpreting impulses from the ear. The olfactory area, concerned with the sense of smell...is stimulated by impulses arising from receptors in the nose. Page 136, The occipital lobe...contains the visual area for interpreting impulses arising from the retina of the eye. Pages 142, 143, Names and Functions of the Cranial Nerves (12 pairs), (such as olfactory nerve/sense of smell, optic nerve/visual, oculomotor nerve/contraction of eye muscles, vestibulocochlear nerve/hearing and for equilibrium from the inner ear, glossopharyngeal nerve/sense of taste, as well as other cranial nerves). . Gray, Henry, and T. Pickering Pick. 1977. Gray's Anatomy. New York, New York, Gramercy Books. ISBN 0-517-22365-1. PUBLIC LIBRARY REFERENCE, 611, GRAY. Page 703, (drawing), Side view of the brain of man, showing the localization of various functions. 1. Center for movements of opposite leg and foot. 2, 3, 4. Centers for complex movements of the arms and legs, as in swimming. 5. Extension forward of the arm and hand. 6. Supination (rotation outward, palm up) of the hand and flexion of the forearm. 7, 8. Elevators and depressors of the angle of the mouth. 9, 10. Movements of the lips and tongue. 11. Retraction of the angle of the mouth. 12. Movements of the eyes. 13, 13'. Vision. 14. Hearing. a, b, c, d. Movements of the wrists and fingers. Pages 720-756, The Cranial Nerves (12 pairs). The cranial nerves arise from some part of the cerebrospinal center, and are transmitted through foramina in the base of the cranium. They have been named numerically, according to the order in which they pass through the dura mater lining the base of the skull. Other names are also given to them, derived from the parts to which they are distributed or from their functions...All the cranial nerves are connected to some part of the surface of the brain. This is termed their superficial or apparent origin. Page 720, The First cranial (nerves) or the Olfactory nerves, the special nerves of the sense of smell. Page 721, The Second (cranial nerves) or the Optic nerve, the special nerve of the sense of sight. Page 722, The Third (cranial nerves) or Motor oculi nerve, supplies all the muscles of the orbit (eye area). Page 745, The Eighth (cranial nerves) or Auditory nerve, is the special nerve of the sense of hearing. Page 746, The Ninth (cranial nerves) or Glossopharyngeal nerve, is distributed...to the tongue and pharynx (upper throat)...and (is) the nerve of taste. Page 754, The Twelfth (cranial nerves) or Hypoglossal nerve is the motor nerve of the tongue. . Sorrentino, Sheila A., and Leighann N. Remmert. 2017. Mosby's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Saint Louis, Missouri, Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-31974-4. PUBLIC LIBRARY 610.730698, MOSBY. Pages 113, 114, 115, The Nervous System. Page 113, The nervous system controls, directs, and coordinates body functions. Its 2 main divisions are, The Central Nervous System (CNS). It consists of the brain and spinal cord. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It involves the nerves throughout the body. Page 113, Nerves connect to the spinal cord. Nerves carry messages or impulses to and from the brain. A stimulus causes a nerve impulse. A stimulus is anything that excites or causes a body part to function, become active, or respond. A reflex is the body's response (functioning or movement) to a stimulus. Reflexes are involuntary, unconscious, and immediate. Page 114, The Central Nervous System (CNS). The brain and spinal cord make up the Central Nervous System. The brain is covered by the skull. The 3 main parts of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the center of thought and intelligence. The cerebrum is divided into 2 halves called right and left hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls movement and activities on the body's left side. The left hemisphere controls the right side. The outside of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex. It controls the highest functions of the brain. These include reasoning, memory, consciousness, speech, voluntary muscle movement, vision, hearing, sensation, and other activities. The cerebellum regulates and coordinates body movements. It controls balance and the smooth movements of voluntary muscles. Injury to the cerebellum results in jerky movements, loss of coordination, and muscle weakness. The brainstem connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. The brainstem contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The midbrain and pons relay messages between the medulla and the cerebrum. The medulla is below the pons. The medulla controls heart rate, breathing, bl. vessel size, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting. The brain connects to the spinal cord at the lower end of the medulla. The spinal cord lies within the spinal column...It contains pathways that conduct messages to and from the brain. The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by 3 layers of connective tissue called meninges (which include dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater). The space between the middle layer (arachnoid) and inner layer (pia mater) is the arachnoid space. The space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid protects the Central Nervous System. It cushions shocks that could easily injure brain and spinal cord structures. Page 114, The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The peripheral nervous system has 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves conduct impulses between the brain and the head, neck, chest, and abdomen. They conduct impulses for smell, vision, hearing, pain, touch, temperature, and pressure. They also conduct impulses for voluntary and involuntary muscles. Spinal nerves carry impulses from the skin, extremities, and internal structures not supplied by the cranial nerves. Some peripheral nerves form the autonomic nervous system. This system controls involuntary muscles and certain body functions. The functions include the heartbeat, bl. pressure, intestinal contractions, and glandular secretions. These functions occur automatically. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. They balance each other. The sympathetic nervous system speeds up functions. The parasympathetic nervous system slows functions. When you are angry, scared, excited, or exercising, the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated. The parasympathetic system is activated when you relax or when the sympathetic system is stimulated for too long. SPACE SPACE SPACE SPACE RECOMMENDED READING BIBLIOGRAPHY, HeartSpace Inner Healing: http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/research/nutrition3.txt INTERLIBRARY LOAN (ILL), if your local town or university library do not have a specific book, you can obtain any book through the Reference or Circulation Desk, by filling out an Interlibrary Loan (ILL) request form. This service is usually free or has a nominal charge, maybe about $1.50. For the Interlibrary Loan (ILL) form, obtain bibliographic citation, including author, title, publisher, date of publication from Books in Print, which is available usually in library Reference, or www.worldcat.org or also, you can purchase books on the Internet through www.amazon.com or www.half.com or other websites. SPACE SPACE COMMERCIAL FORMULAS ADVERTISED FOR NUTRITIONAL BRAIN SUPPORT, 2006 (No remuneration is received from posting any of these links. Inclusion here is not an endorsement of any product or company, these links are included only as descriptions and examples of products/ingredients for others to continue in their own research in determining product efficacy and/or quality and whether companies are reputable). Vitamins, supplements, and formulas--research pharmaceutical grade nutritional supplements for superior quality products. . American Bluegreen: Kids Plus+ Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20030525081032/http://www.americanbluegreen.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20050419195057/http://www.americanbluegreen.com/thestore/ADHD.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20030801161539/http://www.americanbluegreen.com:80/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=HS&Product_Code=KP . Balance Formula 1, based on research of Dr. James M. Allerton (had a son with ADHD) http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:2wLYOVC0frYJ:www.consciencedupeuple.com/Texte_Dr_B._Epstein__D.C.doc+%22balance+formula+one%22+dr+jim+allerton&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1 http://incrediblehorizons.com/Balance1devel%20page.htm http://incrediblehorizons.com/balance-ingred.htm Archive 2005, http://web.archive.org/web/20050308131320/http://incrediblehorizons.com/Balance1devel%20page.htm Archive 2005, http://web.archive.org/web/20050308131151/http://www.incrediblehorizons.com/balance-ingred.htm . Dr. Venessa's Formulas: Neuro-Maxx Brain and Memory Fuel, and Neuro-Maxx for children (Dr. Titus Venessa) http://www.drvenessa.com http://vitaglo.com/f268755.html http://www.drvenessa.com/products/neuro-maxx Archive 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050410090505/http://www.drvenessa.com/neuromaxx.htm Archive 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050410042310/http://www.drvenessa.com/NMC%20Report.htm http://www.healthpricer.com/supplements/100289/pd/Neuro-Maxx%20For%20Children/Neuro-Maxx%20For%20Children.html . Douglas Laboratories, Nutri-Smart Pack http://www.douglaslabs.com/ http://www.douglaslabs.com/product.cfm?itm=24542-30X# Archive 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060321052758/http://www.douglaslabs.com/pdf/pds/4542PDS.pdf . Farmers Markets https://www.ams.usda.gov/local-food-directories/farmersmarkets United States Department of Agriculture, Local Food Directories, National Farmers Market Directory Local Chambers of Commerce, Business Directory Local Newspapers, Directory of Local Farmers Markets . Flower Essences (Homeopathic remedies) Bach Flower Remedies, http://www.bachflower.com Flower Essence Services (F.E.S.), http://www.fesflowers.com Perelandra, http://www.perelandra-ltd.com . Hylands: Calms, Calms Forte http://www.hylands.com http://hylands.com/products/hylands-calms http://www.hylands.com/products/hylands-calms-fort%C3%A9%C2%AE . Neurogenesis: BeCALM'd (Neu-BeCALM'd) By Neurogenesis http://www.neurogenesis.com/ http://www.neurogenesis.com/becalmd.php Archive 2004, http://web.archive.org/web/20040607050558/http://neurogenesis.com/becalmd.php . Truehope Nutritional Support Ltd.: Empower Plus http://www.truehope.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20180106153303/https://www.truehope.com Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20080731081833/http://www.truehope.com/_empowerplus/empowerplus.asp http://www.truehope.com/_empowerplus/empIngredients.asp Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20080801224623/http://www.truehope.com:80/_empowerplus/empIngredients.asp http://www.truehope.com/_empowerplus/empPowderIngredients.asp Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211327/http://www.truehope.com/_empowerplus/empPowderIngredients.asp http://www.truehope.com/_research/research.asp Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20180106154013/https://www.truehope.com/research . Ultra Specific Mental Support Pack http://www.nutritiondynamics.com/products/Convenience_Packs/Ultra_Specific/main1.html#24542 Archive 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060118023649/http://www.nutritiondynamics.com/products/Convenience_Packs/Ultra_Specific/main1.html . Vaxa: Attend http://www.add-adhd-help-center.com/attend_analysis.htm http://www.vaxa.com/636.cfm http://www.incrediblehorizons.com/Toxic%20metal%20Chart%20&%20chelators.htm . Vaxa: Extress http://www.add-adhd-help-center.com/extress_formula_analysis.htm http://www.vaxa.com/631.cfm - VitaGlo.com is the website for Discount Natural Foods, a central New York based company. http://www.vitaglo.com http://www.vitaglo.com/info.html Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20180106141756/http://www.vitaglo.com/info.html Discount Natural Foods 3990 New Court Road Syracuse, New York 13206 Telephone: (315) 437-4542 EMAIL: sales@vitaglo.com Visa, MasterCard American Express, Discover, money orders, and personal check (when drawn on a U.S. bank). With a personal check, product shipped after personal check has cleared. FREE Shipping orders of $100 and greater (January 2018). . Discount retailer/grocery Vitamins, herbs, old time remedies, homeopathic remedies for pets or children, supplements, in Health and Beauty, pharmacy, Grocery, and Baby departments. - Archive of this page, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060505001942/http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/index_files/research_and_information/adhd_autism_bipolar_depression_ocd_ptsd_immune_system_autoimmune_research_paper.shtml Archive of this page, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060505002412/http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/index_files/research_and_information/adhd_autism_bipolar_depression_ocd_ptsd_healing_immune_system_diet_food_nutrition.shtml Archive of Bibliography by Author, A-Z, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060505001442/http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/index_files/bibliographya/REF_az_adhd_autism_bipolar_depression_ocd_ptsd_immune_system_autoimmune_disease_diet_nutrition.shtml Archive of Bibliography by Subject, A-Z, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060505002723/http://www.heartspaceinnerhealing.com/index_files/bibliographyc/BIB_az_immune_system_disorder_autoimmune_disease_diet_food_nutrition.shtml